TY - GEN A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Höllerer, Tobias A1 - Stalling, Detlev T1 - Volume Rendering - Mathematicals Models and Algorithmic Aspects. N2 - In this paper various algorithms for rendering gaseous phenomena are reviewed. In computer graphics such algorithms are used to model natural scenes containing clouds, fog, flames and so on. On the other hand it has become an important technique in scientific visualization to display three dimensional scalar datasets as cloudy objects. Our emphasis is on this latter subject of so-called {\em direct volume rendering}. All algorithms will be discussed within the framework of linear transport theory. The equation of transfer is derived. This equation is suitable to describe the radiation field in a participating medium where absorption, emission, and scattering of light can occur. Almost all volume rendering algorithms can be shown to solve special cases of the equation of transfer. Related problems like the mapping from data values to model parameters or possible parallelization strategies will be discussed as well. T3 - ZIB-Report - TR-93-07 Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-4994 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Seebass, Martin A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Zöckler, Malte T1 - A Generalized Marching Cubes Algorithm Based on Non-Binary Classifications N2 - We present a new technique for generating surface meshes from a uniform set of discrete samples. Our method extends the well-known marching cubes algorithm used for computing polygonal isosurfaces. While in marching cubes each vertex of a cubic grid cell is binary classified as lying above or below an isosurface, in our approach an arbitrary number of vertex classes can be specified. Consequently the resulting surfaces consist of patches separating volumes of two different classes each. Similar to the marching cubes algorithm all grid cells are traversed and classified according to the number of different vertex classes involved and their arrangement. The solution for each configuration is computed based on a model that assigns probabilities to the vertices and interpolates them. We introduce an automatic method to find a triangulation which approximates the boundary surfaces - implicitly given by our model - in a topological correct way. Look-up tables guarantee a high performance of the algorithm. In medical applications our method can be used to extract surfaces from a 3D segmentation of tomographic images into multiple tissue types. The resulting surfaces are well suited for subsequent volumetric mesh generation, which is needed for simulation as well as visualization tasks. The proposed algorithm provides a robust and unique solution, avoiding ambiguities occuring in other methods. The method is of great significance in modeling and animation too, where it can be used for polygonalization of non-manifold implicit surfaces. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-97-05 Y1 - 1997 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-2741 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian T1 - Fast and Resolution Independent Line Integral Convolution N2 - Line Integral Convolution (LIC) is a powerful technique for generating striking images and animations from vector data. Introduced in 1993, the method has rapidly found many application areas, ranging from computer arts to scientific visualization. Based upon locally filtering an input texture along a curved stream line segment in a vector field, it is able to depict directional information at high spatial resolutions. We present a new method for computing LIC images, which minimizes the total number of stream lines to be computed and thereby reduces computational costs by an order of magnitude compared to the original algorithm. Our methods utilizes fast, error-controlled numerical integrators. Decoupling the characteristic lengths in vector field grid, input texture and output image, it allows to compute filtered images at arbitrary resolution. This feature is of great significance in computer animation as well as in scientific visualization, where it can be used to explore vector data by smoothly enlarging structure of details. We also present methods for improved texture animation, employing constant filter kernels only. To obtain an optimal motion effect, spatial decay of correlation between intensities of distant pixels in the output image has to be controlled. This is achieved by blending different phase shifted box filter animations and by adaptively rescaling the contrast of the output frames. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-94-37 Y1 - 1995 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-1653 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beck, Rudolf A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Seebass, Martin A1 - Stalling, Detlev T1 - Numerical Algorithms and Visualization in Medical Treament Planning N2 - After a short summary on therapy planning and the underlying technologies we discuss quantitative medicine by giving a short overview on medical image data, summarizing some applications of computer based treatment planning, and outlining requirements on medical planning systems. Then we continue with a description of our medical planning system {\sf HyperPlan}. It supports typical working steps in therapy planning, like data aquisition, segmentation, grid generation, numerical simulation and optimization, accompanying these with powerful visualization and interaction techniques. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-96-54 Y1 - 1996 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-2643 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Zöckler, Malte A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian T1 - Fast Display of Illuminated Field Lines N2 - A new technique for interactive vector field visualization using large numbers of properly illuminated field lines is presented. Taking into account ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection terms as well as transparency and depth cueing, we employ a realistic shading model which significantly increases quality and realism of the resulting images. While many graphics workstations offer hardware support for illuminating surface primitives, usually no means for an accurate shading of line primitives are provided. However, we show that proper illumination of lines can be implemented by exploiting the texture mapping capabilities of modern graphics hardware. In this way high rendering performance with interactive frame rates can be achieved. We apply the technique to render large numbers of integral curves of a vector field. The impression of the resulting images can be further improved by a number of visual enhancements, like transparency and depth-cueing. We also describe methods for controlling the distribution of field lines in space. These methods enable us to use illuminated field lines for interactive exploration of vector fields. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-96-58 Y1 - 1997 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-2686 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Battke, Henrik A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian T1 - Fast Line Integral Convolution for Arbitrary Surfaces in 3D N2 - We describe an extension of the line integral convolution method (LIC) for imaging of vector fields on arbitrary surfaces in 3D space. Previous approaches were limited to curvilinear surfaces, i.e.~surfaces which can be parametrized globally using 2D-coordinates. By contrast our method also handles the case of general, possibly multiply connected surfaces. The method works by tesselating a given surface with triangles. For each triangle local euclidean coordinates are defined and a local LIC texture is computed. No scaling or distortion is involved when mapping the texture onto the surface. The characteristic length of the texture remains constant. In order to exploit the texture hardware of modern graphics computers we have developed a tiling strategy for arranging a large number of triangular texture pieces within a single rectangular texture image. In this way texture memory is utilized optimally and even large textured surfaces can be explored interactively. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-96-59 Y1 - 1997 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-2690 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Seebass, Martin A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Beck, Rudolf A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian T1 - Hyperthermia Treatment Planning in Clinical Cancer Therapy: Modelling, Simulation and Visualization N2 - \noindent The speaker and his co-workers in Scientific Computing and Visualization have established a close cooperation with medical doctors at the Rudolf--Virchow--Klinikum of the Humboldt University in Berlin on the topic of regional hyperthermia. In order to permit a patient--specific treatment planning, a special software system ({\sf\small HyperPlan}) has been developed. \noindent A mathematical model of the clinical system ({\it radio frequency applicator with 8 antennas, water bolus, individual patient body}) involves Maxwell's equations in inhomogeneous media and a so--called bio--heat transfer PDE describing the temperature distribution in the human body. The electromagnetic field and the thermal phenomena need to be computed at a speed suitable for the clinical environment. An individual geometric patient model is generated as a quite complicated tetrahedral ``coarse'' grid (several thousands of nodes). Both Maxwell's equations and the bio--heat transfer equation are solved on that 3D--grid by means of {\em adaptive} multilevel finite element methods, which automatically refine the grid where necessary in view of the required accuracy. Finally optimal antenna parameters for the applicator are determined . \noindent All steps of the planning process are supported by powerful visualization methods. Medical images, contours, grids, simulated electromagnetic fields and temperature distributions can be displayed in combination. A number of new algorithms and techniques had to be developed and implemented. Special emphasis has been put on advanced 3D interaction methods and user interface issues. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-97-26 Y1 - 1997 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-2958 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Stalling, Detlev T1 - Fast LIC with Higher Order Filter Kernels N2 - Line integral convolution (LIC) has become a well-known and popular method for visualizing vector fields. The method works by convolving a random input texture along the integral curves of the vector field. In order to accelerate image synthesis significantly, an efficient algorithm has been proposed that utilizes pixel coherence in field line direction. This algorithm, called ``fast LIC'', originally was restricted to simple box-type filter kernels. Here we describe a generalization of fast LIC for piecewise polynomial filter kernels. Expanding the filter kernels in terms of truncated power functions allows us to exploit a certain convolution theorem. The convolution integral is expressed as a linear combination of repeated integrals (or repeated sums in the discrete case). Compared to the original algorithm the additional expense for using higher order filter kernels, e.g.\ of B-spline type, is very low. Such filter kernels produce smoother, less noisier results than a box filter. This is evident from visual investigation, as well as from analysis of pixel correlations. Thus, our method represents a useful extension of the fast LIC algorithm for the creation of high-quality LIC images. T3 - ZIB-Report - SC-97-74 Y1 - 1998 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-3439 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Beck, Rudolf A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Seebass, Martin A1 - Stalling, Detlev ED - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Polthier, Konrad T1 - Numerical Algorithms and Visualization in Medical Treament Planning T2 - Visualization and Mathematics Y1 - 1997 SP - 303 EP - 328 PB - Springer-Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nadobny, Johanna A1 - Wust, Peter A1 - Seebass, Martin A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Felix, Roland T1 - A Quantitative Comparison between the VSIE and the FDTD method using Electrically Equivalent Patient and Antenna Models T2 - Proc. 16th Ann. Meeting Europ. Soc. Hyperthermic Oncology (ESHO-97), Berlin, Germany, April 1997 Y1 - 1997 SP - 145 ER -