TY - CHAP A1 - Hiller, Benjamin A1 - Humpola, Jesco A1 - Lehmann, Thomas A1 - Lenz, Ralf A1 - Morsi, Antonio A1 - Pfetsch, Marc A1 - Schewe, Lars A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Schwarz, Robert A1 - Schweiger, Jonas A1 - Stangl, Claudia A1 - Willert, Bernhard T1 - Computational results for validation of nominations T2 - Evaluating Gas Network Capacities N2 - The different approaches to solve the validation of nomination problem presented in the previous chapters are evaluated computationally in this chapter. Each approach is analyzed individually, as well as the complete solvers for these problems. We demonstrate that the presented approaches can successfully solve large-scale real-world instances. Y1 - 2015 SN - 9781611973686 VL - SIAM-MOS series on Optimization ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Humpola, Jesco A1 - Fügenschuh, Armin A1 - Hiller, Benjamin A1 - Koch, Thorsten A1 - Lehmann, Thomas A1 - Lenz, Ralf A1 - Schwarz, Robert A1 - Schweiger, Jonas T1 - The Specialized MINLP Approach T2 - Evaluating Gas Network Capacities N2 - We propose an approach to solve the validation of nominations problem using mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) methods. Our approach handles both the discrete settings and the nonlinear aspects of gas physics. Our main contribution is an innovative coupling of mixed-integer (linear) programming (MILP) methods with nonlinear programming (NLP) that exploits the special structure of a suitable approximation of gas physics, resulting in a global optimization method for this type of problem. Y1 - 2015 SN - 9781611973686 VL - SIAM-MOS series on Optimization ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bonneau, Georges-Pierre A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Johnson, Chris R. A1 - Oliveira, Manuel M. A1 - Potter, Kristin A1 - Rheingans, Penny A1 - Schultz, Thomas T1 - Overview and State-of-the-Art of Uncertainty Visualization T2 - Scientific Visualization - Uncertainty, Multifield, Biomedical, and Scalable Visualization N2 - The goal of visualization is to effectively and accurately communicate data. Visualization research has often overlooked the errors and uncertainty which accompany the scientific process and describe key characteristics used to fully understand the data. The lack of these representations can be attributed, in part, to the inherent difficulty in defining, characterizing, and controlling this uncertainty, and in part, to the difficulty in including additional visual metaphors in a well designed, potent display. However, the exclusion of this information cripples the use of visualization as a decision making tool due to the fact that the display is no longer a true representation of the data. This systematic omission of uncertainty commands fundamental research within the visualization community to address, integrate, and expect uncertainty information. In this chapter, we outline sources and models of uncertainty, give an overview of the state-of-the-art, provide general guidelines, outline small exemplary applications, and finally, discuss open problems in uncertainty visualization. Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-4471-6496-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6497-5_1 SP - 3 EP - 27 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pfister, Hanspeter A1 - Kaynig, Verena A1 - Botha, Charl P. A1 - Bruckner, Stefan A1 - Dercksen, Vincent J. A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Roerdink, Jos B.T.M. ED - Hansen, Charles D. ED - Chen, Min ED - Johnson, Christopher R. ED - Kaufman, Arie E. ED - Hagen, Hans T1 - Visualization in Connectomics T2 - Scientific Visualization - Uncertainty, Multifield, Biomedical, and Scalable Visualization N2 - Connectomics is a branch of neuroscience that attempts to create a connectome, i.e., a complete map of the neuronal system and all connections between neuronal structures. This representation can be used to understand how functional brain states emerge from their underlying anatomical structures and how dysfunction and neuronal diseases arise. We review the current state-of-the-art of visualization and image processing techniques in the field of connectomics and describe a number of challenges. After a brief summary of the biological background and an overview of relevant imaging modalities, we review current techniques to extract connectivity information from image data at macro-, meso- and microscales. We also discuss data integration and neural network modeling, as well as the visualization, analysis and comparison of brain networks. Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-4471-6496-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6497-5_21 SP - 221 EP - 245 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manley, Phillip A1 - Burger, Sven A1 - Schmidt, Frank A1 - Schmid, Martina ED - Sakabe, Shuji ED - Lienau, Christoph ED - Grunwald, Rüdiger T1 - Design Principles for Plasmonic Nanoparticle Devices T2 - Progress in Nonlinear Nano-Optics Y1 - 2015 UR - http://www.springer.com/978-3-319-12216-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12217-5_13 VL - XXI SP - 223 EP - 247 PB - Springer ET - Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics ER - TY - CHAP A1 - D'Andreagiovanni, Fabio A1 - Mannino, Carlo T1 - An Optimization Model for WiMAX Network Planning and Optimization T2 - WiMAX Network Planning and Optimization Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-1-4200-6662-3 SP - 369 EP - 386 PB - Auerbach Publications ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Borndörfer, Ralf A1 - Hoang, Nam-Dung A1 - Karbstein, Marika A1 - Koch, Thorsten A1 - Martin, Alexander ED - Jünger, Michael ED - Reinelt, Gerhard T1 - How many Steiner terminals can you connect in 20 years? T2 - Facets of Combinatorial Optimization; Festschrift for Martin Grötschel Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38189-8_10 SP - 215 EP - 244 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pomplun, Jan A1 - Zschiedrich, Lin A1 - Klose, Roland A1 - Schmidt, Frank A1 - Burger, Sven T1 - Finite Element Simulation of Radiation Losses in Photonic Crystal Fibers T2 - Nanophotonic Materials: Photonic Crystals, Plasmonics, and Metamaterials Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527621880.ch17 SP - 313 EP - 331 PB - Wiley-VCH ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hlawitschka, Mario A1 - Hotz, Ingrid A1 - Kratz, Andrea A1 - Marai, G. Elisabeta A1 - Moreno, Rodrigo A1 - Scheuermann, Gerik A1 - Stommel, Markus A1 - Wiebel, Alexander A1 - Zhang, Eugene ED - Westin, Carl-Frederic ED - Burgeth, Bernhard ED - Vilanova, Anna T1 - Top Challenges in the Visualization of Engineering Tensor Fields T2 - Visualization and Processing of Tensors and Higher-Order Descriptors for Multi-Field Data Y1 - 2014 SP - 3 EP - 15 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Beck, Rudolf A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Seebaß, Martin A1 - Stalling, Detlev ED - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Polthier, Konrad T1 - Numerical Algorithms and Visualization in Medical Treatment Planning T2 - Visualization and Mathematics 1997 Y1 - 1996 SP - 303 EP - 328 PB - Springer, Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Battke, Henrik A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Polthier, Konrad T1 - Fast Line Integral Convolution for Arbitrary Surfaces in 3D T2 - Visualization and Mathematics 1997 Y1 - 1996 SP - 181 EP - 195 PB - Springer, Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wlodarczyk, Waldemar A1 - Nadobny, Jacek A1 - Fähling, Horst A1 - Wust, Peter A1 - Mönich, Gerhard T1 - Antennenkonzepte und Realisierungsbeispiele für die HF-Hyperthermie T2 - ITG-Fachbericht 149 Antennen Y1 - 1998 SP - 335 EP - 338 PB - VDE Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Stalling, Detlev ED - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Polthier, Konrad T1 - Fast LIC with Piecewise Polynomial Filter Kernels T2 - Mathematical Visualization - Algorithms and Applications Y1 - 1998 SP - 295 EP - 314 PB - Springer-Verlag Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Benger, Werner A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Merzky, André A1 - Radke, Thomas A1 - Seidel, Edward T1 - Efficient Distributed File I/O for Visualization in Grid Environments T2 - Simulation and Visualization on the Grid Y1 - 2000 VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Springer Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kadooka, Yoshimasa A1 - Onishi, Naoki A1 - Choi, Jang-Woon A1 - Lee, Young-Ho A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Tago, Yoshio ED - Kim, Kyung T1 - A Study on the PIV Virtual Laboratory by Web Grid Technology T2 - CD ROM Proc. PIV'03 - 5th Int. Symp. on Particle Image Velocimetry Y1 - 2003 PB - The Korean Society of Visualization CY - Busan, Korea ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Clasen, Malte A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Buhmann, Erich ED - Paar, Philip ED - Bishop, Ian ED - Lange, Eckart T1 - Realistic illumination of vegetation in real-time environments T2 - Trends in Real-Time Landscape Visualization and Participation Y1 - 2005 SP - 107 EP - 114 PB - Wichmann Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Coconu, Liviu A1 - Colditz, Carsten A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Deussen, Oliver ED - Buhmann, Erich ED - Paar, Philip ED - Bishop, Ian ED - Lange, Eckart T1 - Seamless integration of stylized renditions in computer-generated landscape visualization T2 - Trends in Real-Time Landscape Visualization and Participation Y1 - 2005 SP - 88 EP - 96 PB - Wichmann Verlag CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Colditz, Carsten A1 - Coconu, Liviu A1 - Deussen, Oliver A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Buhmann, Erich ED - Paar, Philip ED - Bishop, Ian ED - Lange, Eckart T1 - Real-time rendering of complex photorealistic landscapes using hybrid level-of-detail approaches T2 - Trends in Real-Time Landscape Visualization and Participation Y1 - 2005 SP - 97 EP - 106 PB - Wichmann Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wardetzky, Max ED - I. Bobenko, Alexander ED - Sullivan, John ED - Ziegler, Günter T1 - Convergence of the Cotan formula - an overview T2 - Discrete Differential Geometry Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8621-4 SP - 275 EP - 286 PB - Birkhäuser Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Deussen, Oliver A1 - Colditz, Carsten A1 - Coconu, Liviu A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Bishop, Ian ED - Lange, Eckart T1 - Efficient modelling and rendering of landscapes T2 - Visualization in Landscape and Environmental Planning Y1 - 2005 SP - 56 EP - 61 PB - Spon Press CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - AO-99-030, ESA-MAP-Team ED - Wilson, A. T1 - Assessment of bone structure and its changes in microgravity T2 - SP-1290: Microgravity Applications Programme: Successful Teaming of Science and Industry Y1 - 2005 SP - 282 EP - 305 PB - European Space Agency ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Theisel, Holger A1 - Weinkauf, Tino T1 - On the Applicability of Topological Methods for Complex Flow Data T2 - Topology-based Methods in Visualization Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70823-0_8 SP - 105 EP - 120 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weinkauf, Tino A1 - Theisel, Holger A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian A1 - Seidel, Hans-Peter T1 - Feature Flow Fields in Out-of-Core Settings T2 - Topology-based Methods in Visualization Y1 - 2007 SP - 51 EP - 64 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dercksen, Vincent J. A1 - Brüß, Cornelia A1 - Stalling, Detlev A1 - Gubatz, Sabine A1 - Seiffert, Udo A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian T1 - Towards automatic generation of 3D models of biological objects based on serial sections T2 - Visualization in Medicine and Life Sciences Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72630-2 SP - 3 EP - 25 PB - Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Theisel, Holger A1 - Weinkauf, Tino T1 - Morphological Representations of Vector Fields T2 - Shape Analysis and Structuring Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33265-7 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Dössel, Olaf A1 - Louis, Alfred A1 - Zachow, Stefan T1 - Mehr Mathematik wagen in der Medizin T2 - acatech diskutiert, Produktionsfaktor Mathematik - Wie Mathematik Technik und Wirtschaft bewegt Y1 - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89435-3 SP - 435 EP - 459 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Auer, Cornelia A1 - Sreevalsan-Nair, Jaya A1 - Zobel, Valentin A1 - Hotz, Ingrid ED - Hagen, Hans T1 - 2D Tensor Field Segmentation T2 - Scientific Visualization: Interactions, Features, Metaphors Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4230/DFU.Vol2.SciViz.2011.17 VL - 2 SP - 17 EP - 35 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl–Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kasten, Jens A1 - Weinkauf, Tino A1 - Petz, Christoph A1 - Hotz, Ingrid A1 - Noack, Bernd R. A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian T1 - Extraction of Coherent Structures from Natural and Actuated Flows T2 - Active Flow Control II Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-642-11734-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11735-0_24 VL - 108 SP - 373 EP - 387 PB - Springer, Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zachow, Stefan A1 - Hahn, Horst A1 - Lange, Thomas ED - Schlag, Peter ED - Eulenstein, Sebastian ED - Lange, Thomas T1 - Computerassistierte Chirugieplanung T2 - Computerassistierte Chirurgie Y1 - 2010 SP - 119 EP - 149 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Deuflhard, Peter A1 - Dössel, Olaf A1 - Louis, Alfred A1 - Zachow, Stefan T1 - More Mathematics into Medicine! T2 - Production Factor Mathematics Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.springer.com/mathematics/book/978-3-642-11247-8 SP - 357 EP - 378 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hotz, Ingrid A1 - Sreevalsan-Nair, Jaya A1 - Hamann, Bernd ED - Hagen, Hans T1 - Tensor Field Reconstruction Based on Eigenvector and Eigenvalue Interpolation T2 - Scientific Visualization: Advanced Concepts Y1 - 2010 UR - http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2010/2700 SN - 978-3-939897-19-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4230/DFU.SciViz.2010.110 VL - 1 SP - 110 EP - 123 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pöthkow, Kai A1 - Hege, Hans-Christian ED - Laidlaw, David ED - Vilanova, Anna T1 - Uncertainty Propagation in DT-MRI Anisotropy Isosurface Extraction T2 - New Developments in the Visualization and Processing of Tensor Fields Y1 - 2012 SP - 209 EP - 225 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reinefeld, Alexander A1 - Schintke, Florian A1 - Schütt, Thorsten T1 - Scalable and Self-Optimizing Data Grids T2 - Annual Review of Scalable Computing Y1 - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812794727_0002 VL - 6 IS - chapter 2 SP - 30 EP - 60 PB - World Scientific ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Talia, Domenico A1 - Trunfio, Paolo A1 - Zeng, Jingdi A1 - Högqvist, Mikael ED - Gorlatch, Sergei ED - Bubak, Marian ED - Priol, Thierry T1 - A Peer-to-Peer Framework for Resource Discovery in Large-Scale Grids T2 - Achievements in European Research on Grid Systems Y1 - 2008 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72812-4_10 U6 - https://doi.org//10.1007/978-0-87-72812-4_10 SP - 123 EP - 137 PB - Springer US ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reinefeld, Alexander ED - Floudas, Christodoulos ED - Pardalos, Panos T1 - Parallel Heuristic Search T2 - Encyclopedia of Optimization Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74759-0_500 SP - 2908 EP - 2912 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reinefeld, Alexander A1 - Schintke, Florian A1 - Schütt, Thorsten A1 - Haridi, Seif ED - Tselentis, G. ED - Domingue, J. ED - Galis, A. ED - Gavras, A. ED - Hausheer, D. ED - Krco, S. ED - Lotz, V. ED - Zahariadis, T. T1 - A Scalable, Transactional Data Store for Future Internet Services T2 - Towards the Future Internet - A European Research Perspective Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-007-0-148 SP - 148 EP - 159 PB - IOS Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Plantikow, Stefan A1 - Jorra, Maik ED - Xu, Jianliang ED - Yu, Ge ED - Zhou, Shuigeng ED - Unland, Rainer T1 - Latency-Optimal Walks in Replicated and Partitioned Graphs T2 - Database Systems for Adanced Applications Y1 - 2011 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20244-5{\_}3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20244-5_3 VL - 6637 SP - 14 EP - 27 PB - Springer Berlin / Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Flik, T. A1 - Reinefeld, Alexander ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Rechnerorganisation T2 - Hütte – Das Ingenieurwissen Y1 - 2012 SP - J6 EP - J124 PB - Springer-Verlag Berlin ET - 34 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Enke, Harry A1 - Fiedler, Norman A1 - Fischer, Thomas A1 - Gnadt, Timo A1 - Ketzan, Erik A1 - Ludwig, Jens A1 - Rathmann, Torsten A1 - Stöckle, Gabriel A1 - Schintke, Florian ED - Enke, Harry ED - Ludwig, Jens T1 - Leitfaden zum Forschungsdaten-Management T2 - Leitfaden zum Forschungsdaten-Management Y1 - 2013 PB - Verlag Werner Hülsbusch, Glückstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stender, Jan A1 - Berlin, Michael A1 - Reinefeld, Alexander ED - Kyriazis, D. ED - Voulodimos, A. ED - Gogouvitis, S. ED - Varvarigou, Theodora A. T1 - XtreemFS – a File System for the Cloud T2 - Data Intensive Storage Services for Cloud Environments Y1 - 2013 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3934-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3934-8 PB - IGI Global ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koster, Arie M.C.A. A1 - Orlowski, Sebastian A1 - Raack, Christian A1 - Baier, Georg A1 - Engel, Thomas T1 - Single-layer Cuts for Multi-Layer Network Design Problems T2 - Telecommunications Modeling Policy and Technology, also ZIB Report ZR-07-21 Y1 - 2008 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77780-1_1 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Springer CY - College Park, MD, U.S.A. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koster, Arie M.C.A. A1 - Orlowski, Sebastian A1 - Raack, Christian A1 - Baier, Georg A1 - Engel, Thomas A1 - Belotti, Pietro T1 - Branch-and-cut techniques for solving realistic two-layer network design problems T2 - Graphs and Algorithms in Communication Networks Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/g3rt54x5w4110240 SP - 95 EP - 118 PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dorndorf, Ulrich A1 - Droste, Stefan A1 - Koch, Thorsten ED - Kallrath, Josef T1 - Using ZIMPL for Modeling Production Planning Problems T2 - Algebraic Modeling Systems Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23592-4 SP - 145 EP - 158 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koch, Thorsten A1 - Martin, Alexander A1 - Voß, Stefan ED - Du, D.-Z. ED - Cheng, X. T1 - SteinLib: An Updated Library on Steiner Tree Problems in Graphs T2 - Steiner Trees in Industry Y1 - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0255-1_9 SP - 285 EP - 325 PB - Kluwer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumann, Marika ED - Waldmann, Karl-Heinz ED - Stocker, Ulrike T1 - Fare Planning for Public Transport T2 - Operations Research Proceedings 2006 Y1 - 2007 UR - {http://opus.kobv.de/zib/volltexte/2009/1160/} SP - 61 EP - 66 PB - Springer-Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Borndörfer, Ralf A1 - Neumann, Marika A1 - Pfetsch, Marc ED - Haasis, Hans-Dietrich ED - Kopfer, Herbert ED - Schönberger, Jörn T1 - Optimal Fares for Public Transport T2 - Operations Research Proceedings 2005 Y1 - 2006 UR - {http://opus.kobv.de/zib/volltexte/2005/869/} SP - 29 EP - 36 PB - Springer-Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grötschel, Martin A1 - Koch, Thorsten A1 - Hoang, Nam-Dung ED - Biermann, Katja ED - Grötschel, Martin ED - Lutz-Westphal, Brigitte T1 - Lagenwechsel minimieren – oder das Bohren von Löchern in Leiterplatten T2 - Besser als Mathe Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01004-1_19 SP - 161 EP - 174 PB - Vieweg+Teubner ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Heuveline, Vincent A1 - Hoang, Nam-Dung ED - Kunisch, Karl ED - Leugering, Günter ED - Sprekels, Jürgen ED - Tröltzsch, Fredi T1 - On two numerical approaches for the boundary control stabilization of semi-linear parabolic systems: a comparison T2 - Control of Coupled Partial Differential Equations, International Series of Numerical Mathematics, Vol. 155 Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7721-2_5 SP - 95 EP - 118 PB - Birkhäuser ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Berberich, Eric A1 - Hagen, Matthias A1 - Hiller, Benjamin A1 - Moser, Hannes ED - Müller-Hannemann, Matthias ED - Schirra, Stefan T1 - Experiments T2 - Algorithm Engineering Y1 - 2010 VL - 5971 SP - 325 EP - 388 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Geyer, Markus A1 - Hiller, Benjamin A1 - Meinert, Sascha ED - Müller-Hannemann, Matthias ED - Schirra, Stefan T1 - Modeling T2 - Algorithm Engineering Y1 - 2010 VL - 5971 SP - 16 EP - 57 PB - Springer ER -