@misc{SchuetteKlusHartmann, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Klus, Stefan and Hartmann, Carsten}, title = {Overcoming the Timescale Barrier in Molecular Dynamics: Transfer Operators, Variational Principles, and Machine Learning}, issn = {1438-0064}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-88637}, abstract = {One of the main challenges in molecular dynamics is overcoming the "timescale barrier", a phrase used to describe that in many realistic molecular systems, biologically important rare transitions occur on timescales that are not accessible to direct numerical simulation, not even on the largest or specifically dedicated supercomputers. This article discusses how to circumvent the timescale barrier by a collection of transfer operator-based techniques that have emerged from dynamical systems theory, numerical mathematics, and machine learning over the last two decades. We will focus on how transfer operators can be used to approximate the dynamical behavior on long timescales, review the introduction of this approach into molecular dynamics, and outline the respective theory as well as the algorithmic development from the early numerics-based methods, via variational reformulations, to modern data-based techniques utilizing and improving concepts from machine learning. Furthermore, its relation to rare event simulation techniques will be explained, revealing a broad equivalence of variational principles for long-time quantities in MD. The article will mainly take a mathematical perspective and will leave the application to real-world molecular systems to the more than 1000 research articles already written on this subject.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteKlusHartmann, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Klus, Stefan and Hartmann, Carsten}, title = {Overcoming the Timescale Barrier in Molecular Dynamics: Transfer Operators, Variational Principles, and Machine Learning}, series = {Acta Numerica}, volume = {32}, journal = {Acta Numerica}, doi = {10.1017/S0962492923000016}, pages = {517 -- 673}, abstract = {One of the main challenges in molecular dynamics is overcoming the 'timescale barrier': in many realistic molecular systems, biologically important rare transitions occur on timescales that are not accessible to direct numerical simulation, even on the largest or specifically dedicated supercomputers. This article discusses how to circumvent the timescale barrier by a collection of transfer operator-based techniques that have emerged from dynamical systems theory, numerical mathematics and machine learning over the last two decades. We will focus on how transfer operators can be used to approximate the dynamical behaviour on long timescales, review the introduction of this approach into molecular dynamics, and outline the respective theory, as well as the algorithmic development, from the early numerics-based methods, via variational reformulations, to modern data-based techniques utilizing and improving concepts from machine learning. Furthermore, its relation to rare event simulation techniques will be explained, revealing a broad equivalence of variational principles for long-time quantities in molecular dynamics. The article will mainly take a mathematical perspective and will leave the application to real-world molecular systems to the more than 1000 research articles already written on this subject.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchuetteNettesheim, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Nettesheim, Peter}, title = {Non-Adiabatic Effects in Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-3817}, number = {SC-98-38}, abstract = {In molecular dynamics applications there is a growing interest in mixed quantum-classical models. The article is concerned with the so-called QCMD model. This model describes most atoms of the molecular system by the means of classical mechanics but an important, small portion of the system by the means of a wavefunction. We review the conditions under which the QCMD model is known to approximate the full quantum dynamical evolution of the system. In most quantum-classical simulations the {\em Born-Oppenheimer model} (BO) is used. In this model, the wavefunction is adiabatically coupled to the classical motion which leads to serious approximation deficiencies with respect to non-adiabatic effects in the fully quantum dynamical description of the system. In contrast to the BO model, the QCMD model does include non-adiabatic processes, e.g., transitions between the energy levels of the quantum system. It is demonstrated that, in mildly non-adiabatic scenarios, so-called {\em surface hopping} extensions of QCMD simulations yield good approximations of the non-adiabatic effects in full quantum dynamics. The algorithmic strategy of such extensions of QCMD is explained and the crucial steps of its realization are discussed with special emphasis on the numerical problems caused by highly oscillatory phase effects.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchuetteNettesheim1999, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Nettesheim, Peter}, title = {Nonadiabatic Effects in Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics}, series = {Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II}, booktitle = {Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II}, editor = {Keil, F. and Mackens, W. and Voss, H. and Werther, J.}, publisher = {Springer}, pages = {42 -- 56}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteNielsenWeber, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Nielsen, Adam and Weber, Marcus}, title = {Markov State Models and Molecular Alchemy}, series = {Molecular Physics}, volume = {113}, journal = {Molecular Physics}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1080/00268976.2014.944597}, pages = {69 -- 78}, abstract = {In recent years Markov State Models (MSMs) have attracted a consid- erable amount of attention with regard to modelling conformation changes and associated function of biomolecular systems. They have been used successfully, e.g., for peptides including time-resolved spectroscopic experiments, protein function and protein folding , DNA and RNA, and ligand-receptor interaction in drug design and more complicated multivalent scenarios. In this article a novel reweighting scheme is introduced that allows to construct an MSM for certain molecular system out of an MSM for a similar system. This permits studying how molecular properties on long timescales differ between similar molecular systems without performing full molecular dynamics simulations for each system under con- sideration. The performance of the reweighting scheme is illustrated for simple test cases including one where the main wells of the respective energy landscapes are located differently and an alchemical transformation of butane to pentane where the dimension of the state space is changed.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchuetteNielsenWeber, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Nielsen, Adam and Weber, Marcus}, title = {Markov State Models and Molecular Alchemy}, issn = {1438-0064}, doi = {10.1080/00268976.2014.944597}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-46718}, abstract = {In recent years Markov State Models (MSMs) have attracted a consid- erable amount of attention with regard to modelling conformation changes and associated function of biomolecular systems. They have been used successfully, e.g., for peptides including time-resolved spectroscopic ex- periments, protein function and protein folding , DNA and RNA, and ligand-receptor interaction in drug design and more complicated multi- valent scenarios. In this article a novel reweighting scheme is introduced that allows to construct an MSM for certain molecular system out of an MSM for a similar system. This permits studying how molecular proper- ties on long timescales differ between similar molecular systems without performing full molecular dynamics simulations for each system under con- sideration. The performance of the reweighting scheme is illustrated for simple test cases including one where the main wells of the respective en- ergy landscapes are located differently and an alchemical transformation of butane to pentane where the dimension of the state space is changed.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteNoeLuetal.2011, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and No{\´e}, Frank and Lu, Jianfeng and Sarich, Marco and Vanden-Eijnden, E.}, title = {Markov State Models Based on Milestoning}, series = {J. Chem. Phys.}, volume = {134}, journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, number = {20}, doi = {10.1063/1.3590108}, pages = {204105}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteNoeMeerbachetal.2009, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and No{\´e}, Frank and Meerbach, E. and Metzner, Ph. and Hartmann, Carsten}, title = {Conformation Dynamics}, series = {Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics, I. Jeltsch and G. Wanner (eds.),}, journal = {Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics, I. Jeltsch and G. Wanner (eds.),}, publisher = {EMS publishing house}, doi = {10.4171/056-1/15}, pages = {297 -- 335}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @misc{SchuetteSarich, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Sarich, Marco}, title = {A Critical Appraisal of Markov State Models}, issn = {1438-0064}, doi = {10.1140/epjst/e2015-02421-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-54218}, abstract = {Markov State Modelling as a concept for a coarse grained description of the essential kinetics of a molecular system in equilibrium has gained a lot of atten- tion recently. The last 10 years have seen an ever increasing publication activity on how to construct Markov State Models (MSMs) for very different molecular systems ranging from peptides to proteins, from RNA to DNA, and via molecu- lar sensors to molecular aggregation. Simultaneously the accompanying theory behind MSM building and approximation quality has been developed well be- yond the concepts and ideas used in practical applications. This article reviews the main theoretical results, provides links to crucial new developments, outlines the full power of MSM building today, and discusses the essential limitations still to overcome.}, language = {en} } @book{SchuetteSarich, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Sarich, Marco}, title = {Metastability and Markov State Models in Molecular Dynamics: Modeling, Analysis, Algorithmic Approaches}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteSarich, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Sarich, Marco}, title = {A Critical Appraisal of Markov State Models}, series = {The European Physical Journal Special Topics}, volume = {224}, journal = {The European Physical Journal Special Topics}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1140/epjst/e2015-02421-0}, pages = {2445 -- 2462}, abstract = {Markov State Modelling as a concept for a coarse grained description of the essential kinetics of a molecular system in equilibrium has gained a lot of atten- tion recently. The last 10 years have seen an ever increasing publication activity on how to construct Markov State Models (MSMs) for very different molecular systems ranging from peptides to proteins, from RNA to DNA, and via molecu- lar sensors to molecular aggregation. Simultaneously the accompanying theory behind MSM building and approximation quality has been developed well be- yond the concepts and ideas used in practical applications. This article reviews the main theoretical results, provides links to crucial new developments, outlines the full power of MSM building today, and discusses the essential limitations still to overcome.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteWalterHartmannetal.2004, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Walter, J. and Hartmann, Carsten and Huisinga, Wilhelm}, title = {An Averaging Principle for Fast Degrees of Freedom Exhibiting Long-Term Correlations}, series = {Multiscale Model. Simul.}, volume = {2}, journal = {Multiscale Model. Simul.}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1137/030600308}, pages = {501 -- 526}, year = {2004}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteWinkelmannHartmann2012, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Winkelmann, Stefanie and Hartmann, Carsten}, title = {Optimal control of molecular dynamics using Markov state models}, series = {Math. Program. (Series B)}, volume = {134}, journal = {Math. Program. (Series B)}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1007/s10107-012-0547-6}, pages = {259 -- 282}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @misc{SchuetteWulkow, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Wulkow, Michael}, title = {Quantum Theory with Discrete Spectra and Countable Systems of Differential Equations - A Numerical Treatment of RamanSpectroscopy.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0297-zib-778}, number = {SC-92-07}, abstract = {Models for occupation dynamics in discrete quantum systems lead to large or even infinite systems of ordinary differential equations. Some new mathematical techniques, developed for the simulation of chemical processes, make a numerical solution of countable systems of ordinary differential equations possible. Both, a basic physical concept for the construction of such systems and the structure of the numerical tools for solving them are presented. These conceptual aspects are illustrated by a simulation of an occupation process from spectroscopy. In this example the structures of rotation spectra observed in infrared spectroscopy are explained and some possibilities for an extension of the model are shown.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteWulkow2010, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Wulkow, Michael}, title = {A hybrid Galerkin-Monte-Carlo approach to higher-dimensional population balances in polymerization kinetics}, series = {Macromol. React. Eng.}, volume = {4}, journal = {Macromol. React. Eng.}, pages = {562 -- 577}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteWulkow1992, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Wulkow, Michael}, title = {Quantum Theory with Discrete Spectra and Countable Systems of Differential Equations - A Numerical Treatment of Raman Spectroscopy.}, series = {preprint}, journal = {preprint}, year = {1992}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteWulkow2010, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Wulkow, Michael}, title = {A Hybrid Galerkin-Monte-Carlo Approach to Higher-Dimensional Population Balances in Polymerization Kinetics}, series = {Macromol. React. Eng.}, volume = {4}, journal = {Macromol. React. Eng.}, number = {9-10}, doi = {10.1002/mren.200900073}, pages = {562 -- 577}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{SchuetteZumbuschBrinkmann1995, author = {Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and Zumbusch, Gerhard and Brinkmann, Ralf}, title = {Dynamics of Erbium-doped Waveguide Lasers}, series = {preprint}, journal = {preprint}, year = {1995}, language = {en} } @article{SeckerFackeldeyWeberetal., author = {Secker, Christopher and Fackeldey, Konstantin and Weber, Marcus and Ray, Sourav and Gorgulla, Christoph and Sch{\"u}tte, Christof}, title = {Novel multi-objective affinity approach allows to identify pH-specific μ-opioid receptor agonists}, series = {Journal of Cheminformatics}, volume = {15}, journal = {Journal of Cheminformatics}, doi = {10.1186/s13321-023-00746-4}, abstract = {Opioids are essential pharmaceuticals due to their analgesic properties, however, lethal side effects, addiction, and opioid tolerance are extremely challenging. The development of novel molecules targeting the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in inflamed, but not in healthy tissue, could significantly reduce these unwanted effects. Finding such novel molecules can be achieved by maximizing the binding affinity to the MOR at acidic pH while minimizing it at neutral pH, thus combining two conflicting objectives. Here, this multi-objective optimal affinity approach is presented, together with a virtual drug discovery pipeline for its practical implementation. When applied to finding pH-specific drug candidates, it combines protonation state-dependent structure and ligand preparation with high-throughput virtual screening. We employ this pipeline to characterize a set of MOR agonists identifying a morphine-like opioid derivative with higher predicted binding affinities to the MOR at low pH compared to neutral pH. Our results also confirm existing experimental evidence that NFEPP, a previously described fentanyl derivative with reduced side effects, and recently reported β-fluorofentanyls and -morphines show an increased specificity for the MOR at acidic pH when compared to fentanyl and morphine. We further applied our approach to screen a >50K ligand library identifying novel molecules with pH-specific predicted binding affinities to the MOR. The presented differential docking pipeline can be applied to perform multi-objective affinity optimization to identify safer and more specific drug candidates at large scale.}, language = {en} } @article{SenneTrendelkampSchroerMeyetal.2012, author = {Senne, M. and Trendelkamp-Schroer, B. and Mey, A. and Sch{\"u}tte, Christof and No{\´e}, Frank}, title = {EMMA - A software package for Markov model building and analysis}, series = {Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation}, volume = {8}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation}, doi = {10.1021/ct300274u}, pages = {2223 -- 2238}, year = {2012}, language = {en} }