TY - JOUR A1 - Sekulic, Ivan A1 - Schaible, Jonas A1 - Müller, Gabriel A1 - Plock, Matthias A1 - Burger, Sven A1 - Martínez-Lahuerta, Víctor José A1 - Gaaloul, Naceur A1 - Schneider, Philipp-Immanuel T1 - Physics-informed Bayesian optimization of expensive-to-evaluate black-box functions T2 - Mach. Learn. Sci. Technol. N2 - Abstract Bayesian optimization with Gaussian process surrogates is a popular approach for optimizing expensive-to-evaluate functions in terms of time, energy, or computational resources. Typically, a Gaussian process models a scalar objective derived from observed data. However, in many real-world applications, the objective is a combination of multiple outputs from physical experiments or simulations. Converting these multidimensional observations into a single scalar can lead to information loss, slowing convergence and yielding suboptimal results. To address this, we propose to use multi-output Gaussian processes to learn the full vector of observations directly, before mapping them to the scalar objective via an inexpensive analytical function. This physics-informed approach retains more information from the underlying physical processes, improving surrogate model accuracy. As a result, the approach accelerates optimization and produces better final designs compared to standard implementations. Y1 - 2025 UR - https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-zib/frontdoor/index/index/docId/10221 VL - 6 SP - 040503 PB - IOP Publishing ER -