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The constant introduction of new products is of great importance for the long-term financial success of companies. Newly launched products in consumer goods and services markets show high failure rates, often reaching 50%. In order to reduce flop rates, companies can integrate innovative and knowledgeable customers, so called 'lead users', into the new product development process. However, the detection of such lead users is difficult, especially in consumer goods markets with very large customer bases. A new and potentially valuable approach for the identification of lead users are virtual stock markets, which have been proposed and applied for political and business forecasting, but not for expert identification yet. The goal of this paper is to analyze theoretically and empirically the feasibility of virtual stock markets for lead user identification. We find in our empirical study that virtual stock markets are an effective instrument to identify lead users in consumer goods markets. Using the proposed method, companies operating in these markets can identify lead users more easily and integrate them into new product development projects. Thus, they can improve the innovation processes and reduce new product flop rates.
Desorptive capacity
(2004)
As competition is becoming increasingly knowledge-based, companies do not only have to develop the competence of managing knowledge internally but also need the competence of managing the acquisition and emission of knowledge in order to appropriately leverage its value. Regarding the external acquisition of knowledge, a consistent theoretical framework has been developed with the concept of absorptive capacity probably being the most important construct. In research into absorptive capacity, it is assumed either explicitly or by implication that the knowledge is applied internally. However, companies may also directly commercialize disembodied knowledge which is a growing phenomenon in practice. This trend is especially remarkable against the background of the imperfections of the markets for knowledge, which make such external commercialization of knowledge a difficult task. Accordingly, a company should build up an organizational capability to adequately manage the external knowledge commercialization process. Therefore, we develop the construct of desorptive capacity as a complementary concept to absorptive capacity in the area of external knowledge exploitation. The construct is defined, and it is shown that desorptive capacity is path-dependent. Moreover, it is highlighted how a firm may actively manage its desorptive capacity. Finally, the issue of operationalizing desorptive capacity is addressed, and implications of the theoretical analysis for research and practice are presented.
Unternehmensentwicklung
(2004)
Der Beitrag erfasst den Stand der Forschung zum Gebiet der Untemehmensentwicklung. Hierbei werden Arbeiten aus mehr als einem Jahrhundert eingeschlossen. Aus den bestehenden Forschungsstromungen wird ein Konzept fur die weitere Forschung zur Untemehmensentwicklung hergeleitet. Methodisch ist der Beitrag der konzeptionellen Forschung zuzuordnen. Die existierenden Ansatze werden anhand verwendeter Grundannahmen miteinander verglichen. Das erarbeitete Konzept fur die weitere Forschung setzt auf bestimmten Ausprägungen hinsichtlich dieser Grundannahmen auf. Der Beitrag versucht, der Diskussion der Untemehmensentwicklung neue Impulse fur die weitere empirische Forschung sowohl im Hinblick auf die inhaltliche als auch die methodische Gestaltung zu verleihen. Fur die Praxis versucht der Beitrag, ein Konzept bereitzustellen, anhand dessen Entscheidungstrager eigene Handlungen spiegeln konnen, um auf Schwachstellen in der Entwicklung des eigenen Unternehmens aufmerksam zu werden. Darüber hinaus liefert der Beitrag fur die Akteure der Kapitalmärkte Ansatzpunkte zur besseren Fundierung der Bewertung von Untemehmensentwicklungen.
Web-based interaction between customers and producers offer new promising ways of bringing customers into the company right to where the value creation begins - in new product development (NPD). Despite the high potential of virtual customer integration (VCI), practical application is limited. The decision of initial utilization of VCI depends on the manager’s predisposition - favorable or unfavorable -towards VCI; usually, it is the responsibility of managers and executives belonging to the development, marketing or innovation departments to sanction such a decision. To get a deeper understanding of antecedents leading to the application of VCI, further information is needed. In this paper, the authors shed light on the various factors affecting managerial intention to apply virtual customer integration. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provides a basis for developing a research model explaining the relation between managers’ cognition, attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control and their intention to adopt VCI. The initial results of our empirical study, wherein we interviewed 94 managers within the consumer goods and services field, show that the TPB accounts for 66 percent of the variance in the managers’ intention to apply VCI. Furthermore, the study reveals that social norms and perceived behavioral control are the main factors which influence managerial decision to apply VCI. This contrasts with the widely-held theory that an individual's attitude is the most significant factor of influence.
Highly recognized case studies and the intuitive notion that a heroic champion is required to help innovations overcome the indifference or even resistance that they face in many organizations explain that there has been a positive bias among academics and managers toward the role of champions in innovation processes. A look into the previous empirical literature on champions reveals, however, that a rigorous empirical investigation into organizational factors causing the emergence of executive champions and their impact on innovation performance is lacking. In addition, previous empirical research on champions is plagued with methodological problems such as measurement issues and single informant bias. This study uses multiple informant data from 258 respondents from 43 firms to examine various hypotheses. The findings reveal that executive champions are likely to emerge in organizational cultures that are conducive to innovation and they are less likely to emerge in organizational cultures that are unfavorable for innovation. We further find a non-linear, inverted u-shaped relationship between the level of executive championing activity and innovation performance. We find, in contrast with the commonly held belief, that executive champions have a strong negative impact on innovation performance particularly in cultures that make it difficult to innovate. Among the tested moderators, only the implementation of incentives for executive champions based on innovation performance offsets the negative impact of these champions on innovation performance. The findings lead us to substantially rethink the commonly believed role champions play in innovation processes.
This article analyses the scope and impact of patent management in high technology companies. The exploratory empirical study is based on a conceptual framework, which relates patent management to firm performance by taking various contingent factors into account. The empirical analyses give a detailed descriptive overview about patent management in high technology firms. Further, differences in patent management between young and established high technology companies and special characteristics of biotechnology firms are examined. Finally, preliminary insights regarding the impact of patent management on firm performance are gained. The empirical findings have implications for improving patent management in high technology firms.
Empirical organizational research has serious methodological limitations if it is based on the perceptions of single informants. Single informant studies are likely to suffer from a systematic measurement error, a so-called method error or informant bias which negatively impacts the validity of their empirical findings. Previous empirical innovation research is based on single informants. This causes substantial doubts regarding the validity of findings in past empirical innovation research based on perceptual, self-reported measures and their managerial implications. This study undertakes a comprehensive theoretical and empirical investigation into the causes and the effects of a single informant bias in empirical innovation research. Based on multiple informant data on various aspects of innovation management in a company, multitrait-multimethod analyses are applied in order to quantify the extent of the informant bias. The results show that the informant bias is substantial and that construct validity cannot be achieved based on the assessments of a single informant only. Only multiple informant data allows the selection of an appropriate informant depending on the organizational trait to be measured based on formal statistical criteria. The higher the level of interfunctional integration and the higher the intensity of vertical communication inside the organization, the lower is the informant bias. This information can be used by researchers to assess whether an informant bias is likely to occur prior to conducting empirical surveys. The findings of this study substantiate the presumed doubts about the validity of past single informant studies in innovation research and demand the use of multiple informants in future empirical studies.
The aim of this study is to measure total transaction costs as well as the cost components for six German investment management firms from August 1st until October 31st 2001. The investigation is based on a unique order-level data set that includes all relevant information (e.g. time of investment decision, order-release to the broker and trade execution). For computing transaction costs we use tick by tick price data for the 75 stocks of the Euro Stoxx 50- and Stoxx 50-universe.
Volume weighted, i.e. effectively paid, one way transaction costs sum up to 66.76 bp. Market pact is the highest cost component and amounts to 27.93 bp for volume weighted averages. According to a regression analysis market impact is driven by high volatilities and bid ask spreads; market momentum induces market impact to fall, indicating mean reversion of stock prices. High free float and market activity do not influence the market impact, but lead – just as high volatilities and bid ask spreads - to a reduction in trading aggressiveness. Trading duration decreases with high volatility and diminishing bid ask spreads. Overall, the results illustrate that to some extent German investment management firms trade strategically. Nevertheless, a further reduction in market impact, and therefore an increase in investment performance, seems to be possible, if traders pay greater attention on the liquidity indicators known already at order release.
Corporate Raider
(2002)
The purpose of this paper is to determine whether and how e-leaming technologies and e-leaming programs should be used in order to support knowledge management in multinational companies. These questions are important for two reasons. Firstly, so far only a few papers discuss the relationship between knowledge management and e-learning. Secondly, e-leaming initiatives in multinational companies are of limited success. The paper relates requirements of different types of knowledge with the characteristics of e-leaming technologies and e-leaming programs. Based on this, the paper shows how multinational companies should use e-leaming technologies and e-leaming programs. Different roles of corporate headquarters are discussed in this context.
Within the e-leaming industry, demand and supply factors jointly determine a need for mass customization of e-leaming products. This paper asks whether e-leaming products can be mass-customized, and if so, how this can be done. Firstly, the paper characterizes e-leaming and e-leaming technologies. Secondly, a learning model is developed in order to enhance the understanding of how learning processes differ across individuals. Based on this, the paper argues that e-leaming products in general can be mass-customized. However, mass customization is only possible for some e-leaming technologies and some types of communication, namely instruction and supplementary interaction, while it cannot support collaboration. In this context, solutions for the most common problems of mass customization are discussed. The results are then applied to the market for higher management education. It is shown that mass customization has a limited relevance for degree programs that are demanded by individuals, while it is crucial for programs that are either demanded by organizations or offered in specialized modules.
In diesem Artikel wird das neue Logistikkonzept der Flussorientierung konzeptualisiert und operationalisiert. Flussorientierung bezeichnet dabei eine umfassende Unterne hmensgestaltung, die darauf gerichtet ist, einen schnellen, durchgängigen und turbulenzarmen Fluss von Materialien Waren und Informationen über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette zu ermöglichen. Es wird eine 14-faktorielle Skala zur Erfassung der Ausprägung der Flussorientierung entwickelt und validiert. Diese wird in zwei LISRELModellen eingesetzt, um die Auswirkungen der Flussorientierung auf den Logistikerfolg zu messen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass ein hoher Grad der Flussorientierung zu einer überlegenen Logistikleistung und niedrigeren Logistikkosten führt.
In diesem Artikel findet eine tiefgreifende Untersuchung des Einflusses der Logistik auf den Unternehmenserfolg statt. Die Wirkungen der Logistikleistung und der Logistikkosten auf die Erfolgskomponenten Anpassungsfähigkeit, Markterfolg und wirtschaftlichen Erfolg werden in einem Kausalmodell integriert, das mit dem statistischen Programmpaket LISREL 8 validiert wird. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass die Logistik eine erhebliche Erfolgswirkung auf sämtliche Komponenten des Unternehmenserfolgs besitzt.
This paper looks at the value-relevance of accounting data and measures of web-traffic for Internet firms listed on the Neuer Markt. In particular, the objective is to identify value drivers during the period from October 1999 to May 2000. In doing so, the study attempts to contribute to the understanding of the investment behaviour of market participants during that time, in a market environment characterised by rapid technological change and growth. The study subdivides Internet companies into Ecommerce and Enabler firms and analyses the value-relevance accordingly. It emerged that, across both samples, no significant value-relevance of traditionally applied financial valuation metrics such as earnings and cashflow could be evidenced. However, a positive association of total sales with market capitalisation can be shown for both samples, and in addition, sales and marketing expenses (Ecommerce) as well as research and development costs (Enabler) can also be identified as value drivers. Furthermore, the paper finds a number of webmetrics to be highly value-relevant and positively associated with market capitalisation, viz. customer loyalty, reach, page impressions and unique visitors. Combining and comparing the information content and value-relevance supports the notion that webmetrics, which are not part of standardised reporting regulations, did provide at least as much explanatory power for variations in market value as standardised accounting data.
Business angels in Germany
(2000)
Die ökonomische Bewertung von Arbeitsflexibilisierungsmaßnahmen mit Hilfe des Realoptionsansatzes
(1999)
Asian financial markets
(1999)
Corporate risk management may employ financial or operative means to reduce the exposure to unexpected currency fluctuations. This paper utilizes a real options framework to establish that operative hedging through the creation of operational flexibility represents a strategic complement to any variance-minimizing financial hedge. In addition, operational flexibility creates an asymmetric exposure profile and, as a result, alters the composition of the financial hedge portfolio. It alters the number of symmetric hedge contracts employed as well as their contractual rate and provides an economic argument for the use of (exotic) currency options. Operational flexibility acts as a value driver through the option value and may therefore be utilized, independent of its usefulness for risk management. The analysis further shows that operative hedging entails an implicit opportunity cost in the form of foregone option value.
Mergers & acquisitions
(1998)
Balanced Scorecard
(1998)
Kostenrechnung-(s)-Dynamik
(1995)
Selektives Rechnungswesen
(1995)