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Abstract
Sometimes, policing requires a quick and correct assessment of potentially hazardous situations. The training of tactical gaze control and visual attention, and its positive impact on efficient shoot/don’t shoot decisions in police cadets’ use of firearms has recently been demonstrated. On this basis, we designed an individual videobased police firearms training that was grounded on the Four-Component Instructional Design Model (4C/ID). We shifted toward an individual blended learning approach where we applied an intervention training focused on situational awareness, tactical gaze control, and visual attention. In a preregistered lab experiment, N = 45 senior police officers were randomly allocated to the intervention training or an active control training that resembled a traditional police firearms training. Both groups watched a self-produced educational video before proceeding to the practical training in our indoor firing range. In a pre- and post-test, they engaged in realistic shoot/don’t shoot video scenarios. Both groups did very well regarding decision-making, the optimal muzzle position, and the tactical conduct to keep both eyes open before shooting. Although both groups performed on a comparable level in the pre-test’s shoot scenarios, the intervention group significantly improved their response times and time until the first hit. Overall, we were able to provide an adapted, didactically based police firearms training that supplements current standards. We demonstrated that experts are still susceptible to innovative training concepts and therefore substantiate the recommendation to devote more attention to approaches that emphasize the importance of situational awareness, tactical gaze control, and visual attention in police firearms training.
Abstract
In this experimental study, we investigated the impact of a mindfulness intervention on knowledge sharing and knowledge collecting (de Vries et al. 2016) during a 2-day command post exercise of German senior police officers. The setting of the experiment took place under the terms of a command post exercise (Stabs-Rahmenübung), held once a year at the Federal Academy for Civil Defense and Civil Protection (Bundesakademie für Bevölkerungs- und Zivilschutz—BABZ). The BABZ provides premises and technical facilities for advanced training, and the police officers spend a week focusing exclusively on learning and training for police staff work (polizeiliche Stabsarbeit). Mayring (2010) identified three aspects (cognition, emotion, action) influencing communication’s semiotic aspect. These three aspects were addressed during the mindfulness intervention used in the field study, with participants being asked to provide a short statement about their current state of cognition, emotion, and physical experience. The intervention was conducted before and after each of the two daily command post exercises for the experimental group (N = 46), while no intervention occurred for the control group (N = 58). Knowledge sharing and knowledge collecting were assessed with the Knowledge Donating and Knowledge Collecting Items (de Vries et al. 2016). While planned contrast analyses revealed no effect on knowledge donating, our data suggest a tendency for a
positive influence of the mindfulness intervention on knowledge collecting. These differences between knowledge sharing and collecting might occur because knowledge collecting is more implicit and part of the process of building a shared mental model (Cannon-Bowers et al. 1993). The impact of knowledge collecting will be discussed in light of the self-determination theory (Ryan and Deci 2000) and the impact of individual and collective mindfulness in high-reliability organizations (Weick and Sutcliffe 2001), respectively high-responsibility teams (Hagemann et al. 2012).
Abstract
Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a personality trait characterized by a high sensitivity to sensory stimuli (Aron & Aron, 1997). On the basis of environmental sensitivity theory (Pluess & Boniwell, 2015) as well as the job characteristics model (Hackman & Oldham, 1976), we investigated the moderating impact of SPS (HSP Scale; Aron & Aron, 1997; Konrad & Herzberg, 2019) on the relationship between job characteristics (Work Design Questionnaire; Morgeson & Humphrey, 2006; Stegmann et al., 2010) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB Scale; Podsakoff et al., 1990). The results of our two-wave survey study with 199 employees from a broad range of industries and students indicate that SPS strengthens the relationship between feedback as well as task significance and OCB, but SPS weakens the relationship between autonomy (work methods) as well as task variety and OCB.
Purpose
Although the systemic approach to the leadership concept seems to fit well into our modern complex and dynamic work environment, only little research has been conducted to define and assess systemic leadership. In this study we therefore developed and assessed criterion validity of the
multidimensional systemic leadership inventory (SLI, Sülzenbrück & Externbrink, 2017).
Methodology
We conducted two cross-sectional survey among managers and employees of various organizations (N = 143 and N = 150).
Results
We found a robust five-factor structure of the SLI, comprising systemic thinking, self-knowledge, solution-oriented communication, creating meaning and delegation. Regarding criterion validity, a significant positive correlation of systemic leadership was found with affective commitment, while a significant negative correlation with emotional strain in occupational contexts occurred. These overall positive outcomes for employees were not undermined by negative personality traits of the employee (Machiavellianism), while strong growth need strength further enhanced positive effects on affective commitment.
Limitations
Since all variables were measured as self-reports, common method variance could limit our findings.
Practical Implications
Systemic leadership is a very promising new approach for leaders to ensure committed and less strained employees.
Value
Systemic leadership, especially in terms of a leaders’ understanding of organizational and private systems influencing work behaviour of all members of an organization, is a promising novel leadership model suitable to address challenges of complex and dynamic work environments.
Theoretical Background
Work-Life Blending refers to the dissolution and permeability of boundaries between work and personal life, leading to an integrated experience across these domains. Despite its growing prevalence, a comprehensive conceptualisation of Work-Life-Blending is lacking. Our study addresses this gap by conducting a systematic review to define and clarify the construct, guided by Clark’s (2000) work/family border theory.
Research Question
Our study aimed to identify key factors and dimensions of Work-Life Blending, leading to a holistic conceptualisation. Specifically, our review seeks to answer: What are the key factors and dimensions of Work-Life-Blending, and how can they be integrated into a unified concept and definition? We aim to review the current state of knowledge, define and clarify the concept, and propose a future research agenda.
Methodology
Following PRISMA guidelines (Liberati et al., 2009; Moher et al., 2009), we analysed 51 relevant articles from an initial pool of 1,400 references. A systematic review approach was used to synthesise existing literature and identify the main factors and dimensions associated with Work-Life Blending.
Findings
Our findings revealed a diverse and multifaceted field, structured using Clark’s (2000) key concepts. This framework provided deeper insights into the complex nature of the topic, highlighting significant diversification in the studies.
Discussion and Implications
The study provides a strong foundation for further research on Work-Life Blending. By establishing a classification of key determinants, we offer a comprehensive framework for future studies, e.g., to explore which lifestyle principles can enhance work-life integration and address the challenges of modern work arrangements.
References
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 62(10), e1-e34.
Diese systematische Übersichtsarbeit bewertet die Wirksamkeit von Mentalem Imaginationstraining (engl. Mental Imagery Training, MIT) zur Leistungssteigerung und Stressbewältigung für Hochrisikoberufe wie Polizeibeamten und Feuerwehrleuten. MIT, eine kognitive Technik zur mentalen Visualisierung von Aufgaben und Einsatzszenarien, wird auf ihr Potenzial hin untersucht, psychomotorische Fähigkeiten zu verbessern und stressbedingte Gesundheitsprobleme in extrem anspruchsvollen Einsatzfeldern zu reduzieren. Mit dem Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Modell als theoretischem Rahmen untersucht die Arbeit, wie MIT als Ressource zur Minderung der schädlichen Effekte hoher beruflicher Anforderungen beitragen kann, indem sie berufsbezogene und persönliche Ressourcen stärkt. Eine umfassende Literatursuche gemäß den PRISMA-Richtlinien identifizierte zehn relevante Studien. Diese Studien belegen, dass MIT signifikant zur Stressreduktion, zur Erhöhung der Resilienz und zur Verbesserung der Aufgabenbewältigung in komplexen und fehleranfälligen Einsatzsituationen beitragen kann. Insbesondere zeigt MIT Potenzial für einen prophylaktischen Ansatz zur Prävention stressbedingter Gesundheitsprobleme sowie zur Steigerung der operativen Effizienz. Trotz dieser positiven Befunde sind weitere Forschungen notwendig, um die spezifischen Effekte von MIT im Vergleich zu anderen Stressbewältigungsmaßnahmen zu isolieren und die optimale Umsetzung in Trainingsprogrammen für Hochrisikoberufe zu fördern. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf praktische Anwendungen von MIT in strukturierten Trainingsumgebungen hin, um das Wohlbefinden und die Leistung in stressintensiven Berufen nachhaltig zu verbessern.
Abstract
This study examines the effectiveness of expressive writing in reducing work stress. Expressive writing involves structured written exercises of self-disclosure for cognitive and affective processing of stressful experiences over several writing sessions. Using a 3x3 mixed design, we examined the effects of the intervention on work stress as well as work-related motivation and attitudes in 62 German participants. We found a sex-specific effect in the significant reduction of exhaustion in men in the experimental group. In contrast, women in the control group showed significantly higher levels of exhaustion. This effect was not found for women in the experimental group. Despite the limitations of our research in terms of sample differences in baseline levels, our research identifies an alleviating effect of expressive writing on emotional exhaustion as the core facet of burnout. Future research should specifically select individuals with higher levels of stress to address the limitations mentioned.
Senior police officers' tactical gaze control and visual attention improve with an individual video-based police firearms training. To validate the efficacy of said intervention training, a previous experiment was systematically replicated with a sample of N = 52 second-year police cadets. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention training that focused on situational awareness, tactical gaze control, and visual attention, or an active control training that addressed traditional marksmanship skills. In a pre- and post-test, they had to engage in dynamic shoot/don't shoot video scenarios in an indoor firing range. Overall, the previous findings were replicated: Baseline levels of performance were elevated, yet the intervention group significantly improved their response time and time until the first hit. False positive decision-making cannot be reported at all; false negatives were marginal in the pre-test and eliminated after training. Further, the outcomes of the previous sample of senior officers and the present sample of cadets are compared and lead to the conclusion that the presented approach is a valuable extension of current training standards for both senior police officers and police cadets.

