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Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is characterized by a higher sensitivity to environmental stimuli, both positive and negative. Recent studies have shown two construct facets of SPS, vantage sensitivity (represented by aesthetic sensitivity) and vulnerable sensitivity (which consists of low sensory threshold and ease of excitation) (Pluess & Belsky, 2013), Wyrsch, 2020). Since the seminal publication by Aron and Aron (1997), most empirical studies focused on SPS characteristics in general and especially on the negative consequences of SPS (Greven et al., 2019). However, only a few studies focused on SPS in the organizational context and also targeted the positive effects of SPS. Based on the Job Characteristic model by Hackman and Oldham (1976), we addressed this research gap by investigating the moderating effects of SPS on associations between the job characteristics autonomy and task variety and job satisfaction as an organizational outcome variable. We assumed a positive correlation between job characteristics and job satisfaction and a positive moderating effect of SPS. The survey study results (N = 719) confirm that SPS positively moderates the relationship between autonomy and job satisfaction. However, we also found negative relationships between vulnerable sensitivity and job satisfaction. Regarding task variety, we only found moderating effects for vantage sensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that employees' satisfaction and organizational outcomes could be optimized if modern working environments consider personality traits such as the level of SPS within the workplace.
Human rights violations in global supply chains have been a focus of public discussions for nearly three decades. To address such violations in global supply chains, pressure was put on transnational corporations (TNCs) to use their economic power to prevent such harms from occurring at supplier factories, often located in the Global South. TNCs with well-known brands started to introduce codes of conduct for their suppliers as early as the 1990s. However, this approach was rarely, if ever, addressed or monitored through international or national law. Ensuring socially responsible supply chains was anchored in the voluntary assumption of responsibilities by private corporate actors. The inadequacies of the business-driven soft law approach to improve working conditions at supplier factories and natural resource collection sites drove a shift toward legal regulation. The shift toward national legal regulation consequently established a definitive link between soft and hard international human rights law and national law. The linking of international law to national through human rights due diligence is the focus of this chapter.
This entry discusses the role of sustainability in the law school. It traces the concept of sustainability in law and it argues that, in recent years, ‘Sustainability Law’ has evolved as a new field of law. This view is supported through applying theory on the creation of legal fields. There is an increasing number of regulation (particularly EU Directives) aimed at promoting sustainability and there is a growing number of journal articles as well as law school courses on this issue. There are several longstanding debates in legal modules which already overlap with the three pillars of sustainability (i.e. the economic, environmental and social pillars). Students should be alerted to these links. Finally, the chapter argues that the concept of sustainability should be integrated in modules across the curriculum in law schools as a contribution to UNESCO’s mission to promote Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
This article discusses the trend towards environmental, social and governance (ESG)-related laws in Germany in the context of Germany’s membership of the European Union (EU). As an EU member state, Germany is subject to a wave of recent directives and regulations that the EU passed as part of its so-called “European Green Deal”. However, Germany also has its own tradition of promoting the goal of sustainability in the law, including company law. The article first distinguishes relevant terminology as some regulations refer to ESG, whereas others to “sustainability”. It then traces the historic development of such laws in German law, including the traditional debate about the interest of the company in German law. This discussion is followed by a case study that critically examines the German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act of 2021 that continues to be subject to heated political discussions. The article demonstrates how ESG has, in recent years, become a compliance issue in Germany that is now a matter of consideration for boards.
Diese Bachelorarbeit erforscht die Einbindung öffentlich zugänglicher künstlicher Intelligenz (KI)-Tools in den Prozess bionischer Innovationen mit dem Ziel, einen sowohl effektiveren als auch einfallsreicheren Ansatz zur Implementierung biologischer Prinzipien in technische Lösungen zu schaffen. Vier Large Language Models – GPT-4.o, Gemini 2.0, Llama 3.3 und Claude 3.5 – werden anhand der Quality, Understandability, Expertise, Safety, and Trust (QUEST)-Methode (basierend auf der Bionikspirale gemäß VDI 6220 Blatt 2) bewertet, wobei Gemini 2.0 die beste Leistung erbringt. In einem prototypischen Versuch wird Gemini 2.0 in Kombination mit NotebookLM und Elicit genutzt, um die Filtrationsmechanismen aquatischer Organismen zu untersuchen. Die Resultate offenbaren, dass KI-Werkzeuge die Effizienz der Literaturrecherche und -analyse steigern und systematisieren. Außerdem werden neuartige Entwürfe für bionische Filtersysteme vorgeschlagen. Die Arbeit hebt die Möglichkeiten von KI-Instrumenten in der Bionik hervor, betont jedoch die zwingende Notwendigkeit menschlichen Fachwissens zur Interpretation, Validierung und Ableitung technischer Konzepte. Grenzen werden durch die eingeschränkte Fähigkeit der KI zur Schaffung biologischer Analogien und das Fehlen standardisierter Schnittstellen bestimmt.
Digitalkompetenz und ein „Growth Mindset“ gelten als begehrte Ressourcen auf der „People Side of Digitization“ – nicht nur im häufig akademisch geprägten Management, sondern auch unter Nachwuchsführungskräften. Wie derartige „Future Skills“ trainiert und vermittelt werden können, wird vor dem Hintergrund des Fachkräftemangels zur Aufgabe von strategischer Bedeutung. Als Hoffnungsträger gelten Weiterbildungsformate. Während Weiterbildung jedoch zur Vervielfältigung von Routinewissen und für Anpassungsqualifizierungen mit dem Ziel der Effizienzsteigerung bewährt ist, sind Möglichkeiten und Grenzen für die Vermittlung von Future Skills weniger erforscht. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im Rahmen dieses Forschungsberichts Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen aus einer Fallstudie diskutiert. Empirischer Kontext ist die Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Blended-Learning-Weiterbildungsformats „Digitalkompetenz“ für die Zielgruppe Führungskräftenachwuchs. Welche Effekte für Digitalkompetenz sind zu erzielen? Welche Gestaltungsideen kommen in Betracht?
Directed Energy Deposition-Laser (DED-L) enables high-performance coatings through melting and successive powder deposition. Its compositional flexibility suits functionally graded layers that enhance corrosion and wear resistance. This study aimed to improve parameters for producing dense, defect-free, graded Ni- and Fe-based coatings by varying the scanning speed and deposition strategy (monodirectional versus bidirectional, with/without layer rotation), while keeping the power and hatch distance constant. Laser and electron microscopy were used to link parameters to porosity and uniformity. Optimal settings minimized pores, improved interlayer bonding and preserved geometry; inadequate parameters yielded porous, irregular deposits. A bidirectional path with 90° rotation appeared best. Ongoing research activities are needed to assess its properties.
Highlights
What are the main findings?
- Bidirectional samples show fewer pores than samples with monodirectional movement.
- Increasing the scanning speed leads to lower porosity (bidirectional scanning mode with 90°
layer rotation).
- Bidirectional deposition with 90° layer rotation exhibits best quality
What are the implications of the main findings?
- Systematic study of scanning speed and deposition strategy.
- Practical guidance for process improvement of graded metal coatings; properties under evaluation.
- Functionally graded Ni-Fe coatings fabricated by DED-L with tailored microstructures.
The surface of Mercury is highly space weathered, and the products of space weathering are different than on the Moon. Here we simulate the interaction of solar wind ions with the surface of Mercury by implanting low-iron-bearing (∼3 wt% Fe) olivine slices with 4 keV He+ ions both under ambient conditions and at 450 °C during the irradiation. The sample irradiated under ambient conditions shows a ∼140 nm thick partially amorphous layer on top of the grain with high concentrations of bubbles and cavities. However, the sample irradiated at 450 °C has a 110–140 nm thick polycrystalline layer with 1–5 nm sized nanoparticles of metallic iron and no bubbles or cavities. Mg atoms are preferentially sputtered from the ion-damaged layer present on the sample irradiated under ambient conditions, but no difference in composition is seen between the crystalline olivine and the ion-damaged layer in the sample irradiated at 450 °C. In addition, a thin amorphous film deposited on a micro-electromechanical systems–based chip is heated up to 1200 °C in situ inside a transmission electron microscope for a few milliseconds, and it produced nanoparticles of size 5–30 nm. Our results show that solar wind irradiation of low-iron-bearing olivine in the equatorial regions of Mercury will produce nanoparticles of iron whose sizes will be larger than that on the surface of the Moon and that the size will further increase during impacts of dust particles. Solar-wind-implanted He can diffuse out of regolith grains and can be a source of He observed in the exosphere of Mercury.
In supply chain management of port operations querying and visualizing network data often requires complex joins, nested queries and predefined reporting templates, which can hinder exploratory analysis and decision-making. When relational databases become too rigid and cumbersome for transactional processing, we envision an alternative approach using graph data models, provided by transforming entities (e.g. containers, vessels, terminals) into nodes and their relationships (e.g. arrival, loading, handling) into edges. To investigate the potential benefits of transforming relational supply chain data into a graph-based model, we designed and implemented a structured approach that integrated data processing, transformation and performance analysis across both relational and graph databases.
Der Aufsatz untersucht anhand empirischer Daten zu ca. 400 Studierenden wirtschaftsjuristischer Bachelor-Studiengänge an der Westfälischen Hochschule eine Reihe etablierter und neuer Indikatoren für den Studienerfolg. Insbesondere schulnotenbezogene Prädiktoren erweisen sich dabei als nur noch bedingt aussagefähig, andere bekannte (insbes. Motivationslevel) und neue (insbes. Berufsausbildung vor dem Studium) erweisen sich als verlässliche, wenn auch nicht starke Prädiktoren.

