<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>4913</id>
    <completedYear>2025</completedYear>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>18</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>19 (2)</issue>
    <volume>2026</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2026-01-09</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Microstructural Characteristics of Graded Ni-Fe Coatings Fabricated Through DED-L</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Directed Energy Deposition-Laser (DED-L) enables high-performance coatings through melting and successive powder deposition. Its compositional flexibility suits functionally graded layers that enhance corrosion and wear resistance. This study aimed to improve parameters for producing dense, defect-free, graded Ni- and Fe-based coatings by varying the scanning speed and deposition strategy (monodirectional versus bidirectional, with/without layer rotation), while keeping the power and hatch distance constant. Laser and electron microscopy were used to link parameters to porosity and uniformity. Optimal settings minimized pores, improved interlayer bonding and preserved geometry; inadequate parameters yielded porous, irregular deposits. A bidirectional path with 90° rotation appeared best. Ongoing research activities are needed to assess its properties.&#13;
&#13;
Highlights&#13;
&#13;
What are the main findings?&#13;
  - Bidirectional samples show fewer pores than samples with monodirectional movement.&#13;
  - Increasing the scanning speed leads to lower porosity (bidirectional scanning mode with 90° &#13;
    layer rotation).&#13;
  - Bidirectional deposition with 90° layer rotation exhibits best quality&#13;
&#13;
What are the implications of the main findings?&#13;
  - Systematic study of scanning speed and deposition strategy.&#13;
  - Practical guidance for process improvement of graded metal coatings; properties under evaluation.&#13;
  - Functionally graded Ni-Fe coatings fabricated by DED-L with tailored microstructures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials (Special Issue Advanced Coating Research for Metal Surface Protection)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma19020271</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1944</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:hbz:1010-opus4-49138</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung</licence>
    <author>Marco Brand</author>
    <author>Ion-Dragos Utu</author>
    <author>Nicusor-Alin Sirbu</author>
    <author>Ion-Aurel Perianu</author>
    <author>Denis Andrei Predu</author>
    <author>Gabriela Marginean</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>parameter study</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>directed energy deposition-laser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>functionally graded materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>deposition strategy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>powder processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>surface protection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="671">Metallverarbeitung und Rohprodukte aus Metall</collection>
    <collection role="open_access" number="">open_access</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FB 2">Elektrotechnik und angewandte Naturwissenschaften</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Westfälische Hochschule Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-w-hs/files/4913/Brand_Microstructural_2026.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
