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In three essays, this dissertation examines the past, present and future of branding in an international context, contributing to the research area of global/local brands, while also offering managers valuable insights for their branding strategies.
The first essay provides scholars and practitioners a detailed state of the art of global/local brand research and proposes promising angles for future research, especially considering major
challenges for our societies.
The second essay incorporates the segment of cosmopolitan consumers into perceived brand globalness/localness research. Theoretically grounded in the concepts of social identity theory and complexity, the essay builds on perceived brand globalness/localness to analyze how cosmopolitans arrange both their global and local orientations. Aside offering scholars a new theoretical lens regarding consumer cosmopolitanism, managers can benefit from the gained insights, if cosmopolitans are a particular target group in their business strategy.
The third and final essay meta-analytically investigates how the variables perceived brand globalness and localness materialize on various key outcome variables. At heart of this essay is a comparison of both perceived brand globalness and localness, offering scholars and practitioners valuable empirical insights on similarities and differences between their effects on outcomes such as brand quality.
Due to the advances of digitalization, firms are able to collect more and more personal consumer data and strive to do so. Moreover, many firms nowadays have a data sharing cooperation with other firms, so consumer data is shared with third parties. Accordingly, consumers are confronted regularly with the decision whether to disclose personal data to such a data sharing cooperation (DSC). Despite privacy research has become highly important, peculiarities of such disclosure settings with a DSC between firms have been neglected until now. To address this gap is the first research objective in this thesis. Another underexplored aspect in privacy research is the impact of low-cognitive-effort decision-making. This is because the privacy calculus, the most dominant theory in privacy research, assumes for consumers a purely cognitive effortful and deliberative disclosure decision-making process. Therefore, to expand this perspective and examine the impact of low-cognitive-effort decision-making is the second research objective in this thesis. Additionally, with the third research objective, this thesis strives to unify and increase the understanding of perceived privacy risks and privacy concerns which are the two major antecedents that reduce consumers’ disclosure willingness.
To this end, five studies are conducted: i) essay 1 examines and compares consumers’ privacy risk perception in a DSC disclosure setting with disclosure settings that include no DSC, ii) essay 2 examines whether in a DSC disclosure setting consumers rely more strongly on low-cognitive-effort processing for their disclosure decision, iii) essay 3 explores different consumer groups that vary in their perception of how a DSC affects their privacy risks, iv) essay 4 refines the understanding of privacy concerns and privacy risks and examines via meta-analysis the varying effect sizes of privacy concerns and privacy risks on privacy behavior depending on the applied measurement approach, v) essay 5 examines via autobiographical recall the effects of consumers’ feelings and arousal on disclosure willingness.
Overall, this thesis shines light on consumers’ personal data disclosure decision-making: essay 1 shows that the perceived risk associated with a disclosure in a DSC setting is not necessarily higher than to an identical firm without DSC. Also, essay 3 indicates that only for the smallest share of consumers a DSC has a negative impact on their disclosure willingness and that one third of consumers do not intensively think about consequences for their privacy risks arising through a DSC. Additionally, essay 2 shows that a stronger reliance on low-cognitive-effort processing is prevalent in DSC disclosure settings. Moreover, essay 5 displays that even unrelated feelings of consumers can impact their disclosure willingness, but the effect direction also depends on consumers’ arousal level.
This thesis contributes in three ways to theory: i) it shines light on peculiarities of DSC disclosure settings, ii) it suggests mechanisms and results of low-effort processing, and iii) it enhances the understanding of perceived privacy risks and privacy concerns as well as their resulting effect sizes.
Besides theoretical contributions, this thesis offers practical implications as well: it allows firms to adjust the disclosure setting and the communication with their consumers in a way that makes them more successful in data collection. It also shows that firms do not need to be too anxious about a reduced disclosure willingness due to being part of a DSC. However, it also helps consumers themselves by showing in which circumstances they are most vulnerable to disclose personal data. That consumers become conscious of situations in which they are especially vulnerable to disclose data could serve as a countermeasure: this could prevent that consumers disclose too much data and regret it afterwards. Similarly, this thesis serves as a thought-provoking input for regulators as it emphasizes the importance of low-cognitive-effort processing for consumers’ decision-making, thus regulators may be able to consider this in the future.
In sum, this thesis expands knowledge on how consumers decide whether to disclose personal data, especially in DSC settings and regarding low-cognitive-effort processing. It offers a more unified understanding for antecedents of disclosure willingness as well as for consumers’ disclosure decision-making processes. This thesis opens up new research avenues and serves as groundwork, in particular for more research on data disclosures in DSC settings.
Poverty, underemployment, lack of infrastructure, low agricultural productivity, degradation of natural resources, climate change, and eroding social cohesion are among the biggest challenges that many low and lower-middle income countries are facing. Objectives linked to addressing these pressing challenges have been ascribed to public works programmes (PWPs). These are social protection instruments which offer remuneration (in cash or kind) for vulnerable people in exchange for temporary work on labour-intensive low-skill activities with social benefits. PWPs are being implemented in around two out of three developing countries. Given the substantial amounts spent on PWPs, it is critical to know to what extent the expectations towards them are backed by evidence. This dissertation sheds light on this overarching question with three self-contained essays. The first essay synthesises the evidence from PWPs in Sub-Saharan Africa, guided by three questions: First, what can we infer from the available impact evaluations regarding the effectiveness of PWPs as a social protection instrument? Second, what do we know about the role of the wage vector, asset vector, and skills vector in this respect? Third, what can we infer about the role of design features in explaining differences in outcomes? The other two essays use empirical evidence from Malawi to address more specific questions regarding the potential of PWPs to strengthen climate resilience and the relationship between PWPs and social cohesion.
What sets the evidence synthesis in my first essay apart from existing reviews of PWPs is that it accounts for their heterogeneity by systematically differentiating results by PWP type and outcome area (income, consumption and expenditures, labour supply, food security, nutrition, asset holdings, agricultural production and techniques, and education). Programmes that offer short-term ad-hoc employment (Type 1) are distinguished from programmes that offer more predictable employment over longer periods (Type 2). For the review of impacts, this paper relies solely on (quasi-)experimental studies, but for the analysis of the role of design factors also on other literature. In line with existing reviews, my results suggest that Type 1 programmes can effectively enable consumption smoothing in the wake of acute crises, whereas in contexts of chronic poverty, Type 2 programmes perform, on balance, better. Offering complementary access to extension services in Type 2 programmes can boost impacts further. However, in all cases, evidence is too scant and mixed to safely conclude whether the higher benefits of costlier PWP types justify the cost premium.
The second essay investigates the potential of PWPs to strengthen climate resilience. Among the main social protection instruments, the biggest potential to strengthen climate resilience is often ascribed to PWPs if they create climate-smart community assets and transfer knowledge of climate-smart practices. Yet, there is a lack of evidence whether design changes to this end can indeed enhance the contribution of an existing PWP to climate resilience. I use a difference-in-differences approach based on two-period panel data to analyse how a modified PWP model performs compared to the standard model of Malawi’s largest PWP after 24 months. The key modification is to embed public works in a communal watershed management plan with a strong emphasis on collective action and capacity building. I find that the modified approach considerably increased communal watershed management activities through voluntary labour contributions on top of the paid public works labour. While this increase was mainly driven by PWP participants, non-participants also made substantial contributions. I also find a small increase in the adoption of soil and water conservation practices on respondents’ private land, especially by non-PWP participants. These findings imply that such modest changes can make PWPs climate-smarter. In particular, they can broaden the engagement in and adoption of climate-smart activities beyond the group of PWP participants.
The co-authored third essay investigates the relationship between Malawi’s MASAF PWP and social cohesion, specifically within-community cooperation for the common good. Like the existing studies, we face the challenge that neither the assignment of the programme to communities nor the selection of individual participants is randomised. We try to mitigate the endogeneity concerns by triangulating fixed effects panel analyses for a set of outcomes and sectors using two datasets with different units of analysis (households and communities). We find that public works are positively associated with coordination activities and voluntary (unpaid) contributions to public goods, along both vertical ties (between community members and local leaders) and horizontal ties (among community members). Especially for school-building activities, voluntary inputs in the form of labour and other in-kind contributions are higher in the presence of the public works programme. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the link between social protection programmes with community-driven features and social cohesion.
Overall, the findings of the three essays in this dissertation contribute to the knowledge base regarding effectiveness and potential of PWPs across a broad range of outcome areas. Specifically, they offer new insights how to harness the potential of PWP to strengthen climate resilience and into the seemingly positive relationship between PWPs and social cohesion. The findings can help researchers and policy makers who are interested specifically in PWPs or in any of the many objectives that can be pursued through PWPs.
In many cases, transitioning towards sustainable agricultural production requires farmers to change their practices. These changes can include the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, water-saving, or the disadoption of excessive chemical input use or land burning. Policy makers interested in making agricultural production more sustainable need to understand what encourages the uptake of sustainable practices and what is effective in reducing unsustainable practices. This thesis seeks to understand whether and how information provision and endorsement can contribute to the transition towards more sustainable agricultural systems.
The thesis consists of three self-contained papers. The first paper explores the potential of religious endorsement for inducing pro-environmental behaviour and encouraging the disadoption of fire as an agricultural practice, thereby preventing forest fires. The paper analyses the impact of a fatwa (an Islamic religious ruling) on reducing fire incidence in Indonesia. Results indicate that fire incidence decreased in Muslim majority villages following the issuing of the fatwa. For the post-fatwa period from August 2016 to December 2019, the average monthly effect amounts to around 2.2 prevented fire events per village. This is a considerable effect. The paper concludes that fire prevention efforts, and potentially other environmental conservation efforts, could benefit significantly from support by religious institutions and stakeholders.
The second paper investigates the role of information provision and training for the adoption of organic farming practices in Java, Indonesia. We use a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to identify the impact of a three-day hands-on training in organic farming for smallholder farmers. We find that the training intervention increased the adoption of organic inputs and had a positive and statistically significant effect on farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of organic farming. Overall, our findings suggest that information constraints are a barrier to the adoption of organic farming, as information provision increased the use of organic farming practices.
The third paper investigates whether urban and suburban Indonesian consumers are willing to pay a price premium for organic food. We use an incentive-compatible auction based on the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) approach to elicit consumers’ WTP. We further study the effect of income and a randomised information treatment about the benefits of organic food on respondents’ WTP. Estimates suggest that consumers are willing to pay a price premium for organic rice, on average 20 percent more than what they paid for conventional rice outside of our experiment. However, our results also indicate that raising consumers’ WTP further is complex. Showing participants a video about the health or, alternatively, environmental benefits of organic food was not effective in further raising WTP. Exposure to the environmental benefits video was, however, effective in raising stated organic food consumption intentions.
Governments around the world currently focus on shaping the digital economy. Particular attention is paid to Internet platforms, Internet infrastructure and data as essential components of the digital economy. The three studies in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the behavior of firms in each of these domains and derive insights for future regulations and business projects.
The first study deals with the ranking of content on Internet platforms and how it affects the incentives of content providers to invest in content quality. The focus of the study is on sponsored ranking and organic ranking, but the case that a vertically integrated content provider is favored by an Internet platform is also taken into account. Using a game theoretic model, it is shown that there is no ranking design that strictly leads to more investment compared to the other designs. It is also shown that the Internet platform usually chooses the type of ranking that, from the perspective of the Internet platform and consumers, yields the best expected overall content quality. The second study deals with the incentive of Internet service providers to throttle specific Internet content. The key finding is that Internet service providers use this instrument to utilize the capacity of their telecommunications network more efficiently. This leads not only to more benefits for Internet users, but also to a higher incentive to invest in network capacity due to better monetization. The third study examines the circumstances under which firms are willing to share data with other firms. By means of an economic laboratory experiment, it is shown that more data is shared if the firms have control over who exactly they share data with. Thus, for example, data pools that grant unrestricted data access to all participating firms can be expected to perform worse than data pools that give their participating firms control over with whom their uploaded data is shared. In addition, the third study finds that established relationships are characterized by more data sharing and less volatility in the amount of shared data than new relationships. The study concludes that data sharing projects should not be expected to work optimally right away.
In summary, the studies in this thesis identify a number of costs that may arise when digital firms' choice is restricted by regulation or design. The ability of Internet service providers to throttle certain content and the ability of Internet platforms to choose the ranking design are usually used in the best interests of consumers. Data sharing also works best when firms are free to decide who gets their data.
Age and radial growth rate are key data on understanding some aspects of tropical forest dynamics and ecology. In species that produce annual tree rings, tree-ring analysis allows the most precise estimate of these two parameters. The present study assessed the age and radial growth rate of three Hymenaea species inhabiting four of the six biomes found in Brazil. Out of these four biomes, two harbor the largest rainforests in South America, the Amazon Forest on the west and the Atlantic Forest in the east. The Cerrado biome is an open and seasonally drier vegetation found between them and the Pantanal is a wetland in the west. The H. courbaril species inhabits almost the entire Neotropical lowlands while H. parvifolia and H. stigonocarpa are restricted to the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, respectively. To investigate these species dynamics within different biomes, age and radial growth rate were calculated for 217 trees through tree-ring analyses. The oldest H. courbaril and. H. parvifolia trees were 316 and 371 years old, respectively, while H. stigonocarpa trees were considerably younger, up to 144 years old. Hymenaea courbaril trees showed the widest variation in average growth rate, from 1.00 to 6.63 mm per year, while the other two species showed a narrower variation from 0.89 to 2.81 mm per year. The studied populations presented distinct trends in the lifetime growth pattern that seems to be related to the biome of provenance. Overall, trees from the Amazon forest showed a trend of increasing growth rate up to about 100 years followed by a decreasing of it, while trees growing in the Pantanal and Atlantic forest showed only decreasing growth rates. In the Cerrado, trees showed a constant pattern of growth rate up to 50 years followed by a clear decline. It is important to highlight that different species of Hymenaea showed similar growth trends within the same biome. In larger trees, the average growth rate is lower in the Cerrado, which is characterized by deeper water tables and more dystrophic soils while the growth rates in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests are 60% and 79% higher, respectively. This study represents one of the most comprehensive datasets of trees age and growth rate of tropical congeneric species under such large geographical range.
A tropical tree-ring study is presented using 36 specimens of Cariniana estrellensis from the Mata Atlantica Biome within the State of São Paulo: Caetetus and Carlos Botelho. We aimed to assess the suitability of this species for chronology building, as well as for dendroclimatological studies, with the help of its lifetime growth trajectories. Cariniana estrellensis forms visible tree rings with a dense sequence of parenchyma bands at the end of the latewood, followed by a relatively distant sequence of parenchyma bands in the subsequent early wood of a tree ring. However, it was impossible to establish a chronology, solely by tree-ring width measurements and crossdating, for a number of reasons, including sequences of problematic wood anatomy, abundance of wedging rings and probably missing rings. Therefore, building a robust chronology for this species requires a multi-parameter approach, however, no experience is currently available. Therefore, to reveal possible climate-growth relationships for Cariniana estrellensis at both sites, we tested to correlation analyses of microclimatic conditions with tree growth and investigated patterns of lifetime growth trajectories. Annual precipitation is over 1300 mm at both sites, with the dry season primarily between June and August. Both sites showed clear differences in their microclimatic regime and topography. Overall, light availability is the most likely crucial factor for the studied species. A significantly lower photosynthetic active radiation and daily photoperiod was found at Carlos Botelho by the strong influence of orographic rainfall, foggy conditions and shade caused by the adjacent mountain chain. Consequently, trees at this site generally showed a lower average annual growth rate as compared to the Caetetus site with differences between juvenile and mature growth phases remaining nearly constant throughout their lives. In contrast, trees from Caetetus had less consistent growth phases, with increased growth after the juvenile growth phase. Thus, it can be concluded that dendroclimatological studies using growth characteristics have the potential to clarify the generally complex stand dynamics of Cariniana estrellensis. However, the development of tree-ring chronologies, based on tree-ring width analyses of cores or discs is nearly impossible.
Deforestation in tropical regions is raising fragmentation to alarming levels. Not only does it lead to losses of forest area, but also the abiotic and biotic changes on forest edge areas alter the development of the remaining trees. We aimed to assess the impacts of forest fragmentation on the growth of tropical emergent trees. We sampled the endangered species Aspidosperma polyneuron (Apocynaceae) at forest edge and interior in the highly fragmented Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We obtained increment cores of each tree along with data about tree and surrounding canopy heights, plus their current levels of liana infestation. We used tree-ring analyses to estimate age and growth rate of trees. Sampled trees and surrounding canopy were taller at the forest interior than at the edge, even though both sampled populations have similar ages. Overall, trees at forest interior show a lifetime growth pattern common to shade-tolerant species, with a peak of growth rate at 120 years. Indeed, all sampled trees exhibited this pattern before fragmentation. However, trees at forest edge presented constantly slow growth rates for all diameter classes after the fragmentation event. The strong presence of lianas at forest edge prevents trees from experiencing the expected growth releases throughout their lifetime, probably by keeping the leaves of A. polyneuron under shaded conditions. Therefore, the management of lianas at the forest edge is likely the most effective procedure to ensure the growth of emergent trees, guarantying their role on forests structure, carbon storage, and ecosystem functioning.
Als Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts die ersten Bauernsiedler nach Mittelasien, in Russlands neu erobertes Gebiet kamen, darunter prägend viele deutsche Mennoniten, bestimmten sie von nun an die weitere Entwicklung der Region entscheidend mit. Nichtsdestotrotz sind sie im Schatten der Erfolge der militärischen Eroberung und im Schatten der sowjetischen Periode zu den „toten Seelen“ der Kolonisationsgeschichte schlechthin geworden.
Betrachtet als ein mehrdimensionales soziales Phänomen offenbart die Migration nach Turkestan ein kulturübergreifendes Ziel der bäuerlichen Gemeinschaftsbildung, in dem kulturspezifische Deutungs- und Sinnbildungsprozesse vonstatten gingen. Zahlreiche bäuerliche Projektionen des als richtig angesehenen Lebens im Rahmen der angestrebten Beheimatung liefen zum bäuerlichen Imaginationsraum zusammen. Die bisher in der Literatur einseitig mit religiösen Motiven erklärte Mennoniten-Auswanderung ist ebenfalls die Folge dieser Erscheinungen. Die bäuerlichen Erwartungen konnten sich keinesfalls alle erfüllen, aber sie übten eine reale Wirkung auf die neue Heimat aus: sie bildeten durchaus einen Hintergrund für den Aufstand der indigenen Bevölkerung von 1916, machten aber gleichwohl Turkestan zum Raum des Möglichen, einem stabilen Narrativ, das noch bis in die 30er Jahre der Sowjetzeiten hineinwirkte.
Religion can unite and divide, it can lead to a strengthening or a weakening of identity and legitimacy. Religion can stoke conflicts but it can also pacify them – within societies and in international politics. Religion endures and it can exist independently of states, it can constitute them, and it can provide new forms of states, societies, and empires. Arguably, religion shapes or even constitutes the international society of states, an aspect so far neglected in the field of International Relations. The dissertation provides a new definition of religion for International Relations and the English School in particular. Based upon this understanding of religion, the five publications presented in the dissertation provide new analytical and theoretical concepts and approaches to fill the research gap. Religion is integrated into the theoretical framework of the English School in the form of a “prime institution” and with the help of the “quilt model”. While the former expands the theoretical framework, the latter adds an analytical layer. Based upon this definition religion is also introduced as a concept (“hybrid actorness”) in Foreign Policy Analysis, opening it up to become less state-centrist and more transnational-oriented, thereby boosting its relevance considering the evolving international (global) society. In another step, the Securitization framework of analysis is expanded to include (freedom) of religion. By revisiting the publications, the dissertation is able to identify next steps in terms of avenues of research. Finally, the dissertation reveals areas of study which contribute to increasing the pertinence of IR, particularly of the English School.
Online social networks provide a rich source of information about millions of users worldwide. However, due to sparsity and complex structure, analyzing these networks is quite challenging and expensive. Recently, graph embedding emerged to map networked data into low-dimensional representations, i.e. vector embeddings. These representations are fed into off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms to simplify and speed up graph analytic tasks. Given the immense importance of social network analysis, in this thesis, we aim to study graph embedding for social networks in three directions.
Firstly, we focus on social networks at microscopic level to primarily encode the structural characteristic of users' personal networks so-called ego networks. These representations are utilized in evaluation tasks whose performance depends on relational information from direct neighbors. For example, social circle prediction and event attendance inference both need structural information from neighbors in social networks.
Secondly, we explore assessing the content of vector embeddings in terms of topological properties. This could be explained via two proposed approaches: 1) a learning to rank algorithm in which the model weights reveal the importance of properties at subgraph level (ego networks), 2) a regression model for direct approximation of network statistical properties at vertex level.
Thirdly, we propose extensions of graph embedding to capture sign or additional content of social networks. Users in social media often express their feelings and attitudes towards others which forms sentiment links besides social links. We design a joint objective function whose terms capture semantics of both social and sentiment links simultaneously. We also propose a multi-task learning framework for networks with attributes and labels by stacking autoencoders. The weights of the learning tasks are automatically assigned via an adaptive loss weighting layer.
IoT is defined as a paradigm where "things" have sensing, actuating, communicating, and self-configuring abilities, and are connected to each other and to the Internet. Recent advancements in the manufacturing industry have helped to produce embedded devices with various sensors and actuators in mass numbers at a reduced cost. As part of the IoT revolution, everyday devices such as television, refrigerator, cars, even industrial machines are now connected IoT devices. Recent studies have predicted that by 2025 there will be over 75 billion of such IoT devices connected to the Internet.
The providers of IoT based services want to integrate their services to satisfy customer requirements. For example, in the mobility scenario, different mobility solution providers want to offer a multi-modal ticket to their customers jointly. In such a distributed and loosely coupled environment, each owner and stakeholder wants to secure his/her own integrity, confidentiality, and functionality goals. This means that distributed rules and conditions defined by the individual owners must be enforced on the participating entities (e.g., customers or partners using their services). The owners and stakeholders may not necessarily trust each other's actions. Therefore, a mechanism is required that guarantees the rules and conditions specified by the different owners.
Attacks on IoT devices and similar computing systems are increasing and getting more advanced. IoT devices are often constrained, i.e., they have limited processing power, memory, and energy. Security mechanisms designed for traditional computing systems, e.g., computers, servers, or mobile computing devices such as smartphones, may not fit in those constrained IoT devices. Weak security mechanisms and unenforced security measures were one of the main reasons for recent successful attacks on IoT devices and services. As IoT is now used in many sensitive places, including critical infrastructures, securing them becomes more critical than ever. This thesis focuses on developing mechanisms that secure IoT devices and services and enforcing the rules and conditions specified by the owners on entities that want to access owners' resources.
In classical computer systems, security automata are used for specifying security policies and monitoring mechanisms are used for enforcing such policies. For instance, a reference monitor observes and stops the execution when the security policies are about to be violated, thus, the security policies are enforced. To restrict the adversary from using protected IoT devices or services for malicious purposes, it is required to ensure that a workflow must be followed to access the protected resource. In distributed IoT systems where the policies are governed by different owners, each owner would like to specify their rules and conditions in their workflows. The workflows contain tasks that must be performed in a particular order. The goal of this thesis is to develop mechanisms to specify and enforce these workflows in the distributed IoT environment.
This thesis introduces a distributed WFAC framework that restricts the entities to do only what they are allowed to do in a collaborative environment. To gain access to a service protected by the WFAC framework, every workflow participant must prove that he/she is in a particular state of an authorized workflow. Authorized means two things: (a) the owner has authorized the workflow to be executed; (b) the workflow participant is authorized to execute it. This restricts the adversary's access to the devices and its services. The security policies defined by different owners are modeled as workflows and specified using Petri Nets. The policies are then enforced with the help of the WFAC framework which supports error-handling, accountability, integration of practitioner-friendly tools, and interoperability with existing security mechanisms such as OAuth. Thus, the WFAC guarantees the integrity of workflows in a distributed environment.
§ 626 Abs. 1 BGB verlangt zwei Voraussetzungen für die außerordentliche Kündigung: die Eignung des Sachverhaltes als wichtigen Grund und die umfassende Interessenabwägung im Einzelfall. Die Verletzung der Nebenleistungspflicht im Arbeitsverhältnis ist je nach ihrer Bedeutung und Qualität als wichtiger Grund nach § 626 Abs. 1 BGB anzusehen. Das Vermögensdelikt ist eine Verletzung der Nebenleistungspflicht. Somit ist das Vermögensdelikt an sich nach seiner Bedeutung und Qualität im Einzelfall auch als wichtiger Grund zur außerordentlichen Kündigung anzusehen.Im Rahmen der Interessenabwägung in § 626 Abs. 1 BGB ergibt sich, ab welchem Grad des Vertrauensverlusts eine fristlose Kündigung gerechtfertigt wird. Die Höhe des Schadens wird bei dem Vertrauensverlust zur fristlosen Kündigung berücksichtigt. Die Analyse der Rechtsprechung des BAG hat gezeigt, dass nur manche Entscheidungen nach dem Fall "Emmely" die Dauer der Betriebszugehörigkeit als Kriterium in der Interessenabwägung in § 626 Abs. 1 BGB berücksichtigen. Aber in den meisten Fällen ist das BAG von seiner bisherigen Rechtsprechung abgerückt: Die fristlose Kündigung war weiterhin bei Vermögensdelikten wirksam, ohne die Interessen angemessen gegeneinander abzuwägen und ohne mildere Mittel zu berücksichtigen. Das BAG sollte aus diesen Gründen seine Auffassung dahingehend revidieren, die Kriterien der Interessen gezielt auszuwählen und gegeneinander abzuwägen.
Mit der Bergrechtsrevision in Österreich in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts war zunächst beabsichtigt, das Hüttenwesen aus dem Bergrecht zu entfernen und dem allgemeinen Gewerberecht zuzuordnen. Hiergegen erhob sich heftiger Widerstand der Berg- und Hüttenwerksbesitzer. Die Abhandlung stellt den Verlauf bis zum Erlass des Berggesetzes dar.
La inclusión es un tema de gran actualidad en muchos ámbitos de la vida contemporánea. Son muy amplios los sectores en los que se viene observando un considerable aumento de la sensibilidad social acerca de las circunstancias y condiciones en que se produce. El presente libro tiene dos intereses centrales: analizar la relación entre personas con y sin diversidad funcional en los textos culturales a través de los tres términos clave inclusión, integración, diferenciación; y estudiar en los textos concretos cómo se tratan o incluso se practican la inclusión, la integración y la diferenciación. El campo de estudio se orienta hacia el corpus de los textos literarios, teatrales y audiovisuales.
¿Discapacidad?
(2021)
La diversidad funcional, entendida como una afección corporal, cognitiva o psíquica, a menudo altera gravemente la participación de las personas en la vida colectiva. En ocasiones, la diversidad funcional también puede venir acompañada de una estigmatización social muy marcada. El presente volumen ofrece una de las primeras aproximaciones a la representación de la diversidad funcional en el ámbito hispánico. Los trabajos que se incluyen en este libro se encargan de mostrar los posibles acercamientos teóricos y prácticos a la representación de la diversidad funcional, a través de un variado corpus integrado por obras literarias, escénicas, cinematográficas y audiovisuales, extraídas de la creación hispánica contemporánea.
Functional diversity, understood as a bodily, cognitive or psychic affection, often seriously disrupts the participation of people in collective life. At times, functional diversity can also be accompanied by a strong social stigma. This volume offers one of the first approaches to the representation of functional diversity in the Hispanic sphere. The works included in this book are in charge of showing the possible theoretical and practical approaches to the representation of functional diversity, through a varied corpus composed of literary, scenic, cinematographic and audiovisual works, extracted from the contemporary Hispanic creation.
Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Abhandlung ist zunächst die verfassungsrechtliche Zulässigkeit der Bindungswirkung gemäß § 613 Abs. 1 S. 1 ZPO, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das rechtliche Gehör der angemeldeten Verbraucher. Unter diesem Blickwinkel wird im Fortgang die Anwendbarkeit der prozessualen Institute der Klageänderung und der Widerklage im Musterfeststellungsprozess untersucht, welche nach Auffassung des Verfassers einer sehr restriktiven Anwendung im Prozess der qualifizierten Einrichtung bedürfen. Zuletzt wird die praktisch höchst brisante Frage der Haftung der qualifizierten Einrichtung für eine unzureichende Prozessführung im Musterfeststellungsprozess thematisiert, die vom Gesetzgeber nur stiefmütterlich behandelt wurde. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Promotionspreis der Rechtsanwaltskammer München und mit dem Promotionspreis der Freunde und Förderer der Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Passau ausgezeichnet.
Nicht nur aus pädagogischen Gründen, sondern vor allem unter dem Motto „kurze Beine, kurze Wege“ sowie aus schulorganisatorischen Anlässen erlebt die Jahrgangsmischung in der deutschen Bildungslandschaft gegenwärtig eine Renaissance.
Ziel dieser qualitativ-explorativen Studie war es, mehr über das professionelle Handeln, die Handlungsbegründungen und den professionellen Handlungsrahmen der Schulleitungen und Lehrkräfte bei der Einführung von jahrgangskombinierten Klassen aus pragmatischen Gründen zu erfahren. Vor dem theoretischen Hintergrund der innovationsspezifischen Implikationen der Jahrgangsmischung, der Phasen und Bedingungen von Schulentwicklung sowie der Struktur professionellen Handelns geht die Arbeit der übergeordneten Frage nach der Gestaltung der Initiierung und Implementierung von jahrgangsübergreifendem Lernen aus pragmatischen Gründen aus Sicht der betroffenen professionellen Akteure/innen nach. In den Teilfragen eruiert sie die Herausforderungen im Schulentwicklungsprozess, entsprechende Handlungsstrategien und -begründungen aufseiten der Schulleitungen und Lehrkräfte, deren innovationsspezifische Vorstellungen von jahrgangsübergreifendem Lernen sowie unterstützende und hemmende Entwicklungsbedingungen beim Transfer der Veränderung auf die Einzelschulebene.
In leitfadengestützten Experten/inneninterviews wurden dazu acht Schul- sowie 16 Klassenleitungen an acht bayerischen Grundschulen befragt, die erstmals eine sogenannte Kombi-Klasse 1/2 etablierten. Die Auswertung der Transkripte erfolgte mithilfe der inhaltlich strukturierenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse, die ergänzt wurde durch eine explizierende Dokumentenanalyse.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Handlungsanforderungen für die Schulleitungen und Lehrkräfte rollenspezifisch im Aushandeln und Planen der Initiierung und Implementierung der jahrgangskombinierten Klassen, im Führen und Steuern des Entwicklungsprozesses an der Einzelschule sowie im Organisieren und Umsetzen der Veränderung, insbesondere auf der Unterrichtsebene, liegen. Die Studie gibt einen Einblick in die einzelschulischen Entwicklungsprozesse sowie die Umstände demografisch und schulorganisatorisch bedingter, von den Schulbehörden verordneter Jahrgangsmischung. Es wird deutlich, wie herausfordernd es für die professionell Handelnden ist, den jahrgangsbezogenen (homogenisierenden) Blick zu weiten. Die Daten zeigen aber auch einen Professionalisierungsschub durch diesen Schulentwicklungsprozess, sodass Jahrgangsmischung, trotz der Verordnung „von oben“, dennoch als Motor für einen veränderten Umgang mit Heterogenität fungieren kann.
Das Werk widmet sich der Arbeit in der Industrie 4.0, einer Entwicklung, bei der alle realen Prozesse in der Fabrik digital erfassen und so noch stärker automatisiert werden sollen. Für die Beschäftigten bringt dies Chancen, es droht aber auch Dequalifizierung und umfassende Überwachung.
Im Arbeitsrecht werden deswegen die rechtliche Bindungskraft der menschengerechten Gestaltung der Arbeit und die Mensch-Maschine-Kollaboration untersucht. Im Datenschutz steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, inwiefern die effiziente Organisation der Arbeit eine intensive Datenverarbeitung rechtfertigt. Dazu wird in Abgrenzung beider Rechtsgebiete ein neuer Lösungsansatz vorgestellt, abgeleitet aus dem Zusammenspiel deutscher und europäischer Grundrechte.
Due to their high numbers, refugees’ labour market inclusion has become an important topic for Germany in recent years. Because of a lack of research on meso-level actors’ influences on labour market inclusion and the transcendent role of organizations in modern societies, the article focuses on the German professional chambers’ role in the process of refugee inclusion. The study shows that professional chambers are intermediaries between economic actors, the government and refugees, which all follow their own logics and ideas of labour market inclusion (the state, the market and the community logic). The measures taken by professional chambers mainly reflect a governmental logic (to reduce refugee unemployment) combined with a market logic (to provide human resources to economic actors). A community logic (altruism) only comes into play as a rather unintended consequence of measures addressing the other two logics. The measures of two types of professional chambers are compared. Close similarities between them reveal that the organization type is of theoretical relevance to explain the type of measures organizations opt for.
Hat die Digitalisierung, die Recht und Technik gleichermaßen verändert, einen Reformbedarf des Kunsturhebergesetzes ausgelöst? Diese Frage untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit und legt dabei die folgenden drei Thesen zugrunde: Erstens ist das Kunsturhebergesetz trotz Kollision mit der Datenschutzgrundverordnung vollumfänglich aufrechtzuerhalten und als speziellere Vorschrift vorrangig vor der Datenschutzgrundverordnung anzuwenden. Zweitens ist das Kunsturhebergesetz autonom und somit losgelöst von dem in weiten Teilen harmonisierten Urheberrechtsgesetz auszulegen und weiterzuentwickeln. Das Kunsturhebergesetz weist drittens in mehreren Punkten einen digitalen bzw. internetspezifischen Nachbesserungsbedarf auf.
Auseinandersetzungen mit Sterben, Tod und Trauer sind gesellschaftlich von permanenter Relevanz. Theoretische Zugänge und empirische Analysen zu diesem Themenfeld finden im Jahrbuch für Tod und Gesellschaft ein interdisziplinäres Forum. Neben der Vertiefung aktueller Debatten und der Besprechung von Neuerscheinungen dient das Periodikum der Weiterentwicklung der thanato(-sozio-)logischen Erkenntnislage sowie der (inter-)nationalen Vernetzung. Der thematische Horizont umfasst u.a. Hospizarbeit und Palliative Care, Sterbehilfe, Suizidalität, Tötung, Organspende, Bestattungs-, Erinnerungs- und Trauerkultur.
Binging Family
(2021)
In diesem Open-Access-Buch zeigt Jakob Kelsch, wie sich in der US-amerikanischen TV-Serie der 1950er und 1960er Jahre der Mythos der patriarchal-strukturierten Kernfamilie als Ideal des familiären Zusammenlebens herausbildete. Trotz Phasen der Dekonstruktion und der zunehmenden Repräsentation problematischer und ethnisch wie sozial diverser Familienverhältnisse erweist sich dieser Mythos bis heute als äußerst persistent. Der durch den Digitalisierungsprozess bedingte Aufstieg der Streamingdienste und der Siegeszug deren serieller Erzeugnisse brachte eine inhaltliche Diversifizierung des Genres Familienserie und eine zunehmende narrative Komplexität mit sich. Doch auch diese kann nur an der Oberfläche des tief im kulturellen Wissen verankerten Mythos der heteronormativen Kernfamilie rütteln.
Durch die Verfassungsänderung zum Zwecke des Ausschlusses verfassungsfeindlicher Parteien aus der staatlichen Parteienfinanzierung wurde ein neues Mittel der wehrhaften Demokratie geschaffen. Das Prinzip erlaubt es dem Staat in engen Grenzen, gegen Parteien vorzugehen, die erklärtermaßen Gegner der freiheitlichen demokratischen Grundordnung sind. Die dem Ausschluss immanente Ungleichbehandlung gegenüber anderen Parteien sorgt allerdings für eine nicht unerhebliche Verzerrung des politischen Wettbewerbs, was Fragen zu seiner Vereinbarkeit mit dem Grundgesetz, insbesondere Art. 79 Abs. 3 GG, aufwirft. Diese Fragen und die Folgen des Ausschlusses aus der staatlichen Parteienfinanzierung für die betroffene Partei sind Gegenstand dieser Arbeit.
The described secondary data provide a comprehensive basis for modeling conditional mean nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration levels across Germany. Besides concentration levels, meta data on monitoring sites from the German air quality monitoring network, geocoordinates, altitudes, and data on land use and road lengths for different types of roads are provided. The data are based on a grid of resolution 1 × 1 km, which is also included. The underlying raw data are open access and were retrieved from different sources. The statistical software R was used for (pre-)processing the data and all codes are provided in an online repository. The data were employed for modeling mean annual NO2 concentration levels in the paper "Agglomeration and infrastructure effects in land use regression models for air pollution - Specification, estimation, and interpretations" by Fritsch and Behm (2021).
Jan-Oliver Decker
Vorwort
Amelie Zimmermann / Mirjam Dick / Dorothe Knapp / Romina Seefried
Einleitung: Spuren - Netze - Horizonte. Potenziale der Semiotik in der Lehrer*innenbildung
Andrea Sieber
Tristan auf der Spur. Detektische Zugänge zu mittelalterlicher Literatur
Dennis Gräf
Mediensemiotik in der Lehrer*innenbildung
Dorothe Knapp / Amelie Zimmermann
Raumsemantische Grenzen. Ein interdisziplinäres künstlerisches Projekt für die Lehrer*innenbildung
Rüdiger Harnisch
Die Schärfung des semiotischen Blicks auf das sprachliche Zeichen. Zugänge zu seinem Verständnis in der Hochschullehre
Mirjam Dick / Romina Seefried
De-Fragmentierung in der Deutschlehrer*innenbildung. Herausforderungen und Potenziale interdisziplinärer Lehre zur Vermittlung literarischer Kompetenz
Teresa Scheubeck / Christina Knott / Anita Schilcher
Zu jeder Aufgabe die richtige Strategie? Zum Stellenwert literarischer Strategien für Aufgaben im kompetenzorientierten Literaturunterricht
Dorothe Knapp / Romina Seefried
Semiotische Impulse für die Gestaltung von Bildungsräumen. Theoretische Reflexion und praktische Gestaltungsaspekte einer Mediothek für Kinder zur Förderung von Literacy
Die Schriften zur Kultur- und Mediensemiotik | Online sind ein Open Access Journal des Virtuellen Zentrums für kultursemiotische Forschung / Virtual Centre for Cultural Semiotics (www.kultursemiotik.com). Die Ausgabe 7 beleuchtet unterschiedliche Potenziale der Semiotik in der Lehrer*innenbildung, die aus theoretischer Perspektive aufgezeigt oder anhand von Konzepten aus der Praxis mit theoretischer/empirischer Fundierung untersucht werden. Beides findet aus fachlicher, überfachlicher, inter- oder transdisziplinärer Perspektive statt.
Die Schriften zur Kultur- und Mediensemiotik | Online sind ein Open Access Journal des Virtuellen Zentrums für kultursemiotische Forschung / Virtual Centre for Cultural Semiotics (www.kultursemiotik.com). Ausgabe 7 beleuchtet unterschiedliche Potenziale der Semiotik in der Lehrer*innenbildung, die aus theoretischer Perspektive aufgezeigt oder anhand von Konzepten aus der Praxis mit theoretischer/empirischer Fundierung untersucht werden. Beides findet aus fachlicher, überfachlicher, inter- oder transdisziplinärer Perspektive statt.
Diese Beobachtungen möchte ich zum Ausgangspunkt nehmen, die im Tristan-Roman verhandelten Zeichenkomplexe unter dem Gesichtspunkt einer Semiose des Mehrdeutigen näher zu beleuchten. Zunächst rücke ich dafür die epistemologische Figur der "Spur" in den Fokus, um dann in einem zweiten Schritt deren semiotische Funktionalisierung anhand exemplarischer Szenen der Manipulation, des Erkennens und Verkennens herauszuarbeiten. Die auf diese Weise nachgezeichnete innertextuelle Semiose soll anschließend didaktisch für detektivische Zugänge zu mittelalterlicher Literatur produktiv gemacht werden, wobei ein besonderer Akzent auf dem medialen Transfer und dem Einsatz digitalisierter Handschriften aus dem Mittelalter liegen wird.
In den aktuellen Lehrplänen aller deutschen Bundesländer für die Sekundarstufe im Fach Deutsch ist die Kompetenz im Umgang mit Medien ein integrativer Bestandteil. Wenn sich auch die einzelnen Bundesländer hinsichtlich einer konkreten Definition des Feldes der Medienkompetenz unterscheiden, so ist die grundsätzliche Relevanz einer Medienkompetenz im Sinne eines reflektierten Umgangs mit medialen Produkten deutlich herauszulesen. Dabei darf es allerdings nicht, wie es die meisten Lehrpläne auch explizit herausstellen, bei der Kompetenz im Umgang mit mobilen Endgeräten belassen werden, vielmehr wird häufig der Konstruktionscharakter medialer Produkte benannt, den es zu rekonstruieren und zu hinterfragen gilt. Ziel muss dabei sein, Medienkonsument*innen auf dem Weg zu mündigen Mediennutzer*innen zu begleiten.
In meinem Beitrag geht es um die prinzipielle Leistung und Funktion der Mediensemiotik als einer medienübergreifenden Herangehensweise in der Lehrer*innenbildung, weil es der schulische Umgang mit jeglicher Art von Medien ist, der einen dringenden Handlungsbedarf hervorruft.
Raumsemantische Grenzen. Ein interdisziplinäres künstlerisches Projekt für die Lehrer*innenbildung
(2020)
Dieser Beitrag illustriert die Potenziale einer semiotischen Perspektive bei der Schaffung von Erfahrungsräumen für Information and Media Literacy. Am Beispiel eines Projektseminars zum Thema Grenzen, das im Sommersemester 2017 an der Universität Passau im Rahmen des vom BMBF geförderten Projekts SKILL stattfand, wird gleichzeitig interdisziplinäres Arbeiten durch den Verbund von Mediensemiotik und Kunstpädagogik veranschaulicht. Im Seminar entstanden bei freier Medienwahl künstlerische Arbeiten, die im Rahmenprogramm des Kongresses der deutschen Gesellschaft für Semiotik e.V. Grenzen: Kontakt, Kommunikation, Kontrast 2017 in Kooperation mit dem Kunstverein Passau e.V. ausgestellt wurden.
Das Projektseminar wird im Folgenden zunächst in den Rahmen der Relevanz von Information and Media Literacy für die Lehrer*innenbildung und der Entwicklung entsprechender Lehrformate an der Universität Passau eingebettet. Anschließend wird es mit Bezug auf seine semiotische Grundlage in didaktischen und methodischen Überlegungen umfassend dargestellt, um einen Eindruck davon zu vermitteln, welche Möglichkeiten die Verschränkung beider Disziplinen für das Erkunden medialer Konstruktivität bereithält.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll es darum gehen, die Grundeigenschaften, die das sprachliche Zeichen definieren, vom Gegenstand eines nur deklarativen Wissens durch die Erzeugung produktiver Irritation auf die Ebene des Verstehens zu heben. Vor einer linguistischen Professionalisierung ist das muttersprachliche Zeichen für Angehörige einer Sprachgemeinschaft nämlich keineswegs "bilateral", stellt sich die Frage seiner "Motiviertheit" nicht, ist seine "Konventionalität" selbstverständlich.
Im Folgenden wird zunächst beschrieben, auf welcher fachwissenschaftlichen Grundlage das Modell Literarischer Kompetenz nach Schilcher/Pissarek fußt. Davon ausgehend werden anschließend die Potenziale der Literatursemiotik sowohl für die hochschulische Lehre als auch für den Deutschunterricht beleuchtet. In einem weiteren Abschnitt werden die drei im Rahmen der Passauer Kooperation zwischen Literatursemiotik und Literaturdidaktik erprobten Vernetzungsmodelle einander gegenübergestellt. Um diese zu differenzieren, wird zunächst ein Überblick über das jeweilige Veranstaltungskonzept gegeben, woraufhin in einem zweiten Schritt die Art der De-Fragmentierung erläutert wird, was schließlich in eine Skizzierung der Seminargestaltung mündet, um abschließend auf Grundlage zentraler Evaluationsergebnisse ein Gesamtfazit ziehen zu können.
Im folgenden Text sollen diese zwei grundlegenden Herausforderungen für den Literaturunterricht fokussiert werden: Einerseits geht es um eine höhere Zielbewusstheit, also darum, dass die Lernenden wissen, welche Ziele sie im Literaturunterricht erreichen sollen und welche Kriterien für das Erreichen dieser Ziele erfüllt werden müssen. Auf der anderen Seite werden Strategien beschrieben, die für die Zielerreichung angewendet werden können und mit denen ein Fortschritt im Lernprozess erreicht werden kann. Theoretische Grundlage für diese Strategien bildet das semiotische Modell literarischer Kompetenz von Schilcher/Pissarek (Hrsg.).
Dieser Beitrag zeigt, welche Impulse die Semiotik im Zusammenspiel mit der Kunstpädagogik für die Gestaltung von Bildungsräumen auf theoretisch-reflexiver und praktischer Ebene geben kann. Am Beispiel der im Rahmen einer universitären Lehrveranstaltung durchgeführten konzeptionellen Gestaltung einer Mediothek für Kinder vom Kindergarten- bis zum Grundschulalter wird in diesem Beitrag das für die (Literatur-)Semiotik zentrale Konzept des Raumes von seinem germanistischen Fachbezug gelöst, mit kunstpädagogischen Impulsen verwoben und zu einer fächerübergreifenden Reflexion über Bildungsräume hin erweitert. Das diesem Dreischritt übergeordnete und für die Entwicklung der Mediothek als Leitidee angewandte Konzept der (Information and Media) Literacy ist sowohl für die Germanistik als auch für die Kunstpädagogik zentral. Zunächst werden daher ausgehend von einer literatursemiotischen Betrachtung des Raumes als Denkeinheit und Beschreibungskategorie semiotische Aspekte des Literacy-Konzepts herausgearbeitet. Anschließend wird die universitäre Lehrveranstaltung als Erfahrungsraum für (Information Media) Literacy beschrieben.
Innovate with Crowds. Co-Creation and Idea Evaluation in Internal and External Crowdsourcing.
(2020)
Crowdsourcing seems to be a promising approach for organizations to overcome challenges widely discussed in innovation and organizational research. However, the extent to which an organization can leverage the benefits from crowdsourcing is contingent on which type of crowd is addressed and how crowds are used. Based on unique data from crowdsourcing contests, the dissertation provides insights how to innovate with internal and external crowds in order to utilize their potential for co-creation and idea evaluation.
Computer vision aims at developing algorithms to extract high-level information from images and videos. In the industry, for instance, such algorithms are applied to guide manufacturing robots, to visually monitor plants, or to assist human operators in recognizing specific components. Recent progress in computer vision has been dominated by deep artificial neural network, i.e., machine learning methods simulating the way that information flows in our biological brains, and the way that our neural networks adapt and learn from experience. For these methods to learn how to accurately perform complex visual tasks, large amounts of annotated images are needed. Collecting and labeling such domain-relevant training datasets is, however, a tedious—sometimes impossible—task. Therefore, it has become common practice to leverage pre-available three-dimensional (3D) models instead, to generate synthetic images for the recognition algorithms to be trained on. However, methods optimized over synthetic data usually suffer a significant performance drop when applied to real target images. This is due to the realism gap, i.e., the discrepancies between synthetic and real images (in terms of noise, clutter, etc.). In my work, three main directions were explored to bridge this gap.
First, an innovative end-to-end framework is proposed to render realistic depth images from 3D models, as a growing number of solutions (especially in the industry) are utilizing low-cost depth cameras (e.g., Microsoft Kinect and Intel RealSense) for recognition tasks. Based on a thorough study of these devices and the different types of noise impairing them, the proposed framework simulates their inner mechanisms, comprehensively modeling vital factors such as sensor noise, material reflectance, surface geometry, etc. Able to simulate a wide panel of depth sensors and to quickly generate large datasets, this framework is used to train algorithms for various recognition tasks, consistently and significantly enhancing their performance compared to other state-of-the-art simulation tools.
In some cases, however, relevant 2D or 3D object representations to generate synthetic samples are not available. Considering this different case of data scarcity, a solution is then proposed to incrementally build a representation of visual scenes from partial observations. Provided observations are localized from one to another based on their content and registered in a global memory with spatial properties. Simultaneously, this memory can be queried to render novel views of the scene. Furthermore, unobserved regions can be hallucinated in memory, in consistence with previous observations, hallucinations, and global priors. The efficacy of the proposed mnemonic and generative system, trainable end-to-end, is demonstrated on various 2D and 3D use-cases.
Finally, an advanced convolutional neural network pipeline is introduced, tackling the realism gap from a novel angle. While most methods addressing this problem focus on bringing synthetic samples—or the knowledge acquired from them—closer to the real target domain, the proposed solution performs the opposite process, mapping unseen target images into controlled synthetic domains. The pre-processed samples can then be handed to downstream recognition methods, themselves purely trained on similar synthetic data, to greatly improve their accuracy.
For each approach, a variety of qualitative and quantitative studies are detailed, providing successful comparisons to state-of-the-art methods. By proposing solutions to bridge the realism gap from either side, as well as a pipeline to improve the acquisition and generation of new visual content, this thesis provides a unique perspective on the challenges of data scarcity when building robust recognition systems.
GESTUFTE STANDARDS FÜR DIE ENTWICKLUNG VON KOMPETENZEN IN DER LEHRERBILDUNG (22)
Dimension 1: Gestaltung der Lehrerrolle
Dimension 2: Schule als Lern- und Lebensraum
Dimension 2.1: Schule als Organisation
Dimension 2.2: Schulalltag und Schulleben
Dimension 2.3: Unterrichtsbeobachtung und -evaluation
Dimension 2.4: Entwicklung von Schule
Dimension 3: Unterrichtsplanung, -durchführung und -analyse
Dimension 3.1: Struktur von Unterricht
Dimension 3.2: Lehrformen und -theorien
Dimension 3.3: Lernumgebungen gestalten
Dimension 3.4: Zeitmanagement
Dimension 3.5: Planungsmittel
Dimension 3.6: Medieneinsatz
Dimension 3.7: Sozialformen und Methoden
Dimension 3.8: Umgang mit Heterogenität
Dimension 4: Klassenführung
Dimension 5: Lernprozess- und Lernproduktdiagnostik
Dimension 6: Beratung
New arising phenomena in the occupational realm strongly shape contemporary work settings. These developments heavily affect how individuals work within and beyond organizational boundaries. Two phenomena associated with the changing nature of work have been especially prevalent in work settings and intensively discussed in public debates. First, organizations started to introduce mindfulness practices to their workforce. Rooted in spirituality and formerly used in clinical therapy, mindfulness is applied as a human resource development practice to train employees and managers to cope with the increased work intensification. Second, digitization and the importance of individualization opened up the path for work settings beyond organizational boundaries on crowdworking online platforms. On these online platforms, workers process tasks independently and remotely. Research just started to address the implications and meaning of mindfulness practices in organizations and the rise of crowdworking platforms. Several questions remain unanswered. This dissertation addresses unanswered but pressing questions related to these two phenomena shaping contemporary work settings. Structured in four essays the first two essays address the application and meaning of mindfulness practices. The first essay analyzes the meaning and interpretations of these new practices within organizations. The second essay takes contextual factors of the organizational environment into account and investigates their relevance for the successful implementation of mindfulness practices. The second two essays are dedicated to work attitudes and behavior on crowdworking online platform. Essay three captures individuals’ motivation for working on such platforms and their effects for workers’ work performance. The last essay deals with the role of professional crowdworking online communities in the work experience and asses the effects of social support in these communities on occupational identification, work meaningfulness and finally on work engagement. Each essay in this dissertation generates new insights on arising phenomena in contemporary work settings. They address several timely yet unanswered research questions for these rising phenomena and thereby offer a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the role mindfulness practices and crowdworking online platforms play in the context of the future of work.
With the frequency and impact of data breaches raising, it has become essential for organizations to automate intrusion detection via machine learning solutions. This generally comes with numerous challenges, among others high class imbalance, changing target concepts and difficulties to conduct sound evaluation. In this thesis, we adopt a user-centered anomaly detection perspective to address selected challenges of intrusion detection, through a real-world use case in the identity and access management (IAM) domain. In addition to the previous challenges, salient properties of this particular problem are high relevance of categorical data, limited feature availability and total absence of ground truth.
First, we ask how to apply anomaly detection to IAM audit logs containing a restricted set of mixed (i.e. numeric and categorical) attributes. Then, we inquire how anomalous user behavior can be separated from normality, and this separation evaluated without ground truth. Finally, we examine how the lack of audit data can be alleviated in two complementary settings. On the one hand, we ask how to cope with users without relevant activity history ("cold start" problem). On the other hand, we seek how to extend audit data collection with heterogeneous attributes (i.e. categorical, graph and text) to improve insider threat detection.
After aggregating IAM audit data into sessions, we introduce and compare general anomaly detection methods for mixed data to a user identification approach, designed to learn the distinction between normal and malicious user behavior. We find that user identification outperforms general anomaly detection and is effective against masquerades. An additional clustering step allows to reduce false positives among similar users. However, user identification is not effective against insider threats. Furthermore, results suggest that the current scope of our audit data collection should be extended.
In order to tackle the "cold start" problem, we adopt a zero-shot learning approach. Focusing on the CERT insider threat use case, we extend an intrusion detection system by integrating user relations to organizational entities (like assignments to projects or teams) in order to better estimate user behavior and improve intrusion detection performance. Results show that this approach is effective in two realistic scenarios.
Finally, to support additional sources of audit data for insider threat detection, we propose a method representing audit events as graph edges with heterogeneous attributes. By performing detection at fine-grained level, this approach advantageously improves anomaly traceability while reducing the need for aggregation and feature engineering. Our results show that this method is effective to find intrusions in authentication and email logs.
Overall, our work suggests that masquerades and insider threats call for different detection methods. For masquerades, user identification is a promising approach. To find malicious insiders, graph features representing user context and relations to other entities can be informative. This opens the door for tighter coupling of intrusion detection with user identities, roles and privileges used in IAM solutions.
The current movement towards a smart grid serves as a solution to present power grid challenges by introducing numerous monitoring and communication technologies. A dependable, yet timely exchange of data is on the one hand an existential prerequisite to enable Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) services, yet on the other a challenging endeavor, because the increasing complexity of the grid fostered by the combination of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and utility networks inherently leads to dependability challenges.
To be able to counter this dependability degradation, current approaches based on high-reliability hardware or physical redundancy are no longer feasible, as they lead to increased hardware costs or maintenance, if not both. The flexibility of these approaches regarding vendor and regulatory interoperability is also limited. However, a suitable solution to the AMI dependability challenges is also required to maintain certain regulatory-set performance and Quality of Service (QoS) levels.
While a part of the challenge is the introduction of ICT into the power grid, it also serves as part of the solution. In this thesis a Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) based approach is proposed, which employs virtualized ICT components serving as a replacement for physical devices. By using virtualization techniques, it is possible to enhance the performability in contrast to hardware based solutions through the usage of virtual replacements of processes that would otherwise require dedicated hardware. This approach offers higher flexibility compared to hardware redundancy, as a broad variety of virtual components can be spawned, adapted and replaced in a short time. Also, as no additional hardware is necessary, the incurred costs decrease significantly. In addition to that, most of the virtualized components are deployed on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware solutions, further increasing the monetary benefit.
The approach is developed by first reviewing currently suggested solutions for AMIs and related services. Using this information, virtualization technologies are investigated for their performance influences, before a virtualized service infrastructure is devised, which replaces selected components by virtualized counterparts. Next, a novel model, which allows the separation of services and hosting substrates is developed, allowing the introduction of virtualization technologies to abstract from the underlying architecture. Third, the performability as well as monetary savings are investigated by evaluating the developed approach in several scenarios using analytical and simulative model analysis as well as proof-of-concept approaches. Last, the practical applicability and possible regulatory challenges of the approach are identified and discussed.
Results confirm that—under certain assumptions—the developed virtualized AMI is superior to the currently suggested architecture. The availability of services can be severely increased and network delays can be minimized through centralized hosting. The availability can be increased from 96.82% to 98.66% in the given scenarios, while decreasing the costs by over 60% in comparison to the currently suggested AMI architecture. Lastly, the performability analysis of a virtualized service prototype employing performance analysis and a Musa-Okumoto approach reveals that the AMI requirements are fulfilled.
Our subject of study is strong approximation of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with respect to the supremum and the L_p error criteria, and we seek approximations that are strongly asymptotically optimal in specific classes of approximations. For the supremum error, we prove strong asymptotic optimality for specific tamed Euler schemes relating to certain adaptive and to equidistant time discretizations. For the L_p error, we prove strong asymptotic optimality for specific tamed Milstein schemes relating to certain adaptive and to equidistant time discretizations. To illustrate our findings, we numerically analyze the SDE associated with the Heston–3/2–model originating from mathematical finance.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, Erkenntnisse für eine mögliche Verbesserung des vietnamesischen Zwangsvollstreckungsrechts zu gewinnen, um in Vietnam ein effektives und effizientes Vollstreckungsverfahren zu erreichen, das im Einklang mit den internationalen Standards steht. Das erste Kapitel untersucht die neuen internationalen Standards im Bereich der Vollstreckung von Zivilurteilen und behandelt sie im Vergleich mit wichtigen Grundsätzen der Vollstreckung von Gerichtsurteilen in Vietnam. Der zweite Kapitel widmet sich dem Aufbau und der Organisation der Vollstreckungsbehörden und dabei insbesondere den folgenden Themen: Den Vorteilen des Aufbaus eines Berufsverbands der Gerichtsvollzieher, welcher alle Mitglieder des Berufsstandes umfasst. Das dritte Kapitel zeigt unter anderem, dass wirksame Mechanismen zur Vollstreckung von Entschreidungen den Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit einhalten müssen. Das vierte Kapitel stellt die internationalen Normen über den einstweiligen Rechtsschutz dar, der ein unverzichtbares Mittel ist, um die Durchsetzung von Zivilurteilen zu gewährleisten.
Basierend auf den Ergebnissen aus den vier Kapiteln ergeben sich eine Reihe von wertvollen Erkenntnissen für die Verbesserung des vietnamesischen Rechtssystems und die Verbesserung der Effizienz der Vollstreckung zivilgerichtlicher Urteile.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS, Sonderausgabe 2020
Vorwort zur 2. Auflage (7)
Jutta Mägdefrau & Hannes Birnkammerer
THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN FÜR DIE GRADUIERUNG VON KOMPETENZEN IN DER LEHRERBILDUNG (10)
1. Warum gestufte Standards?
2. Das Papier „Gestufte Standards und Indikatoren für den Kompetenzerwerb in der Lehrerbildung“
3. Die neue Querschnittkompetenz im Standardpapier: Bildung mit und über digitale Medien
4. Das Standardpapier in der Praxis
5. Literatur
Autorengruppe Passauer Lehrerbildungsstandards
GESTUFTE STANDARDS FÜR DIE ENTWICKLUNG VON KOMPETENZEN IN DER LEHRERBILDUNG (22)
Dimension 1: Gestaltung der Lehrerrolle
Dimension 2: Schule als Lern- und Lebensraum
Dimension 2.1: Schule als Organisation
Dimension 2.2: Schulalltag und Schulleben
Dimension 2.3: Unterrichtsbeobachtung und -evaluation
Dimension 2.4: Entwicklung von Schule
Dimension 3: Unterrichtsplanung, -durchführung und -analyse
Dimension 3.1: Struktur von Unterricht
Dimension 3.2: Lehrformen und -theorien
Dimension 3.3: Lernumgebungen gestalten
Dimension 3.4: Zeitmanagement
Dimension 3.5: Planungsmittel
Dimension 3.6: Medieneinsatz
Dimension 3.7: Sozialformen und Methoden
Dimension 3.8: Umgang mit Heterogenität
Dimension 4: Klassenführung
Dimension 5: Lernprozess- und Lernproduktdiagnostik
Dimension 6: Beratung
ANLAGE I: DIE STANDARDS GEORDNET NACH LEHRERBILDUNGSPHASEN (44)
Pädagogisch-Didaktisches Praktikum
Studienbegleitendes Fachdidaktisches Praktikum
Referendariat
Professionelle Lehrkraft
Anlage II: AUTORENSPIEGEL (70)
Investment fraud, cybercrime, inconsistencies in health care or the emission scams at the car manufacturers, economic crime (fraud) manifests itself in many facets. For Germany, the cases of FlowTex, Comroad, HRE-Bad-Bank, Holzmann, Volkswagen and the current fraud suspicions at Porsche AG are prominent examples with mostly appalling consequences (Ballwieser and Dobler 2003; Kögler 2015; Meck, Nienhaus, and von Petersdorff 2011; Peemöller and Hofmann 2005). Nevertheless, newspapers without reports on fraud have become scarce. Headlines such as: "Corruption - the daily business" impress hardly anyone, not least because of their certain regularity. The cases revealed publicly are, however, only the tip of the iceberg, as reported by renowned experts (Bundeskriminalamt 2018; LKA 2018). Currently, the State Criminal Police Office (Landeskriminalamt (LKA)) of Baden-Württemberg and its department for economic and environmental crime and corruption is concerned with 72 major proceedings (LKA 2018). However, fraud could be avoided or at least contained by appropriate preventive measures (Bundeskriminalamt 2018; Bussmann 2004; Hlavica, Klapproth, and Hülsberg 2011). Consequently, the pressure on companies and employees to demonstrate compliant and ethical behavior and to meet the demands of stakeholders at all times within their business activities has grown (Buff 2000). This raises the question about which precautionary measures a company can and must implement (Weick and Sutcliffe 2015). Although corporate awareness of this issue has increased, most in-house detection of fraud is accidental, suggesting that companies are still lacking appropriately functioning and systematic (early) detection mechanism (Hlavica et al. 2011). If a company is accused of fraud, this usually has serious repercussions on its corporate reputation. Prior research found that capital market reputation-based penalties for affected companies are on average 7.5 times higher than penalties imposed by the legal system (Karpoff, Lee, and Martin 2008). Furthermore, the accusation of fraud also affects the external auditor’s reputation, since lacking the detection of manipulations in clients’ (financial) reports not only damages public confidence in the accuracy of firms’ financial statements but also in the reliability of the auditor's report. Therefore, it is not surprising that the demand for greater supervision and control of firms’ (financial) reporting as well as for reliable work of statutory auditors continually increases (Herkendell 2007). Although to a lesser extent, this is also the case for the determination of material (accounting) errors within a firm’s financial statements, which are often difficult to distinguish from accounting fraud. According to the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 8.5, published by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), errors are omissions and/or misstatements of items that result from the nonapplication or misapplication of trusted information (IASB 2003). Thus, accounting errors and accounting fraud both result in incorrect information of a firm’s financial reports and consequently affect stakeholders’ decision-making. One resulting attempt in counteracting the broad demand for appropriate protective measures was the implementation of a two-stage enforcement system involving the German Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (Deutsche Prüfstelle für Rechnungslegung (DPR)) as part of the adopted Financial Reporting Enforcement Act (Bilanzkontrollgesetz (BilKoG)) in 2004. The primary objective of the Federal Government's implementation of this mechanism was to strengthen investors' lost confidence in the German capital market, the information content of financial reporting, and Germany as a financial center in the international competition. In addition, the enforcement system serves as a sanctioning instrument for firms in the event of an error detection and subsequent adverse error disclosure via the German federal registry (elektronischer Bundesanzeiger). This adverse error disclosure not only sanctions denounced firms but also questions the quality of the annual financial statement audit and thus the quality of the responsible audit firm. Hence, the often thin line between firms’ unintentional accounting errors, purposive engagement in earnings management, and intentional fraud in particular presents an increasing challenge for the audit profession.
The objective of my cumulative dissertation is to provide a comprehensive overview of fraud and forensic accounting as well as insights into the distinct dimensions among the concepts of errors, earnings management and fraud from a German accounting perspective. I aim at achieving this objective in three steps: First (1), by providing an overview of discipline-specific education possibilities, existing forensic accounting practices, institutions, and current developments in research. Second (2), by assessing auditors’ obligations and responsibilities for the detection of irregularities within the scope of the annual financial statement audit and whether including forensic services into the service portfolio of audit firms can help increase their audit quality due to spillover effects. Third (3), by examining firms’ reputation (re-)building management in response to financial violations and how this process is associated with managing multiple (stakeholder) reputations. This dissertation is composed of three individual papers whereby each considers one of the above outlined focus areas
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Formen der Einmündung Jugendlicher in rechtsextreme Szenen sowie die hierbei ablaufenden sozialen Prozesse zu beleuchten. Der interkulturelle Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und den USA unterstützt die Erkenntnis, dass hierbei in erster Linie keine Länderspezifika, sondern Rekrutierungsstrategien rechter Szenen relevant sind, welche auf ähnliche Weise an Faktoren ansetzen, die in beiden Ländern vorzufinden sind.
Der #relichat ist der wöchentlich stattfindende Twitter-Chat zur Religionspädagogik. In einer einstündigen, durch Fragen strukturierten Diskussion werden religionspädagogische Themen auf der Plattform Twitter unter Verwendung des Hashtags #relichat öffentlich diskutiert. Von 2017 bis zum Sommer 2020 fanden 89 #relichats statt, an denen sich etwa 220 Personen aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum aktiv beteiligt haben.
Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht das Projekt #relichat hermeneutisch und evaluiert die Erfahrungen der Teilnehmer*innen am #relichat als informelles Fortbildungsformat.
Titel der Dissertation:
#relichat - informelles Lernen mit Twitter. Religionslehrer*innenfortbildung als sozial-konstruktivistische Vernetzung in Communities of Practice
Im hermeneutischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Aspekte der sozialen Medien, des informellen und konstruktivistischen Lernens, des vernetzten Lernens in Communities of Practice, des öffentlichen Lernens, aber auch des Selbstverständnisses der Kirche als Institution in der Öffentlichkeit erörtert.
Für die Evaluation wurde ein Mixed Methods-Design gewählt, welches das Projekt aus verschiedenen Positionen betrachtet und damit der Komplexität des Unterfangens gerecht wird. Neben der Betrachtung statistischer Daten (Zugriffszahlen, Beteiligung etc.), der Analyse der thematischen Entfaltung der Diskussionen nach dem Konzept der Themenkonstitution, der Analyse der Diskussionen nach der Methode der Textlinguistik, bildete die Evaluation qualitativer Interviews mit Beteiligten am #relichat das Zentrum der Forschung. Mit Hilfe der Methodologie der Grounded Theory wurde eine Theorie mit Verallgemeinerungsanspruch für das vernetzte Lernen mit sozialen Medien entwickelt, die über das konkrete Projekt #relichat hinaus reichen soll.
Als Ergebnis lässt sich zusammenfassen:
Lernen in und mit dem #relichat ist konstruktivistisches, informelles, selbstorganisiertes und selbstverantwortliches Lernen. Es kann als Fortbildung bezeichnet werden, insofern es eine Weiterentwicklung der eigenen religionspädagogischen Praxis bewirken kann. Eine besondere Rolle spielen die sozialen Beziehungen in der Community of Practice. Das Medium Twitter gibt die Rahmenbedingungen der Kommunikation vor.
Aufgrund der Erkenntnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt #relichat ist davon auszugehen, dass es in Zukunft verstärkt Formen des informellen Lernens in Communities of Practice geben wird, die sich die Möglichkeiten sozialer Kommunikation in digitalen Medien zunutze machen werden. Das gilt für lebenslanges Lernen grundsätzlich, aber auch für Pädagog*innenfortbildung. Vernetzung wird als Ressource für Weiterbildung noch bedeutsamer werden.
Es werden in Zukunft Dialog und Kommunikation vermehrt in der Öffentlichkeit stattfinden, hierarchische Strukturen werden dadurch ihre gesellschaftliche Legitimation zunehmend verlieren.
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Narrative und diskursive Strategien von politisch rechten Akteuren zu erforschen und aus einer pädagogischen Sicht zu bewerten. Der Fokus der Untersuchung wird hierbei auf Kommunikation innerhalb des Social Web gelegt. Zur Bewältigung des Forschungsvorhabens wird als Methode eine Diskursanalyse angewendet. Die Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sowohl die erzeugten Narrative als auch die verwendeten diskursiven Strategien in allen untersuchten diskursiven Arenen starke Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen – unabhängig davon, ob die Arena vorrangig rechtsextreme, rechtsradikale oder rechtspopulistische Tendenzen besitzt. Dies legt den Verdacht nahe, dass ein Großteil der politisch rechte Akteure immer wiederkehrende Narrative verbreiten und diese mit den stets gleichen diskursiven Strategien untermauern, eine klare diskursive Grenze zwischen Rechtsextremismus, Rechtsradikalismus und Rechtspopulismus scheint es nicht zu geben. Dadurch besteht die Gefahr, dass Rechtsextreme Gedanken zunehmend in die Mitte der Gesellschaft vordringen können.