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Germany is considered a role model for dealing with past mass atrocities. In particular, the social reappraisal of the Holocaust is emblematic of this. However, when considering the genocide on the Herero and Nama in present-day Namibia, it is puzzling that an official recognition was only pronounced after almost 120 years, in May 2021. For a long time, silence surrounded this colonial cruelty in German political discourse. Although the discourse on German responsibility toward Namibia emerged after the end of World War II, it initially appeared detached from the genocide. That silence on colonial atrocities is to be considered a cruelty itself. Studies on silence have been expanding and becoming richer. Building on these works, the paper sets two goals: First, it advances the theorization of silence by producing a new typology, which is then integrated into discourse-bound identity theory. Second, it applies this theory to the analysis of the silencing and later acknowledging of the genocide on the Herero and Nama by German political elites. To this end, Bundestag debates, official documents, and statements by relevant political actors are analyzed in the period from 1980 to 2021. The results reveal the dynamics between hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discursive formations, how those are shifting in a period of 40 years, and what role silence plays in it. Beyond our emphasis on the genocide on the Herero and Nama, our findings might benefit future studies as the approach proposed in this paper can make silence a tangible research object for global studies.
Binging Family
(2021)
In diesem Open-Access-Buch zeigt Jakob Kelsch, wie sich in der US-amerikanischen TV-Serie der 1950er und 1960er Jahre der Mythos der patriarchal-strukturierten Kernfamilie als Ideal des familiären Zusammenlebens herausbildete. Trotz Phasen der Dekonstruktion und der zunehmenden Repräsentation problematischer und ethnisch wie sozial diverser Familienverhältnisse erweist sich dieser Mythos bis heute als äußerst persistent. Der durch den Digitalisierungsprozess bedingte Aufstieg der Streamingdienste und der Siegeszug deren serieller Erzeugnisse brachte eine inhaltliche Diversifizierung des Genres Familienserie und eine zunehmende narrative Komplexität mit sich. Doch auch diese kann nur an der Oberfläche des tief im kulturellen Wissen verankerten Mythos der heteronormativen Kernfamilie rütteln.
Hispanos en el mundo
(2021)
Este volumen examina la hasta hoy poco tratada imbricación entre la emoción y el desplazamiento de los hispanos por el mundo en función de los contextos socio-políticos y los momentos vitales de los concernidos. Reúne aportaciones en español y en inglés de un variado espectro de disciplinas –desde los estudios literarios, culturales y de género, hasta la antropología y la sociología– que analizan esta imbricación, sus funciones y modalidades en base a un entendimiento amplio del concepto de emotive de William Reddy. Así, este libro recoge una gran gama de medios –como la literatura, el cine, las páginas web, los vlogs y las entrevistas– en los que los hispanos expresan sus emociones respecto a sus viajes o experiencias migratorias, pero también a los efectos a largo plazo de desplazamientos históricos en sujetos que se sienten desplazados o fuera de lugar en el presente. De este modo, Hispanos en el mundo aborda un tema de gran actualidad y relevancia y, además, cubre un vacío investigativo, no solo en los estudios de la migración –con la excepción de algunos trabajos que suelen centrarse en el ámbito de lo familiar y de los cuidados–, sino también en el hispanismo, donde se erige como estudio pionero.
The described secondary data provide a comprehensive basis for modeling conditional mean nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration levels across Germany. Besides concentration levels, meta data on monitoring sites from the German air quality monitoring network, geocoordinates, altitudes, and data on land use and road lengths for different types of roads are provided. The data are based on a grid of resolution 1 × 1 km, which is also included. The underlying raw data are open access and were retrieved from different sources. The statistical software R was used for (pre-)processing the data and all codes are provided in an online repository. The data were employed for modeling mean annual NO2 concentration levels in the paper "Agglomeration and infrastructure effects in land use regression models for air pollution - Specification, estimation, and interpretations" by Fritsch and Behm (2021).
Durch die Verfassungsänderung zum Zwecke des Ausschlusses verfassungsfeindlicher Parteien aus der staatlichen Parteienfinanzierung wurde ein neues Mittel der wehrhaften Demokratie geschaffen. Das Prinzip erlaubt es dem Staat in engen Grenzen, gegen Parteien vorzugehen, die erklärtermaßen Gegner der freiheitlichen demokratischen Grundordnung sind. Die dem Ausschluss immanente Ungleichbehandlung gegenüber anderen Parteien sorgt allerdings für eine nicht unerhebliche Verzerrung des politischen Wettbewerbs, was Fragen zu seiner Vereinbarkeit mit dem Grundgesetz, insbesondere Art. 79 Abs. 3 GG, aufwirft. Diese Fragen und die Folgen des Ausschlusses aus der staatlichen Parteienfinanzierung für die betroffene Partei sind Gegenstand dieser Arbeit.
Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Abhandlung ist zunächst die verfassungsrechtliche Zulässigkeit der Bindungswirkung gemäß § 613 Abs. 1 S. 1 ZPO, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das rechtliche Gehör der angemeldeten Verbraucher. Unter diesem Blickwinkel wird im Fortgang die Anwendbarkeit der prozessualen Institute der Klageänderung und der Widerklage im Musterfeststellungsprozess untersucht, welche nach Auffassung des Verfassers einer sehr restriktiven Anwendung im Prozess der qualifizierten Einrichtung bedürfen. Zuletzt wird die praktisch höchst brisante Frage der Haftung der qualifizierten Einrichtung für eine unzureichende Prozessführung im Musterfeststellungsprozess thematisiert, die vom Gesetzgeber nur stiefmütterlich behandelt wurde. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Promotionspreis der Rechtsanwaltskammer München und mit dem Promotionspreis der Freunde und Förderer der Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Passau ausgezeichnet.
The autonomic composition of Virtual Networks (VNs) and Service Function Chains (SFCs)based on application requirements is significant for complex environments. In this paper, we use graph transformation in order to compose an Extended Virtual Network (EVN) that is based on
different requirements, such as locations, low latency, redundancy, and security functions. The EVN can represent physical environment devices and virtual application and network functions. We build
a generic Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) framework for transforming an Application Request (AR) to an EVN. Subsequently, we define a set of transformations that reflect preliminary topological, performance, reliability, and security policies. These transformations update the entities and demands of the VN and add SFCs that include the required Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). Additionally, we propose a greedy proactive heuristic for path-independent embedding of the composed SFCs. This heuristic is appropriate for real complex environments, such as industrial networks. Furthermore, we present an Industrail Internet of Things (IIoT) use case that was inspired by Industry 4.0 concepts,in which EVNs for remote asset management are deployed over three levels; manufacturing halls and edge and cloud computing. We also implement the developed methods in Alevin and show exemplary mapping results from our use case. Finally, we evaluate the chain embedding heuristic while using a random topology that is typical for such a use case, and show that it can improve the admission ratio and resource utilization with minimal overhead.
Das Werk widmet sich der Arbeit in der Industrie 4.0, einer Entwicklung, bei der alle realen Prozesse in der Fabrik digital erfassen und so noch stärker automatisiert werden sollen. Für die Beschäftigten bringt dies Chancen, es droht aber auch Dequalifizierung und umfassende Überwachung.
Im Arbeitsrecht werden deswegen die rechtliche Bindungskraft der menschengerechten Gestaltung der Arbeit und die Mensch-Maschine-Kollaboration untersucht. Im Datenschutz steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, inwiefern die effiziente Organisation der Arbeit eine intensive Datenverarbeitung rechtfertigt. Dazu wird in Abgrenzung beider Rechtsgebiete ein neuer Lösungsansatz vorgestellt, abgeleitet aus dem Zusammenspiel deutscher und europäischer Grundrechte.
Earlier research showed that religion is related to participation
among adolescents. It emphasized the effects of belonging (affiliation to groups and traditions) on community service among Western populations. This article takes one step further and focuses on religiosity as a potential motivation for community problem solving during adolescence and young adulthood, in the Eastern European Orthodox cultural setting. Data comes from several semistructured interviews with participants in a civic project conducted in the city of Timisoara (Romania). Findings indicated a low impact of the social religious component on engagement. The cognitive dimension of belief and the emotional bonding (prayer, ritual connection to the higher reality) function as indirect motivators, through the moral element of behavior. Results also showed a privatization of spiritual life at young adults (the invisible religion): estrangement from doctrines and the development of an individualistic type of morality, meant to drive volunteer activities further.
Southeast Asia is one of the most dynamic regions in the world. This volume offers a timely approach to Southeast Asian Studies, covering recent transitions in the realms of urbanism, rural development, politics, and media. While most of the contributions deal with the era of post-independence, some tackle the colonial period and the resulting developments. The volume also includes insights from Southern India.
As a tribute to the interdisciplinary project of Southeast Asian Studies, this book brings together authors from disciplines as diverse as area studies, sociology, history, geography, and journalism.
The power demand (kW) and energy consumption (kWh) of data centers were augmenteddrastically due to the increased communication and computation needs of IT services. Leveragingdemand and energy management within data centers is a necessity. Thanks to the automated ICTinfrastructure empowered by the IoT technology, such types of management are becoming more feasiblethan ever. In this paper, we look at management from two different perspectives: (1) minimization of theoverall energy consumption and (2) reduction of peak power demand during demand-response periods.Both perspectives have a positive impact on total cost of ownership for data centers. We exhaustivelyreviewed the potential mechanisms in data centers that provided flexibilities together with flexiblecontracts such as green service level and supply-demand agreements. We extended state-of-the-artby introducing the methodological building blocks and foundations of management systems for theabove mentioned two perspectives. We validated our results by conducting experiments on a lab-gradescale cloud computing data center at the premises of HPE in Milano. The obtained results support thetheoretical model, by highlighting the excellent potential of flexible service level agreements in Green IT:33% of overall energy savings and 50% of power demand reduction during demand-response periods inthe case of data center federation.
La inclusión es un tema de gran actualidad en muchos ámbitos de la vida contemporánea. Son muy amplios los sectores en los que se viene observando un considerable aumento de la sensibilidad social acerca de las circunstancias y condiciones en que se produce. El presente libro tiene dos intereses centrales: analizar la relación entre personas con y sin diversidad funcional en los textos culturales a través de los tres términos clave inclusión, integración, diferenciación; y estudiar en los textos concretos cómo se tratan o incluso se practican la inclusión, la integración y la diferenciación. El campo de estudio se orienta hacia el corpus de los textos literarios, teatrales y audiovisuales.
¿Discapacidad?
(2021)
La diversidad funcional, entendida como una afección corporal, cognitiva o psíquica, a menudo altera gravemente la participación de las personas en la vida colectiva. En ocasiones, la diversidad funcional también puede venir acompañada de una estigmatización social muy marcada. El presente volumen ofrece una de las primeras aproximaciones a la representación de la diversidad funcional en el ámbito hispánico. Los trabajos que se incluyen en este libro se encargan de mostrar los posibles acercamientos teóricos y prácticos a la representación de la diversidad funcional, a través de un variado corpus integrado por obras literarias, escénicas, cinematográficas y audiovisuales, extraídas de la creación hispánica contemporánea.
Functional diversity, understood as a bodily, cognitive or psychic affection, often seriously disrupts the participation of people in collective life. At times, functional diversity can also be accompanied by a strong social stigma. This volume offers one of the first approaches to the representation of functional diversity in the Hispanic sphere. The works included in this book are in charge of showing the possible theoretical and practical approaches to the representation of functional diversity, through a varied corpus composed of literary, scenic, cinematographic and audiovisual works, extracted from the contemporary Hispanic creation.
Natural Language Processing has an important role in Artificial Intelligence for easing human-machine interaction. Processing human language, though, poses many challenges, among which is the semantics-related phenomenon known as language variability, the fact that the same thing can be said in several ways. NLP applications' inputs and outputs can be expressed in different forms, whose equivalence can be verified through inference. The textual entailment paradigm was established to enable the creation of a unifying framework for applied inference, providing a means of delivering other NLP task from handling inference issues in an ad-hoc manner, using instead the outputs of an inference-dedicated mechanism.
Text entailment, the task of determining whether a piece of text logically follows from another piece of text, involves different scenarios, which can range from a simple syntactic variation to more complex semantic relationships between sentences. However, most approaches try a one-size-fits-all solution that usually favors some scenario to the detriment of another. The commonsense world knowledge necessary to support more complex inferences is also usually employed in a limited way, with most approaches sticking to shallow semantic information, leaving more elaborate semantic relationships aside. Furthermore, most systems still work as a "black box", providing a yes/no answer that does not explain the underlying reasoning process.
This thesis aims at addressing these issues by proposing a composite interpretable approach for recognizing text entailment where the entailment pair is analyzed so the most relevant phenomenon is detected and the suitable method can be used to solve it. Syntactic variations are dealt with through the analysis of the sentences' syntactic structures, and semantic relationships are detected with the aid of a knowledge graph built from natural language dictionary definitions. Also, if a semantic matching is involved, the answer is made interpretable through the generation of natural language justifications that explain the semantic relationship between the pieces of text. The result is the XTE - Explainable Text Entailment - a system that outperforms well-established tools based on single-technique entailment algorithms, and that also gives an important step towards Explainable AI, allowing the inference model interpretation, making the semantic reasoning process explicit and understandable.
Programming is a key skill in a world where businesses are driven by digital transformations. Although many of the programming demand can be addressed by a simple set of instructions composing libraries and services available in the web, non-technical professionals, such as domain experts and analysts, are still unable to construct their own programs due to the intrinsic complexity of coding. Among other types of end-user development, natural language programming has emerged to allow users to program without the formalism of traditional programming languages, where a tailored semantic parser can translate a natural language utterance to a formal command representation able to be processed by a computational machine. Currently, semantic parsers are typically built on the top of a learning method that defines its behaviours based on the patterns behind a large training data, whose production frequently are costly and time-consuming. Our research is devoted to study and propose a semantic parser for natural language commands targeting a scenario with low availability of training data. Our proposed semantic parser follows a multi-component architecture, composed of a specialised shallow parser that associates natural language commands to predicate-argument structures, integrated to a distributional ranking model that matches the command to a function signature available from an API knowledge base. Systems developed with statistical learning models and complex linguistics resources, as the proposed semantic parser, do not provide natively an easy way to associate a single feature from the input data to the impact in system behaviour. In this scenario, end-user explanations for intelligent systems has become a strong requirement to increase user confidence and system literacy. Thus, our research designed an explanation model for the proposed semantic parser that fits the heterogeneity of its multi-component architecture. The explanation model explores a hierarchical representation in an increasing degree of technical depth, providing higher-level explanations in the initial layers, going gradually to those that demand technical knowledge, applying different explanation strategies to better express the approach behind each component. With the support of a user-centred experiment, we compared the utility of different types of explanations and the impact of background knowledge in their preferences.
In this thesis we consider real analytic functions, i.e. functions which can be described locally as convergent power series and ask the following: Which real analytic functions definable in R_{an,exp} have a holomorphic extension which is again definable in R_{an,exp}? Finding a holomorphic extension is of course not difficult simply by power series expansion. The difficulty is to construct it in a definably way.
We will not answer the question above completely, but introduce a large non trivial class of definable functions in R_{an,exp} where for example functions which are iterated compositions from either side of globally subanalytic functions and the global logarithm are contained. We call them restricted log-exp-analytic. After giving some preliminary results like preparation theorems and Tamm's Theorem for this class of functions we are able to show that real analytic restricted log-exp-analytic functions have a holomorphic extension which is again restricted log-exp-analytic.
Die gesetzlichen Formen bilden einen praxisrelevanten Teilbereich der Rechtswissenschaft, über den in der Vergangenheit wenig diskutiert wurde. Die Einführung der Textform und der elektronischen Form im Jahr 2001 und die Verabschiedung des DiRUG verdeutlichen, dass die Digitalisierung auch vor den Formen des deutschen Rechtssystems keinen Halt macht.
In dieser Dissertation wird die Entwicklung der Formen im Zuge der Digitalisierung aufgearbeitet. Dafür werden die papiergebundenen Formen und die digitalen Formen nach demselben Schema und unter denselben inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten untersucht und chronologisch dargestellt. Hierdurch werden die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede systematisch herausgearbeitet. Besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf den Formwirkungen sowie der Wirkungsäquivalenz von digitalen Formen und ihrem jeweiligen papiergebundenen Pendant. Zudem werden die digitalen notariellen Formen im Sinne des DiRUG in das altbekannte System der gesetzlichen Formen eingeordnet.
Nach den Untersuchungen ist festzuhalten, dass die elektronische Form mittlerweile hinreichend wirkungsäquivalent im Vergleich zur Schriftform ist, auch hinsichtlich der Warnwirkung, die vom deutschen Gesetzgeber bisher noch anders beurteilt wird. Die digitale öffentliche Beglaubigung und die digitale notarielle Beurkundung im Sinne des DiRUG sind ebenfalls hinreichend gleichwertig im Vergleich zu ihrem jeweiligen papiergebundenen Äquivalent. Aus dem Grund wird sich in dieser Dissertation dafür ausgesprochen, den Anwendungsbereich der digitalen Formen entsprechend ihrer Wirkungsäquivalenz in Zukunft zu erweitern.
Insgesamt ist die Digitalisierung der gesetzlichen Formen begrüßenswert und ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung.
Noise in schools is considered a massive stress factor for teachers because of various reasons and can therefore lead to performance deficits in the job, but also to physical and psychological impairments. Consequently, research on school noise and its effects is essential. The three studies presented in this paper examined the immediate effects of noise on student teachers and the collateral effects on practicing teachers.
In the first and second study, two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of noise during breaks on stress experience, performance in a concentration test, and error correction of a dictation. Based on the transactional stress model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), it was hypothesized that noise leads to an increase in stress experience. According to the maximal adaptability theory (Hancock & Warm, 1989, 2003), noise should initially cause optimal performance, but in the long run should cause performance impairment. For this purpose, in the first study 74 and in the second study 104 student teachers of the University of Passau worked on two different concentration tests and corrected a student’s dictation while listening to short, continuous, or no noise. In both experiments, continuous noise led to an increase in the experience of stress. Neither short nor continuous noise led to a deterioration in concentration performance. Further, different findings emerged: In the first experiment, a short concentration test in combination with continuous noise led to positive effects in dictation correction, i.e., subjects showed better performance in error correction. In the second experiment, a long concentration test combined with short or continuous noise resulted in negative effects, i.e., subjects made more errors in the subsequent correction of dictation. It can be concluded that school noise can, on the one hand, increase the experience of stress and, on the other hand, promote or limit teachers’ subsequent performance. The latest, however, seems to depend on the specific situation of the individual.
In the first part of the third study, the focus was on teachers’ coping styles and experienced stress. Since coping styles have been shown to have a major impact on mental health, it was reasonable to assume that the stress experience caused by noise would vary depending on the coping style. Based on the stress-strain model (Rudow, 2000) and the transactional stress model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), it was hypothesized that teachers with risky coping styles experience more stress symptoms. Therefore, an online study was conducted to investigate whether there were differences in psychological and physical symptoms between teachers with different coping styles. For this purpose, 99 Bavarian elementary and middle school teachers were surveyed. Four professional coping styles resulted from the overarching scales of professional commitment and resilience. The healthy type (high commitment, high resilience), the unambitious type (low commitment, high resilience), type A (high commitment, low resilience), and type burnout (low commitment, low resilience) differed in terms of threat appraisal, noise stress, voice and hearing problems, and noise-related burnout. Compared to the healthy type, the risk types − type A and type burnout − exhibited higher stress experience and were generally more susceptible to school noise than the healthy type. This is the first study to show that school noise is particularly hazardous for teachers with risky coping styles.
The second part of the third study focused on the impact pathways of school noise. Associations between teachers’ individual characteristics and the consequences of school noise were hypothesized. Based on the simplified model of teacher stress (van Dick & Wagner, 2001), we examined 159 Bavarian elementary and middle school teachers to determine whether noise stress and vocal fatigue mediate the association between noise sensitivity and noise-related burnout. Results indicated that noise stress mediated the relationship between noise sensitivity and vocal fatigue; vocal fatigue mediated the relationship between noise stress and noise-related burnout; noise stress and vocal fatigue serially mediated the relationship between noise sensitivity and noise-related burnout. This is the first study to show links between noise-sensitive teachers and noise stress, voice problems, and noise-related burnout.
Die Digitalisierung des Geldes durch die Einführung des elektronischen Zahlungsverkehrs in diesem Jahrhundert bildet die Grundlage des heutigen unkörperlichen Geldverkehrs. Das Aufkommen neuer rein digitaler Zahlungsarten wie Kryptowährungen setzen diesen Trend der Entmaterialisierung des Geldverkehrs fort.
Insofern ist auch das Recht der Zwangsvollstreckung der Frage ausgesetzt, inwieweit die Vollstreckung in solche Werte zur Befriedigung des Gläubigers möglich ist. Dieser Frage geht die vorliegende Dissertation auf Basis des deutschen Vollstreckungsrecht am Beispiel der Kryptowährung Bitcoins nach.
Network virtualization provides high flexibility for deploying communication services in dense and heterogeneous environments. Two main approaches (dimensions) that are usually combined exist: Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies for functionality virtualization and Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) algorithms for resource virtualization. These approaches can be applied to different network levels, such as factory and enterprise levels of industrial networks. Several objectives and constraints, that might be conflicting, shall be considered when network virtualization is applied, mainly in complex topologies. This thesis proposes a network virtualization model that considers both virtualization dimensions, two network levels, and different objectives and constraints. The network levels considered are two primary levels in industrial networks. However, this consideration does not restrict the model to a particular environment or certain levels. The considered objectivities/constraints are topology, reliability, security, performance, and resource usage.
Based on this model, we first build an overall combined solution for autonomic and composite virtual networking. This solution considers both virtualization dimensions, two network levels, and target objectives. Furthermore, this solution combines three novel virtualization sub-approaches that consider performance, reliability, and performance. However, the sub-approaches apply to different combinations of levels and dimensions, and the reliability approach additionally considers the resource usage objective. After presenting all solutions, we map them to the defined model.
Regarding applicability to industrial networks, the combined approach is applied to an enterprise-level Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) use case inspired by the smart factory concept in Industry 4.0. However, the sub-approaches are applied to more specific use cases. The performance and reliability solutions are integrated with relevant components of the Time Sensitive Networks (TSN) standard as a modern technology for industrial networks. The goal is to enrich the reliability and performance capabilities of TSN with the flexibility of network virtualization.
In the combined approach, we compose and embed an environment-aware Extended Virtual Network (EVN) that represents the physical devices, virtual application functions, and required Service Function Chains (SFCs). We use the graph transformation method to transform abstract application requirements (represented by an Application Request (AR)) into an EVN. Both EVN composition and embedding methods consider the Substrate Network (SN) topology and different security, reliability, performance, and resource usage policies. These policies are applied with a certain priority and depend on the properties of communicating entities such as location and type. The EVN is embedded using property-based node mapping, reliability-aware branching, and a greedy chain embedding heuristic. The chain embedding heuristic is evaluated using a random topology that represents the use case.
The performance sub-approach is NFV-based and is applied to a specific use case with Time-critical Traffic (TCT) flows. We develop and evaluate a complete framework for virtualizing Time-aware Shaper (TAS) using high-performance NFV. The reliability sub-approach is VNE-based and is applied to a specific factory level use case. We develop minimal and maximal branching heuristics based on a reliability-aware k-shortest path algorithm and compare them using a typical factory topology. We then integrate these algorithms with a Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) simulator to realize reliability policies by the autonomic and efficient configuration of a supporting technology.
The security sub-approaches are related to both virtualization dimensions and are applied to generic enterprise-level use cases. However, the applicability of the security aspect to industrial networks is only shown in the combined (EVN) approach and its use case. We research the autonomic security management in Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) with the main goal of early reaction to threats through SFC reconfiguration through Virtual Network Function (VNF) live migration. This goal is approached by supporting the security measurements with a decision making architecture that considers, on the one hand, the threats and events in the environment and, on the other hand, the Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the NFVI provider and user. For this purpose, we classify the VNF-specific attacks and define possible early detectable behavior patterns. Finally, we develop a security-aware VNE heuristic that considers the security requirements of the Virtual Network (VN) and the security capabilities of the SN. This approach is modified in the combined approach to consider deploying virtualized security VNFs.