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Die Bergrechtsreformen Mitte des 19. Jh. in Preußen hatten weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die Bergarbeiterschaft. In Nordrhein-Westfalen wurde 1994 mit dem Wechsel von der Gewerbeaufsicht zur Arbeitsschutzverwaltung ein ähnlicher Paradigmenwechsel vollzogen. Die Abhandlung untersucht und vergleicht die Auswirkungen dieser Rechtsänderungen.
Zum Verhältnis von Interesse und Lebensweltbezug bei Lernaufgaben im Unterrichtsfach Geschichte
(2018)
Die geschichtsdidaktische wie allgemeindidaktische Theorie postulieren Lebensweltbezüge als interessenförderliches Merkmal von Unterricht und Lernaufgaben (Gautschi 2011; Waldis&Buff 2007; Bergmann 2002; Kleinknecht et al. 2012). In der Studie wird zunächst das theoretische Konzept des Lebensweltbezugs im Kontext des historischen Lernens diskutiert und für die Hypothesenprüfung operationalisiert.
Für die empirische Untersuchung der Wirksamkeitsannahmen des Lebensweltbezugs von Geschichtsaufgaben wird das situationale Interesse als zweidimensionales Konstrukt bestehend aus Aufgabeninteressantheit und subjektiver Bedeutsamkeit der Aufgabe (vgl. auch Hidi&Renninger 2012; Durik&Harackievicz 2007; Mitchell 1993) konzeptualisiert. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich Merkmale der Aufgabe auf beide Komponenten des situationalen Interesses unterschiedlich auswirken können. Zusätzlich wird ein Einfluss des individuellen Fachinteresses an Geschichte auf die Aufgabenwahrnehmung angenommen.
Eine differenzielle Betrachtung des Interesses (Fachinteresse und situationales Interesse) für das Fach Geschichte stellt bislang ein Desiderat dar. Sowohl auf Aufgaben- wie auch auf Individualebene liegen hierzu nur wenige Befunde für das historische Lernen vor (Bracke et al. 2014). Ebenso lässt sich die interessenförderliche Wirkung des Lebensweltbezugs für Geschichte bislang nur unzureichend empirisch belegen.
Für die Studie wurden insgesamt 34 Aufgaben zu drei Themengebieten des Geschichtsunterrichts der 9. Jahrgangsstufe inhaltsanalytisch hinsichtlich ihres Lebensweltbezugs untersucht sowie 801 Schüler/innen bayerischer Realschulen hinsichtlich der wahrgenommenen Interessantheit und Bedeutsamkeit der Aufgaben befragt.
Die Wirkung des jeweiligen Lebensweltbezugs sowie des individuellen Fachinteresses auf die wahrgenommene subjektive Bedeutsamkeit und Interessantheit der Aufgaben wurde mittels Cross-Classified Mulitlevel Analysen mit dem Statistikprogramm MPlus (Muthén und Muthén 2012) überprüft.
Die Analysen zeigten, dass grundsätzlich das bereits bestehende Fachinteresses Geschichte eines Menschen die wahrgenommene Interessantheit und Bedeutsamkeit der Aufgabe prädiziert, unabhängig von den Merkmalen der Aufgabe. Die differenzielle Wirkung von Aufgabenmerkmalen auf die beiden Komponenten des situationalen Interesses kann den Ergebnissen gemäß bestätigt werden. Insgesamt gesehen wirkt der Lebensweltbezug einer Aufgabe insbesondere auf die subjektive Bedeutsamkeit und nicht auf die Aufgabeninteressantheit.
Es wird diskutiert, dass das Fachinteresse an Geschichte als Prädiktorvariable eine wichtige Einflussgröße auf die Aufgabenwahrnehmung darstellt. Zugleich ist das situationale Interesse, das beim Lernen geweckt wird, eine wichtige Voraussetzung dafür, dass sich dauerhaft ein stabiles individuelles Fachinteresse ausbilden kann (Ferdinand 2014).
In der geschichtsdidaktischen Forschung wurde den motivationalen Bedingungen des historischen Lernens insgesamt bislang nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit beigemessen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie legen nahe, dass eine intensivere Erforschung einer interessenförderlicher Unterrichts- und Aufgabengestaltung, die sowohl die situationale Interessantheit als auch die subjektive Bedeutsamkeit anregt, einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Erweiterung des empirischen Forschungsfeldes in der Geschichtsdidaktik leisten kann.
Blockchains and distributed ledger technology (DLT) that rely on Proof-of-Work (PoW) typically show limited performance. Several recent approaches incorporate Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols in their DLT design as Byzantine consensus allows for increased performance and energy efficiency, as well as it offers proven liveness and safety properties. While there has been a broad variety of research on BFT consensus protocols over the last decades, those protocols were originally not intended to scale for a large number of nodes. Thus, the quest for scalable BFT consensus was initiated with the emerging research interest in DLT. In this paper, we first provide a broad analysis of various optimization techniques and approaches used in recent protocols to scale Byzantine consensus for large environments such as BFT blockchain infrastructures. We then present an overview of both efforts and assumptions made by existing protocols and compare their solutions.
In the last decade, crowdsourcing has proved its ability to address large scale data collection tasks, such as labeling large data sets, at a low cost and in a short time. However, the performance and behavior variability between workers as well as the variability in task designs and contents, induce an unevenness in the quality of the produced contributions and, thus, in the final output quality. In order to maintain the effectiveness of crowdsourcing, it is crucial to control the quality of the contributions. Furthermore, maintaining the efficiency of crowdsourcing requires the time and cost overhead related to the quality control to be at its lowest. While effective, current quality control techniques such as contribution aggregation, worker selection, context-specific reputation systems, and multi-step workflows, suffer from fairly high time and budget overheads and from their dependency on prior knowledge about individual workers.
In this thesis, we address this challenge by leveraging the similarity between completed and incoming tasks as well as the correlation between the worker declarative profiles and their performance in previous tasks in order to perform an efficient task-aware worker selection. To this end, we propose CAWS (Context AwareWorker Selection) method which operates in two phases; in an offline phase, completed tasks are clustered into homogeneous groups for each of which the correlation with the workers declarative profile is learned. Then, in the online phase, incoming tasks are matched to one of the existing clusters and the correspondent, previously inferred profile model is used to select the most reliable online workers for the given task. Using declarative profiles helps eliminate any probing process, which reduces the time and the budget while maintaining the crowdsourcing quality. Furthermore, the set of completed tasks, when compared to a probing task split, provides a larger corpus from which a more precise profile model can be learned. This translates to a better selection quality, especially for harder tasks.
In order to evaluate CAWS, we introduce CrowdED (Crowdsourcing Evaluation Dataset), a rich dataset to evaluate quality control methods and quality-driven task vectorization and clustering. The generation of CrowdED relies on a constrained sampling approach that allows to produce a task corpus which respects both, the budget and type constraints. Beside helping in evaluating CAWS, and through its generality and richness, CrowdED helps in plugging the benchmarking gap present in the crowdsourcing quality control community.
Using CrowdED, we evaluate the performance of CAWS in terms of the quality of the worker selection and in terms of the achieved time and budget reduction. Results shows the following: first, automatic grouping is able to achieve a learning quality similar to job-based grouping. And second, CAWS is able to outperform the state-of-the-art profile-based worker selection when it comes to quality. This is especially true when strong budget and time constraints are present on the requester side.
Finally, we complement our work by a software contribution consisting of an open source framework called CREX (CReate Enrich eXtend). CREX allows the creation, the extension and the enrichment of crowdsourcing datasets. It provides the tools to vectorize, cluster and sample a task corpus to produce constrained task sets and to automatically generate custom crowdsourcing campaign sites.
#WirSindMehrThemen
(2018)
Der #wirsindmehr steht für die Befürwortung einer pluralistischen Gesellschaft. Nicht nur Gesellschaften, sondern auch sozialwissenschaftliche Themen profitieren von Vielfalt. Um die große Bandbreite dieser Themen wertzuschätzen, trägt diese Ausgabe den Titel „#WirSindMehrThemen“.
Rebecca Gramlich befasst sich anhand des Theaterstücks „Mi Piedra Rosetta“ von J.R. Fernández mit der Frage, wie das Konzept „Aestethics of Acces“ einen Zugang für Gehörlose zum Theater darstellt. Die Frage „Was ist Geld?“ beantwortet Simon Rettenmaier mit Hilfe zweier Geldtheorien von Marcel Mauss und Christoph Türcke. Lena Keicher widmet sich in Ihrer Arbeit der neuen Identitätskonstruktion der Türkei und untersucht die Auswirkungen derer auf die Bezeigungen zur EU.
Inhalt:
Rebecca Gramlich
AESTHETICS OF ACCESS
Taubheit in J.R. Fernández' Mi Piedra Rosetta
Simon Rettenmaier
WAS IST GELD?
Zwei Theorien zu einer Frage
Lena Keicher
TURKEY IS STANDING ON ITS OWN FEET NOW
Wie die neue Identitätskonstruktion der Türkei unter der AKP die Beziehung zur EU beeinflusst
The Semantic Web exists for about 20 years by now, but its applicability as well as its presence does not live up to the standards of its original idea. Incorporated Semantic Web Technologies do have an initial barrier to learn and apply, which can discourage many potential users. This leads to less available data overall in addition to decreased data quality.
This work solves parts of the aforementioned problem by supporting idiomatic entry to those Semantic Web Technologies, allowing for "easier" accessibility and usability. Anno4j is a Java library that implements a form of Object-Relational Mapping for RDF data. With its application, RDF data can be created via a mapping by simply instantiating Java objects - an object-oriented programming concept the user is familiar with. On the other side, requesting persisted data is supported by a path-based querying possibility, while other features like transactional behaviour, code generation, and automated validation of input contribute to a more effective, comprehensive, and straightforward usage.
A use-case is provided by the MICO Platform, a centralized software instance that connects autonomous multimedia extractors in a workflow-driven fashion. This leads to a rich metadata background for the inserted multimedia files, enabling them to be used in diverse scenarios as well as unlocking yet hidden semantics. For this task it was necessary to design and implement a metadata model that is able to aggregate and merge the varying extractor results under a common denominator: the MICO Metadata Model.
The results of this work allow the use case to incorporate idiomatic Semantic Web Technologies which are then usable natively by non-Semantic Web experts. Additionally, an increase has been achieved in forms of data integration, synchronisation, integrity and validity, as well as an overall more comprehensive and rich implementation of the multimedia extractors.
Analysing security assumptions taken for the WebRTC and postMessage APIs led us to find a novel attack abusing the browsers' persistent storage capabilities. The presented attack can be executed without the website's visitor knowledge, and it requires neither browser vulnerabilities nor additional software on the browser's side. To exemplify this, we study how can an attacker use browsers to create a network for persistent storage and distribution of arbitrary data.
In our proof of concept, the total storage of the network, and therefore the space used within each browser, grows linearly with the number of origins delivering the malicious JavaScript code. Further, data transfers between browsers are not restricted by the Same Origin Policy, which allows for a unified cross-origin browser network, regardless of the origin from which the script executing the functionality is loaded from.
In the course of our work, we assess the feasibility of a real-life deployment of the network by running experiments using Linux containers and browser automation tools. Moreover, we show how security mechanisms against third-party tracking, cross-site scripting and click-jacking can diminish the attack's impact, or even prevent it.
Direct access to the system's resources such as the GPU, persistent storage and networking has enabled in-browser crypto-mining. Thus, there has been a massive response by rogue actors who abuse browsers for mining without the user's consent. This trend has grown steadily for the last months until this practice, i.e., CryptoJacking, has been acknowledged as the number one security threat by several antivirus companies.
Considering this, and the fact that these attacks do not behave as JavaScript malware or other Web attacks, we propose and evaluate several approaches to detect in-browser mining. To this end, we collect information from the top 330.500 Alexa sites. Mainly, we used real-life browsers to visit sites while monitoring resource-related API calls and the browser's resource consumption, e.g., CPU.
Our detection mechanisms are based on dynamic monitoring, so they are resistant to JavaScript obfuscation. Furthermore, our detection techniques can generalize well and classify previously unseen samples with up to 99.99\% precision and recall for the benign class and up to 96\% precision and recall for the mining class. These results demonstrate the applicability of detection mechanisms as a server-side approach, e.g., to support the enhancement of existing blacklists.
Last but not least, we evaluated the feasibility of deploying prototypical implementations of some detection mechanisms directly on the browser. Specifically, we measured the impact of in-browser API monitoring on page-loading time and performed micro-benchmarks for the execution of some classifiers directly within the browser. In this regard, we ascertain that, even though there are engineering challenges to overcome, it is feasible and beneficial for users to bring the mining detection to the browser.
Dieser Aufsatz stellt den rahmenden Teil einer kumulativen Dissertation dar, welche an der Universität Passau angenommen wurde. In der Dissertation wird der Mehrwert sowie die Wirkungsweisen von Politiksimulationen untersucht. Die Dissertation verortet sich in den beiden Feldern Politikwissenschaft sowie Politische Bildung, da nachgewiesen werden konnte, das Simulationen in beiden Feldern eine Wirkungsweise entfalten können. Zusätzlich zu diesem rahmenden Teil werden die Details der drei vorgestellten Forschungsprojekte in mehreren Einzelpublikationen intensiv behandelt, welche an den angegebenen Orten zu finden sind.
An increasing number of companies report that eco-sustainable initiatives have a positive impact on firms’ economic performance and concurrently allow the combination of social and commercial goals by optimizing environmental and economic decisions simultaneously. These initiatives are considered an integral part of organizational sustainability transformations, which are a special case of multilayered, complex organizational change efforts that relate to environmental, organizational, and individual factors. Institutional logics and information systems (IS) have shown to be two important perspectives from which to explore mechanisms and processes central to organizational sustainability transformations. Institutional logics offer a unique perspective to investigate organizational change for sustainability because they provide a new approach to organizational change that incorporates macro structures, culture, and agency to explain how actions are enabled or constrained. It thus allows for insights into the complex and miscellaneous interplay of external and internal determinants that govern organizational transformation processes towards sustainability. By providing insights into institutional changes of practice and behaviors, an institutional logic perspective allows for a detailed analysis of organizational transformations. Within these change processes, IS have shown to be an efficient and pervasive tool to leverage sustainability by integrating human and technological factors. Since IS have become a key resource for the encouragement of organizational sustainability transformations, adopting an IS perspective allows for an understanding of mechanisms and processes that enable IS to foster sustainability in organizations. Thus, this dissertation draws on four studies by investigateing an institutional logic perspective as well as an IS perspective to explore organizational sustainability transformations and facilitate an in-depth understanding of organizational, human, and technological factors that encourage sustainability in organizational transformations.
Information has a particular importance in online purchase decision processes. As opposed to consumers in online markets, consumers in online markets cannot inspect the physical product to evaluate it and reduce their perceived risk. Hence, consumers in online markets are dependent upon the information that they can gather about a product in which they are interested. Therefore, they have two primary sources of information: Product descriptions and customer reviews. Both sources affect consumers’ purchase decision processes and hence have an economic impact for consumers, shop providers and manufacturers. It is important to know how these sources of information influence a customer’s online purchase decision and how to extract the relevant information.
To examine these research objectives, several studies applying different methodological approaches have been conducted. The results are presented in this dissertation.
In the age of globalization, exponential growth and digitalization, organizations need to make faster decisions, as well as continually innovate and adapt to changing customer needs to ensure their long-term competitiveness (Kammerlander et al. 2018; Magnusson and Martini 2008). Notably, large and established companies find it difficult to keep up with start-ups and smaller companies as well as with digital transformation (Christensen et al. 2015).
Thus, organizations are increasingly providing their workforce with Enterprise Social Networks (ESNs) as intra-organizational social software platforms.
Although ESNs hold great promises for organizations and their employees (Mäntymäki and Riemer 2016), most ESN initiatives fail to leverage the intended benefits (Chin et al. 2015). This dissertation seeks to open up the black box behind this seemingly paradoxical relationship.
It comprises four studies that are guided by the following research questions:
R 1: How do different types of users (posters and lurkers) differ in their motivations for participating in ESNs? (= Paper 1)
R 2: Why do employees deliberately not use the ESN? (= Paper 2)
R 3: How can ESNs be successfully implemented and improved to overcome the challenges perceived by employees? (= Paper 3)
R 4: Does ESN usage impact on individual task performance? And how can ESNs be used effectively to increase performance outcomes? (= Paper 4)
Overall, the four studies contribute to a better understanding of the non-adoption phenomenon of ESNs, provide rich insights on employees’ underlying reasons and challenges regarding ESN usage, while underscoring the potential value of ESNs.
Die vorliegende publikationsbasierte Dissertationsschrift beschäftigt sich mit dem Phänomen der „Sicherheitsbedrohungen“ aus europäischer und US-amerikanischer Perspektive. Sie bewegt sich damit auf dem Gebiet der Security Studies. Dabei geht die Arbeit von einem erweiterten Verständnis von Sicherheit aus, das über das traditionell militärische Sicherheitsverständnis hinausgeht. Bedrohungen können demzufolge aus verschiedensten Situationen hervorgehen – unter anderem aus Finanzkrisen oder transnationalem Terrorismus. Nichtsdestotrotz stehen auch für die New Security Studies (mit ihrem so verstandenen erweiterten Sicherheitsbegriff) ebenso jene Bedrohungsszenarien im Fokus, die aus zwischenstaatlichen Konflikten resultieren, wie beispielsweise aus dem Ukraine-Russland Konflikt der vergangenen Jahre.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die folgenden, zentralen Forschungsziele verfolgt: das Gewinnen von theoretisch-fundierten empirischen Erkenntnissen mit Blick auf ausgewählte Problemfelder der europäischen und US-amerikanischen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik und mit Blick auf die transatlantischen Beziehungen (1) sowie die Erweiterung und Vertiefung der Securitization-Theorie und ihrer Anwendungsfelder in der Internationalen Politik (2).
This cumulative thesis consists of six single contributions: five independent essays and an introductory chapter. All of the conributions have been published or accepted for publication. The overarching scope of these essays is to analyze different factors accounting for the stability of post-Soviet authoritarian regimes and the obstacles, which Western democracy promoters can face when dealing with autocrats. The starting point for these enquiries has been the striking inability of Western democracies and in particular of the European Union to encourage and to assist political transformation in the majority of the post-Soviet republics.
In this thesis I empirically assess a wide range of constraints faced by different types of entrepreneurs in developing countries and the effectiveness of different policy interventions aimed at removing them. Thereby, the thesis contributes to the growing literature on enterprises and entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, by producing valuable evidence on which are the constraints faced by which types of entrepreneurs in starting, surviving, and growing, as well as on which interventions work, and for whom. The thesis hence provides important insights for policy formulation aimed at inclusive growth.
It consists of three self-contained papers, which put different emphasis on three different areas in which important research gaps remain. The first paper, which is presented in chapter 2, focuses on interventions aimed at removing firm-level shocks. It consists of a systematic review of evaluations of targeted programs and broader policies that intend to promote micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries, and assesses which of these interventions are effective in creating jobs. The paper presented in chapter 3 considers death of small, mainly one-person and household businesses. Together with my co-author, I collated panel data on more than 14,000 small firms from 16 firm panel surveys conducted in 12 developing countries. We use this unique panel dataset to provide answers to the following questions: What is the rate of firm death over different horizons? Which firms are more likely to die? Why do they die and what happens afterwards? In chapter 4, I take a closer look at household-level shocks and non-separability between the household and the firm, and assess whether extending health insurance to previously uninsured households leads to increased investment in productive activities, by assessing the impact of a large national health insurance scheme, the Mexican Seguro Popular, on investment in productive agricultural and non-agricultural assets and activities in rural areas. Using panel data from the Mexican rural evaluation surveys of the Oportunidades cash transfer program, I estimate the effect of the program on out-of-pocket health care expenditures and productive assets and account for possible self-selection of households into the program, using difference-in-differences estimation, as well as a propensity score matched difference-in-differences specification.
Der Binnentourismus in den ASEAN-Staaten wird an Hand von vorhandenen statistischen Daten untersucht. Durch Befragungen thailändischer Binnentouristen wird darüber hinaus die Datenerhebung ausgeweitet, um die vorhandenen statistischen Daten zu ergänzen und zu verifizieren. Hierbei wird insbesonders untersucht, in wieweit der Binnentourismus in den Ländern wahrgenommen wird, welche Bevölkerungsgruppen sich daran beteiligen, welche Interessen sie dabei verfolgen und welche Auswirkungen der Binnentourismus in physiognomischer und sozio-kultureller Hinsicht mit sich bringt.
This study examines the dynamics which lead to revitalization of everyday life in the public spaces of Cagayan de Oro, a medium-sized urban center in Northern Mindanao, the Philippines. By employing the oriental philosophies together with western thoughts such as Henri Lefebvre, Alain Touraine and Jürgen Habermas, this study elucidates that the core of perceived, lived and conceived spaces is ‘the Subject.’ Once the Subject utilizes the public sphere to instill social action, social space is ultimately produced. Hawkers, grassroots environmental activists, street readers and artists are the social Subjects who partake in the vibrancy of public spaces. The social Subjects utilize public spaces as venues of social transformation. Thus, this study argues that the social Subjects’ role in democratic process lead to inclusivity of the marginalized sector in the public spaces of the city.
"Die Umsetzung eines inklusiven Bildungswesens ist Auftrag der Übereinkunft zum Schutz der Rechte von Menschen mit Behinderungen (UN-BRK, Art. 24) und mit der Ratifizierung durch die Bundesregierung in Deutschland seit 2009 staatliche Verpflichtung und nationales Recht.
Die Debatte, wie ein inklusives Schulsystem umzusetzen sei, wird von diversen Standpunkten aus geführt. Für die vorliegende Fragestellung ist der didaktische Ansatz Feusers (1995 u.a.) in besonderer Weise relevant: der "gemeinsame Gegenstand" ist didaktisches Fundamentum sowie Qualitätskriterium inklusiven Lernens. Ebenfalls ist das Verständnis Muths (2002 u.a.), die Verwirklichung eines "integrativen Schulwesens" als primär demokratische Aufgabe zu verstehen, ein als besonders relevant zu bewertender Ansatz für die vorliegende Arbeit (s.u.). Die von Rolff (2010 und 2016) beschriebenen Interdependenzen von (Schul-) Entwicklungsprozessen, auch und gerade zwischen den Institutionen (s.u.) gilt es ebenfalls zu berücksichtigen.
[...]
Die (erste) Waldorfschule wurde im Jahr 1919 in der Folge der sozialreformerischen Bewegung der "Dreigliederung des sozialen Organismus" begründet. Basis der heute ca. 250 in Deutschland arbeitenden Waldorfschulen bildet nach wie vor das umfassende Menschenverständnis der Anthropologie Rudolf Steiners, welche sich in der "Allgemeinen Menschenkunde als Grundlage der Pädagogik" (Steiner 1992) grundlegend und erstmalig konkretisierte. Die pädagogischen Schriften und Vorträge Steiners verstehen den Menschen als sich entwickelndes Wesen in einem umfassenden Sinn, (schulische) Pädagogik somit als Unterstützung der kindlichen Entwicklung. Eine Differenzierung oder Einschränkung der grundsätzlich bestehenden Entwicklungsfähigkeit wird nicht vorgenommen. Als Gesamtschule hat die Waldorfschule daher von Beginn an Kinder mit unterschiedlichsten Begabungen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen aufgenommen und pädagogisch begleitet . Die Begriffe Individualität, Diversität und Heterogenität bilden die anthropologische Basis pädagogischen Handelns an Waldorfschulen und beinhalten damit grundsätzlich das Potential inklusiven Unterrichts bzw. inklusiver (Schul-) Entwicklungen.
Die waldorfpädagogische Praxis und die zugrundeliegende Theorie wurden bisher in einem relativ geringen Maß wissenschaftlich zur Kenntnis genommen bzw. diskursiv diskutiert . Um die Potenziale einer sich auch aktuell als zeitgemäß verstehenden Pädagogik für das traditionelle "Regelschul-System" bzw. Innovationen daselbst fruchtbar zu machen, bedarf es weiterer und erneuter sowohl theoretischer (erziehungswissenschaftlicher und didaktischer) als auch praktischer Auseinandersetzung.
[...]
Die für die Entwicklung der jeweiligen pädagogischen Theoriebildung und Praxis (ausgehend von Waldorfpädagogik in Theorie und schulischer Praxis, inklusionspädagogische Fragestellungen und Forschungsergebnisse einbeziehend) notwendigen bzw. möglichen grundlegenden Bedingungen werden exemplarisch analysiert und benannt, um sie für einen Gesamt-Reformprozess verfügbar zu machen. Konkret geht es um das Potential der Waldorfpädagogik (in Theoriebildung und schulischer Praxis) für zu entwickelnde Formen inklusiven Lernens."
Due to the need for fast and energy-efficient accesses to growing amounts of data, the share and number of embedded memories inside modern microchips has been continuously increasing within the last years. Since embedded memories have the highest integration density of a fabrication technology they pose special test challenges due to complex manufacturing defects as well as strong transistor aging phenomena. This necessitates efficient methods for detecting more subtle defects while keeping test costs low. This work presents novel methods and techniques for improving the efficiency of embedded memory manufacturing tests. The proposed methods are demonstrated in an industrial setting based on production-proven transistor, memory as well as chip models and their benefits over the current state-of-the art is worked out.
While in some Eastern European countries a wave of colored revolutions challenged existing political orders, Belarus has remained largely untouched by mass protests. In Minsk, the diffusion of democratic ideas leading to the mobilization of population meets a stable authoritarian regime. Nevertheless, the stagnating democratization process cannot be only attributed to the strong authoritarian rule and abuse of power. Indeed, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko still enjoys popularity by a large part of the population. Although international observers report that elections in Belarus have never been free and fair, few commentators doubt that Lukashenko would not have won in democratic elections. This evidence suggests that the regime succeeded in building a strong legitimizing basis, which has not been seriously challenged during the last two decades. This paper explores the authoritarian stability in Belarus by looking at the patterns of state ideology. The government effectively spreads state ideology since the early 2000s. Ideology departments have been created in almost all state institutions. The education sector has been affected by the introduction of the compulsory course "The Fundamentals of Belarusian State Ideology" at all universities, and increasing attention to the patriotic education at schools. Based on document analysis, I trace the creation of "ideological vertical" in Belarus and focuse on the issue of ideology in education and youth policy sectors.
Anke Donnerstag geht in ihrer komparativen Betrachtung der Filme DIE GUSTLOFF (D 2008) und EIN WEITES HERZ – SCHICKSALSJAHRE EINER DEUTSCHEN FAMILIE (D 2013) der Frage nach, wie die Deutschen und die Nazis in Fernsehspielfilmen der Gegenwart figuriert werden. Daran schließt sie die Frage an, in welchem Maße die dargestellten Deutschen und Nazis bereits vorhandenen Figurenstereotypen entsprechen. Unter Einbezug einer Studie, die sich mit der familiären Tradierung von Geschichtsbewusstsein befasst, wird im Beitrag erörtert, inwieweit die Figuren der untersuchten Filme durch ihre Darstellung ein Identifikationsangebot für die Gesellschaft bereitstellen. Konkret: Fördern die Figurendarstellungen das gegenwärtige kollektive Geschichtsbild, dass auch die deutsche Zivilbevölkerung als Opfer von Nationalsozialismus und Krieg versteht?
Peter Klimczak wiederum setzt sich mit Ir reiniu wîp, ir werden man (L. 66,21) mit einer der anspruchsvollsten Dichtungen Walther von der Vogelweides auseinander. Fast ein Jahrhundert lang wurde bezweifelt, ob es sich überhaupt um ein zusammenhängendes Lied handelt und bis jetzt besteht bezüglich der genauen Strophenfolge ein (Rest-)Dissens. Dieser resultiert aus der unterschiedlichen Lesarten des Liedes. Das auf Algirdas J. Greimas und François Rastier zurückgehende Isotopienmodell erlaubt die Differenzierung einer traditionellen, monoisotopischen, von einer progressiven, polyisotopischen, Lesart. Mit letzterer lassen sich entscheidende argumentative Brüche innerhalb und zwischen den Strophen auflösen und das Lied als enigmatischer Metatext über Literatur und Literaturinterpretation lesen. Aus einer solchen Perspektive heraus lässt sich dann auch eine bestimmte Strophenfolge klar präferieren.
Andreas Neumann macht in seinem Beitrag auf einen bisher von der Medien- aber auch Geschichtswissenschaft nur unzureichend beachteten Bereich der DDR-Fernsehforschung aufmerksam: Die Rolle der Frau in Partnerschaft und ihre Sexualität, sowie der Wandel der dementsprechenden Diskurse im Laufe der Zeit. Dabei wird der Grundannahme Michel Foucaults gefolgt, wonach es sich bei der Sexualität um einen besonders dichten Durchgangspunkt für Machtbeziehungen, nicht zuletzt zwischen Mann und Frau sowie Verwaltung und Bevölkerung, handelt. Anhand von drei, durchaus für die ganze Familie konzipierten, Fernsehserien - ABER VATI! (DDR 1974/1979), MÄRKISCHE CHRONIK (DDR 1983) und JOHANNA (DDR 1989) - analysiert Andreas Neumann die Darstellung von weiblichen Rollenbildern und der dazugehörigen Sexualität. Abschließend widmet sich der Beitrag auch den gesellschaftspolitischen Implikationen der aufgezeigten Darstellungen.
Denis Newiak lotet anhand des umfangreichen filmischen Bildreservoirs von „Psycho“ – von Hitchcocks Klassiker über die Fortsetzungsfilme bis hin zur aktuellen Fernsehserie BATES MOTEL (USA 2013-2017) – die Möglichkeiten einer kinematographischen Ikonografie der Einsamkeit aus. Die Welt von „Psycho“ gilt dabei vorwiegend durch ihre hochgradige Modernität als unerschöpflicher Bildspeicher, der sich vorwiegend aus den „Nicht-Orten“ (Augé) und deren verdächtigen Räumen hinter den Medienoberflächen speist. Unter Zuhilfenahme der Erkenntnisse der Kunstwissenschaft zu Einsamkeitsbildern in Malerei und Fotografie unterbreitet der Autor damit Vorschläge, wie sich eine Ikonografie der Einsamkeit als Abdruck der Moderne als Zeitalter zunehmender Vereinsamung denken ließe. Dies, so der Autor, könnte die Voraussetzung für einen neuartigen methodischen Zugang zu Kunstformen der Moderne im Allgemeinen bilden.
Christian Ostwald widmet sich in seinem Beitrag ganz und gar Andrej Tarkovskijs STALKER (SU 1979). Er geht der Frage nach, worin sich Tarkovskijs Filmklassiker als Kunstwerk und Medium philosophischen Diskurses begründet. So wird im Einzelnen dargelegt, wie der Diskurs bereits in der archetypischen Figuration und den raumsemantischen Strukturen des Films angelegt ist. Der Beitrag zeigt wie die Permeabilität der diegetischen Grenze erhöht und durch die spezifische Montage Tarkovskijs filmische Räume der Kontemplation eröffnet werden. Dabei widersetzen sich diese kontemplativen Räume – ganz zugunsten einer vornehmlich ästhetischen Erfahrung – einer rein rationalen Rezeption.
Der Beitrag von Samuel Schilling zeichnet aus systemtheoretischer Sicht auf Kommunikation die Überlegungen des Stadtsoziologen Hans-Paul Bahrdt nach. Ihm zufolge stellen besondere Formen des Kommunizierens und Verhaltens ein Merkmal städtischer Öffentlichkeit dar. Die Beschreibung macht Ungenauigkeiten des Kommunikationsbegriffs Bahrdts sichtbar, stellt aber genauso den gleichzeitigen inhaltlichen Wert seiner Überlegungen heraus. Zudem werden Bahrdts Überlegungen zur öffentlichen Sphäre in der Stadt und zur Besonderheit der dortigen Kommunikation um die phänomenologische Beschreibung von Orten des Ethnologen Marc Augé ergänzt. Dergestalt ist es möglich, die Besonderheiten der Orte städtischer Öffentlichkeit genauer zu charakterisieren.
Ausgehend von den gattungsspezifischen Besonderheiten des Historienfilms zeigt Thomas Wegener anhand zahlreicher Beispiele, dass der historische Spielfilm höchst eklektizistische Geschichtsbilder (nach)zeichnet. Diese Geschichtsbilder basieren einerseits überwiegend auf Vorstellungen des 19. Jahrhunderts, andererseits auf einer aus dem Faschismus bekannten Bildsprache. Keiner der Filme berücksichtigt den aktuellen historischen Forschungsstand. Vielmehr kommentieren die dargestellten, vergangenen, Welten aktuelle Ereignisse und Konflikte und spiegeln rezente Werte und Normen wider. Daher scheint es, so Thomas Wegener, für die historiographische Forschung sinnvoller zu sein, weniger nach dem „richtig“ oder „falsch“ zu fragen, sondern angesichts der enormen Breitenwirkung des Medium Films zu erörtern, wie genau Geschichte im Spielfilm gedacht und inszeniert wird.
Schriften zur Kultur- und Mediensemiotik | Online ist ein Open Access Journal des Virtuellen Zentrums für kultursemiotische Forschung / Virtual Centre for Cultural Semiotics (www.kultursemiotik.com). Die Ausgabe 5 wurde von Peter Klimczak herausgegeben.
Inhalt der fünften Ausgabe der Schriften zur Kultur- und Mediensemiotik | Online
Peter Klimczak (Hrsg.)
Vorwort
Thomas Wegener
Sinnvoll oder sinnfrei? Zur Darstellung von Geschichte im historischen Spielfilm
Samuel Schilling
Die selbstreferentielle Stadt: Kommunikation und die Orte urbaner Öffentlichkeit
Christian Ostwald
Filmischer Raum als Ort der Kontemplation in Andrej Tarkovskijs STALKER
Denis Newiak
Nicht-Ort Bates Motel:
Vorüberlegungen zu einer Ikonografie der Einsamkeit in der amerikanischen Moderne
Andreas Neumann
Sexualität und Rollenzuweisung der Frau im späten DDR-Fernsehen: Ein beispielhafter Einblick in ein vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld
Peter Klimczak
Mono- und polyisotopische Lesarten von Walther von der Vogelweides Ir reiniu wîp, ir werden man (L. 66,21)
Anke Donnerstag
Die Deutschen und die Nazis: Figurendarstellungen in zeithistorischen Spielfilmen des öffentlich-rechtlichen Fernsehens
Impressum / Neuerscheinungen
In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Integraltransformation, die Roulettransformation, eingeführt. Diese arbeitet mit anisotropen Skalierungen und Rotationen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Roulettransformation allgemeine gerichtete Singularitäten im Sinne von temperierten Distributionen auflöst. Die Abklingraten an Punkt- sowie Liniensingularitäten werden explizit angegeben.
Previous laboratory studies on the centipede game have found that subjects exhibit surprisingly high levels of cooperation. Across disciplines, it has recently been highlighted that these high levels of cooperation might be explained by “team reasoning”, the willingness to think as a team rather than as an individual. We run an experiment with a standard centipede game as a baseline. In two treatments, we seek to induce team reasoning by making a joint goal salient. First, we implement a probabilistic variant of the centipede game that makes it easy to identify a joint goal. Second, we frame the game as a situation where a team of two soccer players attempts to score a goal. This frame increases the salience even more. Compared to the baseline, our treatments induce higher levels of cooperation. In a second experiment, we obtain similar evidence in a more natural environment–a beer garden during the 2014 FIFA Soccer World Cup. Our study contributes to understanding how a salient goal can support cooperation.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit epistemologischen Überzeugungen von Lehramtsstudierenden in der Disziplin Erziehungswissenschaft. Das Konstrukt der epistemologischen Überzeugungen wird zunächst in einer historischen Synopse in seiner Entwicklung beleuchtet, wobei drei unterschiedliche Phasen der Konstruktgenese unterschieden werden können. Die zentralen Konzeptualisierungen epistemologischer Überzeugungen werden dargestellt. Aufbauend auf den jüngsten Erkenntnissen im Feld wird eine aktuelle Synthese vorgenommen, aus der sowohl wissenschaftlicher Anlass als auch praktischer Bedarf zu einer auf die Disziplin fokussierten Instrumententwicklung abgeleitet werden. Vor empirisch-methodologischem Hintergrund wird die klassische Testtheorie als geeignetes Methodenspektrum für die Instrumententwicklung herangezogen. Im Hinblick auf die inzwischen vorherrschende Forschungsauffassung, dass es sich bei den epistemologischen Überzeugungen um ein mehrdimensionales und disziplinspezifisches Konstrukt handelt, werden die aus dem Theoriegefüge gewonnenen Dimensionen zu einem Instrument, dem StEB (students' epistemological beliefs) Inventar, welches in drei aufeinanderfolgenden Studien entwickelt, geprüft, modifiziert und dessen Testwertinterpretationen validiert werden. Auf eine überregionale, formalisierte Expertenbefragung folgt eine zur EFA geeignete erste Untersuchung. Die darauf aufbauende Instrumentmodifikation wird in einer zweiten Stichprobe geprüft, die zugleich auch Validierungsstichprobe ist. Erneut werden die Modelle in dieser zweiten Stichprobe hinsichtlich Dimensionalität, Faktorladungen und Modellgüte mittels CFA und EFA getestet. Die Validierung folgt dem argumentationsbasierten Ansatz. Aus den Testwertinterpretationen leiten sich empirisch prüfbare Grundannahmen über den Testinhalt, die interne Teststruktur, die Beziehungen der StEB Testwerte mit Lernstrategien sowie angenommene Gruppenunterschiede ab. Die Prüfung der Grundannahmen stellt Evidenzen bereit, die die Gültigkeit der Testwertinterpetationen stützen. Das Resultat ist ein in Forschung und Praxis einsatzbereites, mehrdimensionales und disziplinspezifisches, quantitatives Erhebungsinstrument. Abschließend werden die forschungspragmatischen und praktischen Implikationen für das Feld der Erziehungswissenschaft und der Lehrerbildung diskutiert.
Vor dem Hintergrund des zunehmenden Rechtsrucks in und außerhalb Deutschlands untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit den Kausalzusammenhang zwischen den drei sozio-politischen Konstrukten Nationalismus, Patriotismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit. Anhand eines mehrfaktoriellen Experiments prüft die Autorin die Richtungsbeziehungen dieser drei zu messenden Faktoren. Die statistische Untersuchungseinheit stellen Studierende der Universität Passau aus unterschiedlichen Studiengängen dar.
Die Arbeit stützt sich auf die Theorie der sozialen Identität von Tajfel, die das für diesen Zusammenhang relevante Verhältnis zwischen der Eigen- und der Fremdgruppe in den Analysefokus rückt. Ergänzend dazu wird das Konzept der "Gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit" von Heitmeyer zur Erklärung fremdenfeindlicher Einstellungsmuster herangezogen.
Die kausale Untersuchung gründet auf einem Modelltest und prüft, ob die empirischen Befunde von Blank und Schmidt (Blank/Schmidt 2003) zu den Richtungsbeziehungen dieser drei Konstrukte noch valide sind. Anhand ihres Strukturgleichungsmodells demonstriert die Autorin, dass sich die Ergebnisse von Blank und Schmidt empirisch erhärtet haben: Demnach ist eine positive Kausalwirkung zwischen Nationalismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit zu konstatieren. Im Gegensatz dazu besteht ein negativ gerichteter Zusammenhang zwischen Patriotismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit.
This thesis distills technical requirements for an increased probative value and data protection compliance, and maps them onto cryptographic properties for which it constructs provably secure and especially private malleable signature schemes (MSS). MSS are specialised digital signature schemes that allow the signatory to authorize certain subsequent modifications, which will not negatively affect the signature verification result.
Legally, regulations such as European Regulation 910/2014 (eIDAS), ‘follow-up’ to longstanding Directive 1999/93/EC, describe the requirements in technology-neutral language. eIDAS states that, when a digital signature meets the full requirements it becomes a qualified electronic signature and then it “[...] shall have the equivalent legal effect of a handwritten signature [...]” [Art. 25 Regulation 910/2014]. The question of what legal effect this has with regards to the probative value that is assigned is actually not determined in EU Regulation 910/2014 but in European member state law. This thesis concentrates in its analysis on the — in this respect detailed — German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO). Following the ZPO, a signature awards the signed document with at least a high probative value of prima facie evidence. For signed documents of official authority the ZPO’s statutory rules even award evidence with a legal presumption of authenticity. This increased probative value is also awarded to electronic documents bearing electronic signatures when those conform to the eIDAS requirements. The requirements centre around the technical security goals of integrity and accountability. Technical mechanisms use cryptographic means to detect the absence of unauthorized modifications (integrity) and allow to authenticate the signed document’s signatory (accountability).
However, the specialised malleable signature schemes’ main advantage is a cryptographic property termed privacy: An authorized subsequent modification will protect the confidentiality of the modified original. Moreover, the MSS will retain a verifiable signature if only authorized modifications were carried out. If these properties are reached with provable security the schemes are called private malleable signature schemes. This thesis analyses two forms of MSS discussed in existing literature: Redactable signature schemes (RSS) which allow subsequent deletions, and sanitizable signature schemes (SSS) which allow subsequent edits. These two forms have many application scenarios: A signatory can delegate that a later redaction might take place while retaining the integrity and authenticity protection for the still remaining parts. The verification of a signature on a redacted or sanitized document still enables the verifying entity to corroborate the signatory’s identity with the help of flanking technical and organisational mechanisms, e.g. a trusted public key infrastructure. The valid signature further corroborates the absence of unauthorized changes, because the MSS is still cryptographically protecting the signed document from undetected unauthorized changes inflicted by adversaries. Due to the confidentiality protection for the overwritten parts of the document following from cryptographic privacy the sanitization and redaction can be used to safeguard personal data to comply with data protection regulation or withhold trade-secrets.
The research question is: Can a malleable signature scheme be private to be compliant with EU data protection regulation and at the same time fulfil the integrity protection legally required in the EU to achieve a high probative value for the data signed?
Answering this requires to understand the protection requirements in respect to accountability and integrity rooted in Regulation 910/2014 and related legal texts. This thesis has analysed the previous Directive 1999/93/EC as well as German SigG and SigVO or UK and US laws. Besides that, legal texts, laws and regulations for the protection requirements of personal data (or PII) have been analysed to distill the confidentiality requirements, e.g. the German BDSG or the EU Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR). Moreover, an answer to the research question entails understanding the relevant difference between regular digital signature schemes, like RSASSA-PSS from PKCS-v2.2 [422], which are legally accepted mechanisms for generating qualified electronic signatures and MSS for which the legal status was completely unknown before the thesis. Especially as MSS allow the authorized entity to adapt the signature, such that it is valid after the authorized modification, without the knowledge or use of the signatory’s signature generation key. On verification of an MSS the verifying entity still sees a valid signature technically appointing the legal signatory as the origin of a document, which might — however — have undergone authorized modifications after the signature was applied.
The thesis documents the results achieved in several domains:
1. Analysis of legal requirements towards integrity protection for an increased probative value and towards the confidentiality protection for use as a privacy-enhancing-technique to comply with data protection regulation.
2. Definition of a suitable terminology for integrity protection to capture (a) the differences between classical and malleable signature schemes, (b) the subtleties among existing MSS, as well as (c) the legal requirements.
3. Harmonisation of existing MSS and their cryptographic properties and the analysis of their shortcomings with respect to the legal requirements.
4. Design of new cryptographic properties and their provably secure cryptographic instantiations, i.e., the thesis proposes nine new cryptographic constructions accompanied by rigorous proofs of their security with respect to the formally defined cryptographic properties.
5. Final evaluation of the increased probative value and data-protection level achievable through the eight proposed cryptographic malleable signature schemes.
The thesis concludes that the detection of any subsequent modification (authorized and unauthorized) is of paramount legal importance in order to meet EU Regulation 910/2014. Further, this thesis formally defined a public form of the legally requested integrity verification which allows the verifying entity to corroborate the absence of any unauthorized modifications with a valid signature verification while simultaneously detecting the presence of an authorized modification — if at least one such authorized modification has subsequently occurred. This property, called non-interactive public accountability (PUB), has been formally defined in this thesis, was published and has already been adopted by the academic community. It was carefully conceived to not negatively impact a base-line level of privacy protection, as non-interactive public accountability had to destroy an existing strong privacy notion of transparency, which was identified as a hinderance to legal equivalence arguments. With RSS and SSS constructions that meet these properties, the thesis can give a positive answer to the research question:
Private MSS can reach a level of integrity protection and guarantee a level of accountability comparable to that of technical mechanisms that are legally accepted to generate qualified electronic signatures giving an increased probative value to the signed document, while at the same time protect the overwritten contents’ confidentiality.
Performance optimization of stencil codes requires data locality improvements. The polyhedron model for loop transformation is well suited for such optimizations with established techniques, such as the PLuTo algorithm and diamond tiling. However, in the domain of our project ExaStencils, stencil codes, it fails to yield optimal results. As an alternative, we propose a new, optimized, multi-dimensional polyhedral search space exploration and demonstrate its effectiveness: we obtain better results than existing approaches in several cases. We also propose how to specialize the search for the domain of stencil codes, which dramatically reduces the exploration effort without significantly impairing performance.
Smart Grids integrate currently isolated power and communications networks, while introducing several new technologies on the hardware and software sides. One of the most important ingredients is the potential for demand-response programs, which offer the possibility of sending instructions to consumers to adapt their power consumption over a certain period of time. However, high-frequency data collection exposes consumers’ usage behaviors, leading to security and privacy challenges for Smart Grids.
In this thesis, three cryptographic schemes are constructed for different demand-response programs. In the mandatory incentive-based demand-response program, privacy preservation depends on the power consumption of consumers. An anonymous authentication scheme is constructed for overload auditing and privacy preservation. Consumers’ identities are anonymous during normal operation. The operation center defines an acceptable consumption threshold at times of power shortage. Consumers must follow the instruction and curtail their power consumption to meet the threshold. If they do so, the consumers keep their anonymity, while disobedient consumers, whose power consumption exceeds the threshold, can be identified. Security analysis demonstrates that the constructed anonymous authentication scheme is secure in a random oracle model. In the voluntary incentivebased demand-response program, consumers are categorized as either obedient or disobedient consumers according to their consumption curtailment. Consumers utilize a homomorphic encryption algorithm to encrypt their usage and report the ciphertexts to the operation center periodically. At a time of grid instability, the obedient consumers reduce their consumption and prove their curtailment by using a range proof. Both the usage reports and the proofs from obedient consumers concerning their consumption are reported without leaking private information. In order to achieve the real-time requirement, a security model is proposed and a batch verification algorithm is constructed, which is proved to be secure in the defined oracle model. Apart from reward and penalty detection in demand-response programs, theft detection is also an important requirement in Smart Grids. In order to achieve theft detection, this thesis employs the dynamic k-times anonymous authentication and blind signatures to create an efficient theft detection mechanism in the prepaid card system, where consumers pay for their consumption in advance and obtain credentials. A consumer sends the credentials anonymously and obtains corresponding credentials during times of consumption. If a thief tries to send reused credentials to steal electricity, his anonymity will be revoked. Finally, this thesis proves that the proposed mechanism finds the real identities of power thieves, without sacrificing the privacy of honest consumers under the random oracle model.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of computational services, devices, and people, which share information with each other. In IoT, inter-system communication is possible and human interaction is not required. IoT devices are penetrating the home and office building environments. According to current estimates, about 35 billion IoT devices will be connected by the year 20212. In the IoT business model, value comes from integrating devices into applications, e.g., home and office automation. In general, an IoT application associates different information sources with actions which can modify the environment, e.g., change the room’s temperature, inform a person, e.g., send an e-mail, or activate other services, e.g., buy milk on-line.
In this thesis, we focus on the commissioning and verification processes of IoT devices used in building automation applications. Within a building’s lifespan, new devices are added, interior spaces are refurbished, and faulty devices are replaced. All of these changes are currently made manually. Furthermore, consider that a context-aware Building Management System (BMS) is an IoT application, which measures direct-context from the building’s sensors to characterize environmental conditions, user locations, and state. Additionally, a BMS combines sensor information to derive inferred-context, such as user activity. Similar to IoT devices, inferred-context instances have to be created manually. As the number of devices and inferred-context instances increases, keeping track of all associations becomes a time-consuming and error-prone task.
The hypothesis of the thesis is that users who interact with the building create use-patterns in the data, which describe functional relations between devices and inferred-context instances, e.g., which desk-movement sensor is used to infer desk-presence and controls which overhead light; additionally, use-patterns can also provide structural relations, e.g., the relative position of spatial sensors. To test the hypothesis, this thesis presents an extension to the new IoT class rule programming paradigm, which simplifies rule creation based on classes. The proposed extension uses a semantic compiler to simplify the device and inferred-context associations. Using direct-context information and template classes, the compiler creates all possible inferredcontext instances. Buildings using context-aware BMSs will have a dynamic response to user behaviour, e.g., required illumination for computer-work is provided by adjusting blinds or increasing the dim setting of overhead ceiling lamps. We propose a rule mining framework to extract use-patterns and find the functional and structural relationships between devices. The rule mining framework uses three stages: (1) event extraction, (2) rule mining, (3) structure creation. The event extraction combines the building’s data into a time-series of device events. Then, in the rule mining stage, rules are mined from the time series, where we use the established algorithm temporal interval tree association rule learner. Additionally, we proposed a rule extraction algorithm for spatial sensor’s data. The algorithm is based on statistical analysis of user transition times between adjacent sensors. We also introduce a new rule extraction algorithm based on increasing belief. In the last stage, structure creation uses the extracted rules to produce device association groups, hierarchical representation of the building, or the relative location of spatial sensors. The proposed algorithms were tested using a year-long installation in a living-lab consisting of a four-person office, a 12-person open office, and a meeting room. For the spatial sensors, four locations within public buildings were used: a meeting room, a hallway, T-crossing, and a foyer. The recording times range from two weeks to two months depending on scenario complexity.
We found that user-generated patterns appear in building data. The rule mining framework produced structures that represent functional and spatial relationships of building’s devices and provide sufficient information to automate maintenance tasks, e.g., automatic device naming. Furthermore, we found that environmental changes are also a source of device data patterns, which provide additional associations. For example, using the framework we found the façade group for exterior light sensors. The façade group can be used to automatically find an alternative signal source to replace broken outdoor light sensors. Finally, the rule mining framework successfully retrieved the relative location of spatial sensors in all locations but the foyer.
Data management is a cornerstone for any kind of information system - including the aerospace and aviation sector. In contrast to conventional domains, software development in the avionics domain must adhere to a legally binding certification process, called qualification. The success of the process depends on compliance with international standards, such as DO-178: Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification. From a software developer's perspective, challenges arise in terms of methods and tools. Techniques that have a potential impact on the deterministic and predictable execution of avionics software are prohibited.
The objective of this thesis' research is to develop a scalable method to realize data-management for multi-variant avionics software under the restrictions and constraints of the domain. Since avionics software faces very long-term life-cycles (up to 75 years), a particular focus is being placed on maintenance and evolution. Based on the insights gained in a semi-structured interview at Airbus Helicopters, industrial established approaches to implement qualified avionics software are assessed at first and compared with respect to strengths and weaknesses for data-management afterwards. As a result, a novel development approach is proposed, combining model-based techniques and product-line technology to derive the source code of highly specific data-management variants, as well as the majority of assets required for the qualification process, from a declarative system specification.
In order to demonstrate the practicability of the approach in industry, a framework is presented that is deployed and applied at Airbus Helicopters to generate qualifiable data-management components for the variants of the NH90 helicopter. The maintainability is shown by means of a domain-specific optimization, in which the model-based and generative approach is used to establish safe memory overlays at compile-time. Key findings reveal a substantially reduced memory footprint (29,1% in case of a real-world scenario), as well as an significantly facilitated implementation process, which would not be accomplishable using conventional methods for software development in the avionics domain.
Für Monumentalbauten als Teil unseres Kulturgutes im Speziellen als auch für Gebäude im Allgemeinen, wurden im Rahmen des MonArch- rojektes verschiedene Methoden zur digitalen Speicherung von Informationen über Monumentalbauten erforscht. Das daraus entstandene MonArch-System ist für die Dokumentation von Monumentalbauten verwendbar und speichert das digitale Modell des Bauwerks in einer relationalen Datenbank. Das digitale Modell des Bauwerks entsteht durch eine Segmentierung in Gebäudeteile, die dann in einer Strukturhierarchie zusammengefasst werden können. Als Strukturhierarchie versteht man in diesem Zusammenhang eine Hierarchie von Gebäudeteilen, die in einer Teil-von-Beziehung stehen. Die Strukturhierarchie erlaubt es Informationen z.B. Dokumente mit einem räumlichen Bezug auszuzeichnen. Zusätzlich wird eine Themenhierarchie unterstützt, die es erlaubt Informationen thematisch mit Begriffen zu beschreiben.
Betrachtet man räumliche und thematische Anfragen in vernetzten MonArch-Systemen, in denen sich mehrere Gebäudearchive zusammenschließen, ist diese starke Bindung der Information an die einzigartige Struktur jedes Gebäudes ein Hindernis für ein einfaches Verfahren zur räumlichen Suche. Da sich jedes Gebäude in seinem speziellen strukturellen und räumlichen Aufbau unterscheidet, liefert eine räumliche Anfrage, die speziell auf diese Eigenheiten eines Gebäudes ausgerichtet ist, für andere Gebäude keine Suchergebnisse. Für thematische Anfragen stellen nicht kompatible Themenhierarchien ein Hindernis dar, die eine übergreifende thematische Anfrage verhindern. Die größte Herausforderung ist es, Struktur- und Themenhierarchien aufeinander abzubilden.
Zur Lösung des geschilderten Problems wird in vernetzten Informationssystemen auf eine geeignete Transformation der ursprünglichen Anfrage zurückgegriffen, um den Anfragefokus zu erweitern (Relaxation) oder eine Anpassung an die Gegebenheiten des entfernten Informationssystems zu erreichen (Transformation). Das Anfragetransformations- und -relaxationsverfahren, das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt wird, nutzt eine Generalisierungsbeziehung aus, um ausgehend von einer Anfrage an eine spezielle Struktur- und Themenhierarchie eine automatische Transformation der Anfrage durchzuführen. Bei Themenhierarchien sind gemeinsame Oberthemen ein Ansatzpunkt. Bei Strukturhierarchien können Typinformationen zu Gebäudeteilen die Generalisierungsbeziehung darstellen. Die transformierte und dadurch relaxierte Anfrage kann dann an ein Netzwerk von MonArch-Systemen gestellt werden, ohne dass eine manuelle Auswahl der Gebäudeteile in anderen Strukturhierarchien oder eine angepasste Themenauswahl erfolgen muss. Dazu muss die Strukturhierarchie der anderen Gebäude im Netzwerk von MonArch-Systemen nicht bekannt sein. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Relaxationsverfahren, z.B. ein angepasstes Spreading-Activation-Verfahren, zur automatischen Anfragetransformation von räumlichen und thematischen Anfragen vorgestellt, mit dem Ziel eine vollständige Abbildung zwischen den Strukturhierarchien von Gebäuden und Themenhierarchien zu vermeiden. Erreicht wird das Ziel durch eine Erweiterung des MonArch-Datenmodells und eine Verallgemeinerung der MonArch-Anfragen, die eine Anfragetransformation zum Anfragezeitpunkt erlauben.
Durch die Einführung der Bildungsstandardsüberprüfungen erhält die Frage nach der Kompetenzentwicklung von Kindern einen zentralen Stellenwert in Bildungsangelegenheiten. Lehrkräfte stehen dadurch vor der Aufgabe, ihren Unterricht diesbezüglich zu verändern und Lösungen zu finden. Die Frage, ob der Einsatz der Montessoripädagogik die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen positiv beeinflusst, wurde im Rahmen einer Dissertation diskutiert und empirisch erforscht werden.
Der Arbeit liegt folgende Fragestellung zugrunde: Kann die Montessoripädagogik dazu beitragen, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler in österreichischen Regelvolksschulen ein hohes Kompetenzniveau in Mathematik erreichen? Wie unterscheidet sich die Kompetenzentwicklung in Klassen, die von Lehrpersonen mit beziehungsweise ohne Montessoriausbildung unterrichtet werden?
Bei der vorliegenden Studie handelt es sich um eine Längsschnittuntersuchung mit zwei Testzeitpunkten. Im Sinne einer summativen Evaluation wurden zu Beginn der Untersuchung die Basiskompetenzen mit dem „Entwicklungsorientierten Test zur Erfassung mathematischer Basiskompetenzen ab Schuleintritt (MBK 1+)“ analysiert. Am Ende der dritten Schulstufe wurde eine abschließende Bewertung im Rahmen der IKM-Testung des BIFIE vorgenommen, um die Wirksamkeit des Einsatzes der Montessorimethode zu ermitteln.
Untersucht wurden 14 Volksschulklassen, die entweder einer Untersuchungsgruppe oder einer Kontrollgruppe zugeordnet wurden. Die Klassen der Untersuchungsgruppe wurden von Lehrpersonen mit Montessori-Diplomausbildung unterrichtet, die Klassen der Kontrollgruppe von Lehrpersonen, die keine Montessoriausbildung absolviert haben. An der Studie nahmen 248 Schülerinnen und Schüler teil. Der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich über insgesamt drei Schuljahre.
Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen Tendenzen, dass sich der Einsatz der Montessoripädagogik positiv auf die Kompetenzentwicklung der Kinder im Bereich der Mathematik auswirkt.
Der deutsche Markt für Abschlussprüfungen: Marktstruktur, Regulierungsmaßnahmen und Prüferwechsel
(2018)
Diese Dissertation ist eine empirische Untersuchung über die Entwicklung des deutschen Markts für Abschlussprüfungen in den Jahren 2005 bis 2014. Das Ziel ist es, eine Beurteilung über die Notwendigkeit, die Auswirkungen sowie die Zielerreichung regulatorischer Eingriffe in diesem Zeitraum abzugeben. Dabei folgt die Arbeit einer Dreiteilung. Die Analyse der Marktstruktur soll u. a. über die Notwendigkeit der Einführung rechtlicher Normen Aufschluss geben. Auf Basis der Untersuchung von Regulierungsmaßnahmen werden Auswirkungen sowie die Zielerreichung dieser Normen untersucht. Eine Ereignisstudie zur Kapitalmarktreaktion auf Prüferwechsel soll schließlich die Einschätzung des Kapitalmarkts gegenüber der kontrovers diskutierten Regulierungsmaßnahme einer externen Rotationspflicht aufzeigen. Die methodische Vorgehensweise basiert auf Mehrebenenmodellen. Mit einem Paneldatensatz von 2.636 Beobachtungen (353 Unternehmen) weist die Arbeit eine der umfangreichsten Basisstichproben der deutschen Prüfungsmarktforschung auf. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Notwendigkeit für regulatorische Eingriffe durch die analysierte Erhöhung der Prüferunabhängigkeit im Untersuchungszeitraum gerechtfertigt werden kann. Hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen ergeben sich ein Anstieg der Prüferhonorare sowie eine Verringerung der Bilanzpolitik. Die Zielerreichung einer Stärkung der Prüferunabhängigkeit sowie einer Erhöhung der Qualität der Abschlussprüfung kann zudem nachgewiesen werden. Zuletzt wird aufgezeigt, dass der Kapitalmarkt negativ auf Prüferwechsel reagiert.
The Linear Ordering problem consists in finding a total ordering of the vertices of a directed graph such that the number of backward arcs, i.e., arcs whose heads precede their tails in the ordering, is minimized. A minimum set of backward arcs corresponds to an optimal solution to the equivalent Feedback Arc Set problem and forms a minimum Cycle Cover.
Linear Ordering and Feedback Arc Set are classic NP-hard optimization problems and have a wide range of applications. Whereas both problems have been studied intensively on dense graphs and tournaments, not much is known about their structure and properties on sparser graphs. There are also only few approximative algorithms that give performance guarantees especially for graphs with bounded vertex degree.
This thesis fills this gap in multiple respects: We establish necessary conditions for a linear ordering (and thereby also for a feedback arc set) to be optimal, which provide new and fine-grained insights into the combinatorial structure of the problem. From these, we derive a framework for polynomial-time algorithms that construct linear orderings which adhere to one or more of these conditions. The analysis of the linear orderings produced by these algorithms is especially tailored to graphs with bounded vertex degrees of three and four and improves on previously known upper bounds. Furthermore, the set of necessary conditions is used to implement exact and fast algorithms for the Linear Ordering problem on sparse graphs. In an experimental evaluation, we finally show that the property-enforcing algorithms produce linear orderings that are very close to the optimum and that the exact representative delivers solutions in a timely manner also in practice.
As an additional benefit, our results can be applied to the Acyclic Subgraph problem, which is the complementary problem to Feedback Arc Set, and provide insights into the dual problem of Feedback Arc Set, the Arc-Disjoint Cycles problem.
This paper aims at the documentation of the results of a study dealing with the relationship between in-group and out-group attitudes. The research enquires into the question whether nationalistic, patriotic, and anti-immigration attitudes are only correlated with each other or whether there is a causal relationship. The presentation of the Mplus output together with the correlation and covariance matrices will allow the readers to control the results and, if they want to do it, to test alternative models.
Three essays on the welfare and social impacts of external shocks and public policies in Mexico
(2018)
In this thesis I examine the welfare and social consequences associated with one economic shock and two policy interventions in Mexico. I use non-experimental approaches that exploit increased data availability as well as in-depth knowledge of the institutional background and show how germane extensions in the methodology shed light on previously unaccounted consequences and help better identify affected households. In particular, I quantify the role of quantity substitution effects in the alleviation of welfare, I estimate the effect of quality substitution on the efficiency of a taxation policy, and I document the possible consequences of an aggressive policy intervention on organized and property crime.
Data is an important competitive resource in digital online markets. As a result, the access and availability of data can be the basis for a competitive advantage. This thesis analyzes the role and competitive effects of data in digital markets and contributes to an improved understanding of data as a (potential) basis for market power. Thereby, the thesis also contributes to the ongoing policy debate on how to safeguard a fair and open competitive environment for internet-based digital (i.e., online) services as well as traditional services.
In doing so, Study 1 surveys the literature and discusses (i) the challenges that are associated with assessing market power in digital markets, (ii) the challenges in creating a level playing field in digital markets, e.g., by harmonizing regulatory obligations for online and offline services, and (iii) the vital role of data and data protection in the context of data-driven business models. Study 2 and Study 3 focus on the competitive effects of transferring data between online competitors. The study on social logins (Study 2) highlights the strategic effects as well as welfare implications if competing online services deliberately and voluntarily decide to share user and usage data. Whereas Study 2 abstracts from the user’s decision how much data to provide to an online service, Study 3 focuses on the amount of data that firms require for their services and that is provided by users. In particular, Study 3 investigates the competitive and welfare effects of a new fundamental consumer right: The right to data portability. This right is part of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which becomes effective in May 2018 for all online services available to users in the European Union and allows users to transfer their personal data from one online service to another (competing) online service (c.f., GDPR Article 20). In this context, the study examines the firms’ strategic reactions to the introduction of such a right and identifies the ensuing market outcomes as well as policy and managerial implications.
In conclusion, this doctoral thesis contributes to an improved understanding of (i) the competitive effects that arise from data as an economic good or valuable asset for digital services, and (ii) the aspects that may constitute market power in digital markets. Moreover, from a policy perspective, the thesis can be understood as a theoretically founded research project that (i) informs which market failures may arise in the context of digital (data-driven) markets and that (ii) highlights the peculiarities that need to be considered to define appropriate legal requirements in order to establish a level playing field between online services and traditional (established) services, but also between competing online services. Therefore, the thesis also contributes to the discussion on whether and how dominant online platforms should and can be regulated.
Ongoing advancements in technology have significantly shaped the marketing landscape over the course of the last decades. Consequently, new technology-driven opportunities and challenges for marketing research and practice emerge. Those urge the need to redefine firm-based value propositions, to adapt business models, to place significant emphasis on topics such as innovation, design and strategy, but also to develop new knowledge and skill sets. In response to those changes, this dissertation addresses two major developments and related opportunities and challenges – namely, digitized retail environments and innovative, complex business models – in three different essays. Thereby, this dissertation contributes to a better understanding of the evolving relationship between marketing and technology.
Essay 1 and Essay 2 address the increasing digitization of physical retail environments. Retailers embrace a plethora of retail technologies to facilitate activities and processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to consumers and to consequently improving physical retail stores.
Essay 1 provides an integrated literature review on digital retail technologies’ impact on consumer behavior at physical retail stores. Thereby, Essay 1 adopts a shopping cycle based framework structured around distinct phases of consumer behavior to delineate and summarize findings from existing literature on the behavioral effects of retail technologies embraced by retailers. With the applied shopping cycle based framework, Essay 1 identifies specific gaps in extant literature relative to currently embraced practices of retail technology, but furthermore on emerging trends, which have the potential to reshape the retailing environment. Subsequently, an extensive research agenda is proposed to advance the next generation of knowledge development. With its integrated literature review and research agenda, Essay 1 contributes to research in the retail area, such as research on customer experience, shopper marketing and specifically on the role of technology in retailing.
Essay 2 analyzes consumers’ response to one particular innovative retail technology and thus replies to future questions of the research agenda developed in Essay 1. Essay 2 analyzes the perceptions and consequences of attribute-based personalized advertising in physical retail stores, where other people are present and can see the personalized content. Essay 2 shows when and how social presence of others impacts consumers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions, as well as emotions, when exposed to personalized advertising. The findings of two experimental studies provide evidence, that the presence of others does not influence consumer response per se, but it interacts with personalization. Further, the results show that consumers’ negative response to personalized ads in the social presence of others is mediated by embarrassment and moderated by consumers’ congruity state (the extent to which the ad is consistent with the consumer’s self-concept). These findings offer new theoretical insights into how consumers respond to personalized advertising in the social presence of others, and thus advance marketing research on personalized advertising, digital displays, shopper marketing as well as research on customer experience. Further, the results disclose meaningful managerial implications for the application of new consumer tracking technology.
Essay 3 addresses opportunities and challenges related to innovative, complex business models resulting from technological advancements. With customer orientation in free e-services, Essay 3 analyzes a strategically highly relevant phenomenon, which thus far has been neglected by prior research. Free e-services are characterized by the superiority of free costumers and interdependencies between free and paying customers. Essay 3 investigates how free e-service providers respond to those particularities in their customer orientation activities. Results from one qualitative and one quantitative study uncover, that only free-born providers, that from the outset strategically committed themselves to the free business model, possess customer orientation capabilities that match the particularities of free e-services. They use customer orientation toward one customer group to increase the satisfaction of the other simultaneously and, thus, are reaching their financial goals. Contrastively, laggards, that started with a non-free business model before launching their free e-service, do not exploit the full potential of customer orientation, as they focus too much on the paying customer group. These findings offer new theoretical insights for research on customer orientation, research on two-sided markets as well as on stakeholder marketing. Moreover, Essay 3 provides valuable and actionable insights for managers of free e-services.
Taking a broader perspective, this dissertation advances marketing knowledge on technological innovation, new types of consumer data, strategy shifts, as well as new firm capabilities and managerial skill sets required in an age of disruption within the virtual, but also the physical world. By using a variety of methods including conceptual work, experiments, qualitative interviews as well as survey research, and furthermore by ensuring high practical relevance, this dissertation adds important perspectives to the evolving relationship between marketing and technology.
The demands of a career in competitive sports can lead to chronic stress perception among athletes if there is a non-conformity of requirements and available coping resources. The Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS) (Schulz et al., 2004) is said to be thoroughly validated. Nevertheless, it has not yet been subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The present study aims (1) to evaluate the factorial validity of the TICS within the context of competitive sports and (2) to adapt a short version (TICS-36). The total sample consisted of 564 athletes (age in years: M = 19.1, SD = 3.70). The factor structure of the original TICS did not adequately fit the present data, whereas the short version presented a satisfactory fit. The results indicate that the TICS-36 is an economical instrument for gathering interpretable information about chronic stress. For assessment in competitive sports with TICS-36, we generated overall and gender-specific norm values.
Located at the interface of land and sea, Caribbean mangroves frequently experience severe disturbances by hurricanes, but in most cases storm-impacted mangrove forests are able to regenerate. How exactly regeneration proceeds, however, is still a matter of debate: does—due to the specific site conditions—regeneration follows a true auto-succession with exactly the same set of species driving regeneration that was present prior to the disturbance, or do different trajectories of regeneration exist? Considering the fundamental ecosystem services mangroves provide, a better understanding of their recovery is crucial. The Honduran island of Guanaja offers ideal settings for the study of regeneration dynamics of storm-impacted mangrove forests. The island was hit in October 1998 by Hurricane Mitch, one of the most intense Atlantic storms of the past century. Immediately after the storm, 97% of the mangroves were classified as dead. In 2005, long-term monitoring on the regeneration dynamics of the mangroves of the island was initiated, employing permanent line-transects at six different mangrove localities all around the island, which have been revisited in 2009 and 1016. Due to the pronounced topography of the island, different successional pathways emerge depending on the severity of the previous disturbance.