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The Nibelungenlied represents a real international setting of historic peoples: Burgundians, Saxons, Huns, Russians, Romanians and in one single line Petchenegs, a turktataric tribe of Nomads. In the 12th. and 13th.centuries Petchenegs served as borderline-warriors in the Kingdom of Hungary. Had the Compilator of the Nibelungenlied knowledge of their presence along the Hungarian Danube?
Noise in schools is considered a massive stress factor for teachers because of various reasons and can therefore lead to performance deficits in the job, but also to physical and psychological impairments. Consequently, research on school noise and its effects is essential. The three studies presented in this paper examined the immediate effects of noise on student teachers and the collateral effects on practicing teachers.
In the first and second study, two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of noise during breaks on stress experience, performance in a concentration test, and error correction of a dictation. Based on the transactional stress model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), it was hypothesized that noise leads to an increase in stress experience. According to the maximal adaptability theory (Hancock & Warm, 1989, 2003), noise should initially cause optimal performance, but in the long run should cause performance impairment. For this purpose, in the first study 74 and in the second study 104 student teachers of the University of Passau worked on two different concentration tests and corrected a student’s dictation while listening to short, continuous, or no noise. In both experiments, continuous noise led to an increase in the experience of stress. Neither short nor continuous noise led to a deterioration in concentration performance. Further, different findings emerged: In the first experiment, a short concentration test in combination with continuous noise led to positive effects in dictation correction, i.e., subjects showed better performance in error correction. In the second experiment, a long concentration test combined with short or continuous noise resulted in negative effects, i.e., subjects made more errors in the subsequent correction of dictation. It can be concluded that school noise can, on the one hand, increase the experience of stress and, on the other hand, promote or limit teachers’ subsequent performance. The latest, however, seems to depend on the specific situation of the individual.
In the first part of the third study, the focus was on teachers’ coping styles and experienced stress. Since coping styles have been shown to have a major impact on mental health, it was reasonable to assume that the stress experience caused by noise would vary depending on the coping style. Based on the stress-strain model (Rudow, 2000) and the transactional stress model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), it was hypothesized that teachers with risky coping styles experience more stress symptoms. Therefore, an online study was conducted to investigate whether there were differences in psychological and physical symptoms between teachers with different coping styles. For this purpose, 99 Bavarian elementary and middle school teachers were surveyed. Four professional coping styles resulted from the overarching scales of professional commitment and resilience. The healthy type (high commitment, high resilience), the unambitious type (low commitment, high resilience), type A (high commitment, low resilience), and type burnout (low commitment, low resilience) differed in terms of threat appraisal, noise stress, voice and hearing problems, and noise-related burnout. Compared to the healthy type, the risk types − type A and type burnout − exhibited higher stress experience and were generally more susceptible to school noise than the healthy type. This is the first study to show that school noise is particularly hazardous for teachers with risky coping styles.
The second part of the third study focused on the impact pathways of school noise. Associations between teachers’ individual characteristics and the consequences of school noise were hypothesized. Based on the simplified model of teacher stress (van Dick & Wagner, 2001), we examined 159 Bavarian elementary and middle school teachers to determine whether noise stress and vocal fatigue mediate the association between noise sensitivity and noise-related burnout. Results indicated that noise stress mediated the relationship between noise sensitivity and vocal fatigue; vocal fatigue mediated the relationship between noise stress and noise-related burnout; noise stress and vocal fatigue serially mediated the relationship between noise sensitivity and noise-related burnout. This is the first study to show links between noise-sensitive teachers and noise stress, voice problems, and noise-related burnout.
Data is an important resource in our economy and society, substantially improving overall business efficiency, innovativeness and competitiveness, and shaping our everyday lives. Yet, to leverage the data's full potential, its access and availability is vital. Thus, data sharing across organizations is of particular importance. This thesis examines the role of data sharing in the digital economy and contributes to a better understanding why data sharing matters, why it is still underutilized, and how data sharing can be encouraged. Thereby, the thesis contributes to the ongoing academic debate as well as the practical and political efforts on how to promote data sharing.
The thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 examines personal data sharing among (competing) online services. Particularly, it investigates the consequences of Article 20 in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, May 2018), ensuring the right to data portability. This relatively new right allows online service users to transfer any personal data from one service provider to another. Focusing on a) the amount of data provided by users and b) the amount of user data disclosed to third party data brokers by service providers, the study investigates the right to data portability's effect on competitiveness and consumer surplus. Study 2 and Study 3 focus on non-personal data sharing among competing firms. Study 2 examines the literature to identify and classify barriers to non-personal, machine-generated data sharing. The study explains firms' reluctance to sharing data and discusses policy and managerial implications for overcoming the data sharing barriers. Study 3 focuses on data sharing via platforms. It investigates the Business-to-Business (B2B) data sharing platform design implications for promoting industrial data sharing. In particular, Study 3 investigates the dimensions control and transparency regarding their effect in eliciting cooperation and encouraging data sharing among firms.
In summary, this thesis examines and reveals how access and availability of data can be increased through creating beneficial data sharing conditions in B2B relationships. Particularly, the thesis contributes to the understanding of a) the implications of data sharing laws, defined in the GDPR for personal data and b) the challenges and measures of the not yet successfully established, non-personal data sharing.
This thesis investigates the quality of randomly collected data by employing a framework built on information-based complexity, a field related to the numerical analysis of abstract problems. The quality or power of gathered information is measured by its radius which is the uniform error obtainable by the best possible algorithm using it. The main aim is to present progress towards understanding the power of random information for approximation and integration problems.
In the first problem considered, information given by linear functionals is used to recover vectors, in particular from generalized ellipsoids. This is related to the approximation of diagonal operators which are important objects of study in the theory of function spaces. We obtain upper bounds on the radius of random information both in a convex and a quasi-normed setting, which extend and, in some cases, improve existing results. We conjecture and partially establish that the power of random information is subject to a dichotomy determined by the decay of the length of the semiaxes of the generalized ellipsoid.
Second, we study multivariate approximation and integration using information given by function values at sampling point sets. We obtain an asymptotic characterization of the radius of information in terms of a geometric measure of equidistribution, the distortion, which is well known in the theory of quantization of measures. This holds for isotropic Sobolev as well as Hölder and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces on bounded convex domains. We obtain that for these spaces, depending on the parameters involved, typical point sets are either asymptotically optimal or worse by a logarithmic factor, again extending and improving existing results.
Further, we study isotropic discrepancy which is related to numerical integration using linear algorithms with equal weights. In particular, we analyze the quality of lattice point sets with respect to this criterion and obtain that they are suboptimal compared to uniform random points. This is in contrast to the approximation of Sobolev functions and resolves an open question raised in the context of a possible low discrepancy construction on the two-dimensional sphere.
Natural Language Processing has an important role in Artificial Intelligence for easing human-machine interaction. Processing human language, though, poses many challenges, among which is the semantics-related phenomenon known as language variability, the fact that the same thing can be said in several ways. NLP applications' inputs and outputs can be expressed in different forms, whose equivalence can be verified through inference. The textual entailment paradigm was established to enable the creation of a unifying framework for applied inference, providing a means of delivering other NLP task from handling inference issues in an ad-hoc manner, using instead the outputs of an inference-dedicated mechanism.
Text entailment, the task of determining whether a piece of text logically follows from another piece of text, involves different scenarios, which can range from a simple syntactic variation to more complex semantic relationships between sentences. However, most approaches try a one-size-fits-all solution that usually favors some scenario to the detriment of another. The commonsense world knowledge necessary to support more complex inferences is also usually employed in a limited way, with most approaches sticking to shallow semantic information, leaving more elaborate semantic relationships aside. Furthermore, most systems still work as a "black box", providing a yes/no answer that does not explain the underlying reasoning process.
This thesis aims at addressing these issues by proposing a composite interpretable approach for recognizing text entailment where the entailment pair is analyzed so the most relevant phenomenon is detected and the suitable method can be used to solve it. Syntactic variations are dealt with through the analysis of the sentences' syntactic structures, and semantic relationships are detected with the aid of a knowledge graph built from natural language dictionary definitions. Also, if a semantic matching is involved, the answer is made interpretable through the generation of natural language justifications that explain the semantic relationship between the pieces of text. The result is the XTE - Explainable Text Entailment - a system that outperforms well-established tools based on single-technique entailment algorithms, and that also gives an important step towards Explainable AI, allowing the inference model interpretation, making the semantic reasoning process explicit and understandable.
Am 1. Juni 2016 sorgten sintflutartige Regenfälle im Landkreis Rottal-Inn für eine Hochwassersituation noch nie gekannten Ausmaßes. Innerhalb weniger Minuten entwickelten sich kleine Bäche zu reißenden Strömen und zerstörten Straßen, Häuser und Autos. Hunderte Menschen verloren an diesem Tag alles Hab und Gut, sieben Menschen sogar das Leben. Im Nachgang dieser lebensprägenden Ereignisse standen den Geschädigten die Mitarbeitenden der BRK-Fluthilfe, ein psychosoziales Nachsorgeprojekt des Bayerischen Rotes Kreuzes, rund vier Jahre lang als Ansprechpartnerinnen und Ansprechpartner für sämtliche Angelegenheiten rund um die Flutbewältigung zur Verfügung.
Die Dissertation wagt einen wissenschaftlich-empirischen Blick auf die psychischen, baulichen, finanziellen und gesellschaftlichen Aufgaben und Herausforderungen für die Betroffenen. Und fragt daran anknüpfend nach der Betreuung und Begleitung durch die BRK-Nachsorgemitarbeitenden. Im Speziellen rücken hierbei ressourcen- und beziehungsorientierte Fragestellungen in den Mittelpunkt.
Mit Hilfe 21 inhaltsanalytisch ausgewerteter (qualitativer) Betroffeneninterviews gibt sie Auskunft über bedrohte oder verloren gegangene Ressourcen, über erforderliche Ressourceninvestitionen zur Abfederung der Ressourcenverluste und über die diesbezüglichen Unterstützungsleistungen durch die BRK-Fluthilfe. Theoretisch ist die Arbeit dabei in die Ressourcenkonservierungstheorie von Stevan E. Hobfoll eingefasst. Eine beziehungsorientierte Perspektive nimmt die Arbeit ein, wenn sie die entstandenen spezifischen Beziehungskonstellationen zwischen Betroffenen und BRK-Mitarbeitenden im Zuge der langjährigen Begleitung fokussiert. Es wird auf das unterschiedliche Verständnis von Beziehungen in medizinisch-fachärztlichen und psychosozialen Kontexten verwiesen und es wird auf die wesentlichen Erfordernisse professioneller Beziehungsgestaltung eingegangen. Zugleich wird dem inhärenten Spannungsfeld der Gleichzeitigkeit professioneller und persönlicher Beziehungsrollen und der erforderlichen Balance von Nähe und Distanz Raum gegeben.
Schlussendlich soll die Arbeit einen praxisnahen, wissenschaftlich fundierten Einblick in die professionelle psychosoziale Begleitung von Hochwasserbetroffenen geben und Interessierten oder beruflich Handelnden angesichts der zunehmenden Hochwasserevents in Deutschland erste Handlungsoptionen zur Verfügung stellen.
Die Dissertation untersucht die Inszenierung und Funktionalisierung literarischer Körperlichkeitskonzepte im Gesamtwerk des Schriftstellers Alexander Moritz Frey. Dafür bedient sich die Arbeit eines literatursemiotischen Untersuchungsansatzes. Die literarische Ausgestaltung kultureller Norm- und Wertvorstellungen wird in Hinblick auf Körperkonventionen analysiert und es wird untersucht, wo die jeweiligen historisch variablen Grenzen von Normkonformität und Abweichung liegen. Unter Berücksichtigung körpersemantischer Aspekte wird betrachtet, ob dabei optional-variable oder irreversible Grenzziehungen vorgenommen werden. Die Arbeit entwickelt ein Analyseraster für Körperlichkeit im Erzähltext und betrachtet dafür den Körper in seiner determinierten Materialität, seiner kulturellen Ausgestaltung sowie als Imaginationsraum unterschiedlicher Körperkonzepte. Das Projekt hat darüber hinaus die literaturwissenschaftliche Wiederentdeckung des Autors Alexander Moritz Frey zum Ziel.
Die gesetzlichen Formen bilden einen praxisrelevanten Teilbereich der Rechtswissenschaft, über den in der Vergangenheit wenig diskutiert wurde. Die Einführung der Textform und der elektronischen Form im Jahr 2001 und die Verabschiedung des DiRUG verdeutlichen, dass die Digitalisierung auch vor den Formen des deutschen Rechtssystems keinen Halt macht.
In dieser Dissertation wird die Entwicklung der Formen im Zuge der Digitalisierung aufgearbeitet. Dafür werden die papiergebundenen Formen und die digitalen Formen nach demselben Schema und unter denselben inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten untersucht und chronologisch dargestellt. Hierdurch werden die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede systematisch herausgearbeitet. Besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf den Formwirkungen sowie der Wirkungsäquivalenz von digitalen Formen und ihrem jeweiligen papiergebundenen Pendant. Zudem werden die digitalen notariellen Formen im Sinne des DiRUG in das altbekannte System der gesetzlichen Formen eingeordnet.
Nach den Untersuchungen ist festzuhalten, dass die elektronische Form mittlerweile hinreichend wirkungsäquivalent im Vergleich zur Schriftform ist, auch hinsichtlich der Warnwirkung, die vom deutschen Gesetzgeber bisher noch anders beurteilt wird. Die digitale öffentliche Beglaubigung und die digitale notarielle Beurkundung im Sinne des DiRUG sind ebenfalls hinreichend gleichwertig im Vergleich zu ihrem jeweiligen papiergebundenen Äquivalent. Aus dem Grund wird sich in dieser Dissertation dafür ausgesprochen, den Anwendungsbereich der digitalen Formen entsprechend ihrer Wirkungsäquivalenz in Zukunft zu erweitern.
Insgesamt ist die Digitalisierung der gesetzlichen Formen begrüßenswert und ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung.
Network communication has become a part of everyday life, and the interconnection among devices and people will increase even more in the future. A new area where this development is on the rise is the field of connected vehicles. It is especially useful for automated vehicles in order to connect the vehicles with other road users or cloud services. In particular for the latter it is beneficial to establish a mobile network connection, as it is already widely used and no additional infrastructure is needed. With the use of network communication, certain requirements come along.
One of them is the reliability of the connection. Certain Quality of Service (QoS) parameters need to be met. In case of degraded QoS, according to the SAE level specification, a downgrade of the automated system can be required, which may lead to a takeover maneuver, in which control is returned back to the driver. Since such a handover takes time, prediction is necessary to forecast the network quality for the next few seconds. Prediction of QoS parameters, especially in terms of Throughput (TP) and Latency (LA), is still a challenging task, as the wireless transmission properties of a moving mobile network connection are undergoing fluctuation. In this thesis, a new approach for prediction Network Quality Parameters (NQPs) on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) level is presented. It combines the knowledge of the environment with the low level parameters of the mobile network. The aim of this work is to perform a comprehensive study of various models including both Location Smoothing (LS) grid maps and Learning Based (LB) regression ones. Moreover, the possibility of using the location independence of a model as well as suitability for automated driving is evaluated.
The generalization of univariate splines to higher dimensions is not straightforward. There are different approaches, each with its own advantages and drawbacks. A promising approach using Delaunay configurations and simplex splines is due to Neamtu.
After recalling fundamentals of univariate splines, simplex splines, and the wellknown, multivariate DMS-splines, we address Neamtu’s DCB-splines. He defined two variants that we refer to as the nonpooled and the pooled approach, respectively. Regarding these spline spaces, we contribute the following results.
We prove that, under suitable assumptions on the knot set, both variants exhibit the local finiteness property, i.e., these spline spaces are locally finite-dimensional and at each point only a finite number of basis candidate functions have a nonzero value. Additionally, we establish a criterion guaranteeing these properties within a compact region under mitigated assumptions.
Moreover, we show that the knot insertion process known from univariate splines does not work for DCB-splines and reason why this behavior is inherent to these spline spaces. Furthermore, we provide a necessary criterion for the knot insertion property to hold true for a specific inserted knot. This criterion is also sufficient for bivariate, nonpooled DCB-splines of degrees zero and one. Numerical experiments suggest that the sufficiency also holds true for arbitrary spline degrees.
Univariate functions can be approximated in terms of splines using the Schoenberg operator, where the approximation error decreases quadratically as the maximum distance between consecutive knots is reduced. We show that the Schoenberg operator can be defined analogously for both variants of DCB-splines with a similar error bound.
Additionally, we provide a counterexample showing that the basis candidate functions of nonpooled DCB-splines are not necessarily linearly independent, contrary to earlier statements in the literature. In particular, this implies that the corresponding functions are not a basis for the space of nonpooled DCB-splines.