@techreport{Karlstetter2021, author = {Karlstetter, Wolfgang}, title = {Forschungsdokumentation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8880}, pages = {119 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Das „Projekt zur Rettung der Flussperlmuschel in Niederbayern" widmet sich der Aufzucht und Wiederansiedlung der Flussperlmuschel in Gew{\"a}ssern, in denen die zuvor heimische Muschel mittlerweile beinahe ausgestorben ist. Die Umsetzung des Projekts wird von einer wissenschaftlichen Evaluation begleitet, die relevante Akteure, die zur Rettung der Flussperlmuschel beitragen, identifiziert und Spannungsfelder oder Kompromissbereitschaft zwischen diesen aufzeigt (Heinrich / Karlstetter 2021). Die hier vorliegende Forschungsdokumentation umfasst den Projektbericht unterst{\"u}tzende Informationen. Dies sind die Interview-Transkripte, auf deren Basis eine Inhaltsanalyse durchgef{\"u}hrt wurde, Ergebnisse der Inhaltsanalyse, sowie das Anschreiben, mit dem die Interviewten kontaktiert wurden.}, subject = {Actor-Network-Theory}, language = {de} } @misc{Thomas2019, author = {Thomas, Lil Helle}, title = {Architektonische Grenzg{\"a}nge zwischen Raum und Wahrnehmung Das Sanatorium Purkersdorf}, issn = {2364-9224}, doi = {10.15475/skms.2018.2.11}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-7896}, pages = {261 -- 283}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Der Einf{\"u}hlungsbegriff ist w{\"a}hrend des Fin de si{\`e}cle eng verkn{\"u}pft mit der medizinischen Erforschung der Nerven- und Muskelempfindungen. Es erscheint daher konsequent, diese Verbindung von medizinischer Praxis und psychologisierender {\"A}sthetik in der Architektur am Beispiel eines Sanatoriums der Jahrhundertwende nachzuvollziehen. Jener Beziehung von Ausdruck und Eindruck einer Wiener Raumkunst beziehungsweise der Relation von Bauwerk und dessen Benutzer soll im Folgenden am Beispiel des Sanatoriums Purkersdorf nachgegangen werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{Zolles2019, author = {Zolles, Christian}, title = {Der Wald des Mittelalters}, issn = {2364-9224}, doi = {10.15475/skms.2018.2.12}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-7901}, pages = {285 -- 312}, year = {2019}, abstract = {‚Der Wald des Mittelalters' soll im Folgenden nicht allein als historisches Dokument besch{\"a}ftigen - als kultureller Text im 11. bis 13. Jahrhundert, dessen Bedeutung von einem System symbolischer Formen (Ernst Cassirer) oder den Organisationsniveaus einer Semiosph{\"a}re (Jurij M. Lotman) bestimmt wird. Erg{\"a}nzt um den Faktor des historischen Archivs steht dar{\"u}ber hinaus die Form seiner Erinnerung zur Diskussion, wodurch er vielmehr als historisches Monument erscheint (Michel Foucault), als Palimpsest, dessen verblasste Inschriften Zeugnis vom Wechsel historischer Vorschriften abgeben.}, language = {de} } @misc{Wagner2019, author = {Wagner, Hedwig}, title = {Daten - R{\"a}ume - Datenr{\"a}ume}, issn = {2364-9224}, doi = {10.15475/skms.2018.2.13}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-7911}, pages = {313 -- 326}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Im Folgenden soll die kategorielle Ausdifferenzierung zwischen dem Spannungsverh{\"a}ltnis von Kartographie, Navigation und Technologie anhand zweier Klassifizierungsschemata, dem von Manuel Schramm und dem von Martin Dodge und Rob Kitchin beleuchtet werden und mit der Untersuchung von Pablo Abend erg{\"a}nzt werden. Die Arbeiten sollen in ihrem bisherigen Forschungsstand aufgezeigt, kritisch {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft und hier logisch erweitert werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{Konstantakopoulos2019, author = {Konstantakopoulos, Theodorus}, title = {Inklusionen, Exklusionen, Implikationen}, issn = {2364-9224}, doi = {10.15475/skms.2018.2.14}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-7921}, pages = {327 -- 345}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Wir beginnen mit einem performativen Paradigma einer tropologischen Exklusion, indem wir als ein wir die Frage in den Raum stellen, warum die prek{\"a}ren Substitute unseres Logos die Grenzen seiner Leistung bestimmen, obwohl sie weder wahr noch falsch, weder m{\"o}glich noch unm{\"o}glich sind. Anders gefragt: Wie kann etwas ohne abgeschlossenen und abschließbaren Sinn, wie das Unbegriffliche im Sinne Hans Blumenbergs oder die den sprachlichen Spuren inh{\"a}rente diff{\´e}rance im Sinne Jaques Derridas, einen bedeutenden semantischen Einfluss auf das anthropologische Bed{\"u}rfnis nach Gewissheit und geregelten Strukturen haben?}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-867, title = {Universit{\"a}tsbibliothek Passau: Jahresbericht 2019}, address = {Passau}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8670}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Jahresbericht der Universit{\"a}tsbibliothek Passau f{\"u}r das Jahr 2019.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ihl2020, author = {Ihl, Andreas}, title = {Four investigations of arising phenomena in contemporary work settings: the cases of mindfulness practices and crowdworking online platforms}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8696}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {148 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {New arising phenomena in the occupational realm strongly shape contemporary work settings. These developments heavily affect how individuals work within and beyond organizational boundaries. Two phenomena associated with the changing nature of work have been especially prevalent in work settings and intensively discussed in public debates. First, organizations started to introduce mindfulness practices to their workforce. Rooted in spirituality and formerly used in clinical therapy, mindfulness is applied as a human resource development practice to train employees and managers to cope with the increased work intensification. Second, digitization and the importance of individualization opened up the path for work settings beyond organizational boundaries on crowdworking online platforms. On these online platforms, workers process tasks independently and remotely. Research just started to address the implications and meaning of mindfulness practices in organizations and the rise of crowdworking platforms. Several questions remain unanswered. This dissertation addresses unanswered but pressing questions related to these two phenomena shaping contemporary work settings. Structured in four essays the first two essays address the application and meaning of mindfulness practices. The first essay analyzes the meaning and interpretations of these new practices within organizations. The second essay takes contextual factors of the organizational environment into account and investigates their relevance for the successful implementation of mindfulness practices. The second two essays are dedicated to work attitudes and behavior on crowdworking online platform. Essay three captures individuals' motivation for working on such platforms and their effects for workers' work performance. The last essay deals with the role of professional crowdworking online communities in the work experience and asses the effects of social support in these communities on occupational identification, work meaningfulness and finally on work engagement. Each essay in this dissertation generates new insights on arising phenomena in contemporary work settings. They address several timely yet unanswered research questions for these rising phenomena and thereby offer a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the role mindfulness practices and crowdworking online platforms play in the context of the future of work.}, subject = {Organisation}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Garchery2020, author = {Garchery, Mathieu}, title = {User-centered intrusion detection using heterogeneous data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8704}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 119 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {With the frequency and impact of data breaches raising, it has become essential for organizations to automate intrusion detection via machine learning solutions. This generally comes with numerous challenges, among others high class imbalance, changing target concepts and difficulties to conduct sound evaluation. In this thesis, we adopt a user-centered anomaly detection perspective to address selected challenges of intrusion detection, through a real-world use case in the identity and access management (IAM) domain. In addition to the previous challenges, salient properties of this particular problem are high relevance of categorical data, limited feature availability and total absence of ground truth. First, we ask how to apply anomaly detection to IAM audit logs containing a restricted set of mixed (i.e. numeric and categorical) attributes. Then, we inquire how anomalous user behavior can be separated from normality, and this separation evaluated without ground truth. Finally, we examine how the lack of audit data can be alleviated in two complementary settings. On the one hand, we ask how to cope with users without relevant activity history ("cold start" problem). On the other hand, we seek how to extend audit data collection with heterogeneous attributes (i.e. categorical, graph and text) to improve insider threat detection. After aggregating IAM audit data into sessions, we introduce and compare general anomaly detection methods for mixed data to a user identification approach, designed to learn the distinction between normal and malicious user behavior. We find that user identification outperforms general anomaly detection and is effective against masquerades. An additional clustering step allows to reduce false positives among similar users. However, user identification is not effective against insider threats. Furthermore, results suggest that the current scope of our audit data collection should be extended. In order to tackle the "cold start" problem, we adopt a zero-shot learning approach. Focusing on the CERT insider threat use case, we extend an intrusion detection system by integrating user relations to organizational entities (like assignments to projects or teams) in order to better estimate user behavior and improve intrusion detection performance. Results show that this approach is effective in two realistic scenarios. Finally, to support additional sources of audit data for insider threat detection, we propose a method representing audit events as graph edges with heterogeneous attributes. By performing detection at fine-grained level, this approach advantageously improves anomaly traceability while reducing the need for aggregation and feature engineering. Our results show that this method is effective to find intrusions in authentication and email logs. Overall, our work suggests that masquerades and insider threats call for different detection methods. For masquerades, user identification is a promising approach. To find malicious insiders, graph features representing user context and relations to other entities can be informative. This opens the door for tighter coupling of intrusion detection with user identities, roles and privileges used in IAM solutions.}, subject = {Anomalie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Koop2021, author = {Koop, Martin}, title = {Preventing the Leakage of Privacy Sensitive User Data on the Web}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8717}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {137 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Das Aufzeichnen der Internetaktivit{\"a}t ist mit der Verkn{\"u}pfung pers{\"o}nlicher Daten zu einer Schl{\"u}sselressource f{\"u}r viele kostenpflichtige und kostenfreie Dienste im Web geworden. Diese Dienste sind zum einen Webanwendungen, wie beispielsweise die von Google bereitgestellten Karten/Navigation oder Websuche, die t{\"a}glich kostenlos verwendet werden. Zum anderen sind es alle Webseiten, die meist kostenlos Nachrichten oder allgemeine Informationen zu verschiedenen Themen bereitstellen. Durch das Aufrufen und die Nutzung dieser Webdienste werden alle Informationen, die im Webdienst verarbeitet werden, an den Dienstanbieter weitergeben. Dies umfasst nicht nur die im Benutzerkonto des Webdienstes gespeicherte Profildaten wie Name oder Adresse, sondern auch die Aktivit{\"a}t mit dem Webdienst wie das anklicken von Links oder die Verweildauer. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus gibt es jedoch auch unz{\"a}hlige Drittparteien, welche zumeist im Hintergrund in die Webdienste eingebunden sind und das Benutzerverhalten der kompletten Webaktivit{\"a}t - Webseiten {\"u}bergreifend - mitspeichern sowie auswerten. Der Einsatz verschiedener, in der Regel f{\"u}r den Benutzer verborgener Techniken, dient dazu das Online-Verhalten der Benutzer genau zu verfolgen und viele sensible Daten zu sammeln. Dieses Verhalten wird als Web-Tracking bezeichnet und wird haupts{\"a}chlich von Werbeunternehmen genutzt. Die gesammelten Daten sind oft personenbezogen und eine wertvolle Ressourcen der Unternehmen, um Beispielsweise passend zum Benutzerprofil personalisierte Werbung schalten zu k{\"o}nnen. Mit der Nutzung dieser personenbezogenen Daten entstehen aber auch weitreichendere Auswirkungen, welche sich unter anderem in Preisanpassungen f{\"u}r Benutzer mit speziellen Profilattributen, wie der Nutzung von teuren Endger{\"a}ten, widerspiegeln. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es die Privatsph{\"a}re der Nutzer im Internet zu steigern und die Nutzerverfolgung von Web-Tracking signifikant zu reduzieren. Dabei stellen sich vier Herausforderungen, die jeweils einen Forschungsschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bilden: (1) Systematische Analyse und Einordnung eingesetzter Tracking-Techniken, (2) Untersuchung vorhandener Schutzmechanismen und deren Schwachstellen,(3) Konzeption einer Referenzarchitektur zum Schutz vor Web-Tracking und (4) Entwurf einer automatisierten Testumgebungen unter Realbedingungen, um die Reduzierung von Web-Tracking in den entwickelten Schutzmaßnahmen zu untersuchen. Jeder dieser Forschungsschwerpunkte stellt neue Beitr{\"a}ge bereit, um einheitlich das {\"u}bergeordnete Ziel zu erreichen: der Entwicklung von Schutzmaßnahmen gegen die Preisgabe sensibler Benutzerdaten im Internet. Der erste wissenschaftliche Beitrag dieser Dissertation ist eine umfassende Evaluation eingesetzter Web-Tracking Techniken und Methoden, sowie deren Gefahren, Risiken und Implikationen f{\"u}r die Privatsph{\"a}re der Internetnutzer. Die Evaluation beinhaltet zus{\"a}tzlich die Untersuchung vorhandener Tracking-Schutzmechanismen und deren Schwachstellen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind maßgeblich f{\"u}r die in dieser Arbeit neu entwickelten Ans{\"a}tze und verbessern den bisherigen nicht hinreichend gew{\"a}hrleisteten Schutz vor Web-Tracking. Der zweite wissenschaftliche Beitrag ist die Entwicklung einer robusten Klassifizierung von Web-Tracking, der Entwurf einer effizienten Architektur zur Langzeituntersuchung von Web-Tracking sowie einer interaktiven Visualisierung des Auftreten von Web-Tracking im Internet. Dabei basiert der neue Klassifizierungsansatz, um Tracking zu identifizieren, auf der Entropie Messung des Informationsgehalts von Cookies. Die Resultate der Web-Tracking Langzeitstudien sind unter anderem 1.209 identifizierte Tracking-Domains auf den meistbesuchten Webseiten in Deutschland. Hierbei wurden innerhalb der Top 25 Webseiten im Durchschnitt 45 Tracking-Elemente pro Webseite gefunden. Der Tracker mit dem h{\"o}chsten Potenzial zum Erstellen eines Benutzerprofils war doubleclick.com, da er 90\% der Webseiten {\"u}berwacht. Die Auswertung des untersuchten Tracking-Netzwerks ergab weiterhin einen detaillierten Einblick in die Tracking-Technik mithilfe von Weiterleitungslinks. Dabei haben wir 1,2 Millionen HTTP-Traces von monatelangen Crawls der 50.000 international meistbesuchten Webseiten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass 11,6\% dieser Webseiten HTTP-Redirects, verborgen in Webseiten-Links, zum Tracken verwenden. Dies wird eingesetzt, um den Webseitenverlauf des Benutzers nach dem Klick durch eine Kette von (Tracking-)Servern umzuleiten, welche in der Regel nicht sichtbar sind, bevor das beabsichtigte Link-Ziel geladen wird. In diesem Szenario erfasst der Tracker wertvolle Verbindungs-Metadaten zu Inhalt, Thema oder Benutzerinteressen der Website. Die Visualisierung des Tracking {\"O}kosystem stellen wir in einem interaktiven Open-Source Web-Tool bereit. Der dritte wissenschaftliche Beitrag dieser Dissertation ist die Konzeption von zwei neuartigen Schutzmechanismen gegen Web-Tracking und der Aufbau einer automatisierten Simulationsumgebung unter Realbedingungen, um die Effektivit{\"a}t der Umsetzungen zu verifizieren. Der Fokus liegt auf den beiden meist verwendeten Tracking-Verfahren: Cookies (hierbei wird eine eindeutigen ID auf dem Ger{\"a}t des Benutzers gespeichert), sowie Browser-Fingerprinting. Letzteres beschreibt eine Methode zum Sammeln einer Vielzahl an Ger{\"a}teeigenschaften, um den Benutzer eindeutig zu (re- )identifizieren, ohne eine eindeutige ID auf dem Ger{\"a}t zu speichern. Um die Effektivit{\"a}t der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Schutzmechanismen vor Web-Tracking zu untersuchen, implementierten und evaluierten wir die Schutzkonzepte direkt im Chromium Browser. Das Ergebnis zeigt eine erfolgreiche Reduzierung von Web-Tracking um 44\%. Zus{\"a}tzlich verbessert das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Konzept "Site Isolation" den Datenschutz des privaten Browsing-Modus, erm{\"o}glicht das Setzen eines manuellen Speicher-Zeitlimits von Cookies und sch{\"u}tzt den Browser gegen verschiedene Bedrohungen wie CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) oder CORS (Cross-Origin Ressource Sharing). Site Isolation speichert dabei den Status der lokalen Website in separaten Containern und kann dadurch diverse Tracking-Methoden wie Cookies, lokalStorage oder redirect tracking verhindern. Bei der Auswertung von 1,6 Millionen Webseiten haben wir gezeigt, dass der Tracker doubleclick.com das h{\"o}chste Potenzial besitzt, den Nutzer zu verfolgen und auf 25\% der 40.000 international meistbesuchten Webseiten vertreten ist. Schließlich demonstrieren wir in unserem erweiterten Chromium-Browser einen robusten Browser-Fingerprinting-Schutz. Der Test unseres Prototyps mittels 70.000 Browsersitzungen zeigt, dass unser Browser den Nutzer vor sogenanntem Browser-Fingerprinting Tracking sch{\"u}tzt. Im Vergleich zu f{\"u}nf anderen Browser-Fingerprint-Tools erzielte unser Prototyp die besten Ergebnisse und ist der erste Schutzmechanismus gegen Flash sowie Canvas Fingerprinting.}, subject = {Datenschutz}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alshawish2021, author = {Alshawish, Ali}, title = {Risk-based Security Management in Critical Infrastructure Organizations}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10026}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xii, 181 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Critical infrastructure and contemporary business organizations are experiencing an ongoing paradigm shift of business towards more collaboration and agility. On the one hand, this shift seeks to enhance business efficiency, coordinate large-scale distribution operations, and manage complex supply chains. But, on the other hand, it makes traditional security practices such as firewalls and other perimeter defenses insufficient. Therefore, concerns over risks like terrorism, crime, and business revenue loss increasingly impose the need for enhancing and managing security within the boundaries of these systems so that unwanted incidents (e.g., potential intrusions) can still be detected with higher probabilities. To this end, critical infrastructure organizations step up their efforts to investigate new possibilities for actively engaging in situational awareness practices to ensure a high level of persistent monitoring as well as on-site observation. Compliance with security standards is necessary to ensure that organizations meet regulatory requirements mostly shaped by a set of best practices. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily result in a coherent security strategy that considers the different aims and practical constraints of each organization. In this regard, there is an increasingly growing demand for risk-based security management approaches that enable critical infrastructures to focus their efforts on mitigating the risks to which they are exposed. Broadly speaking, security management involves the identification, assessment, and evaluation of long-term (or overall) objectives and interests as well as the means of achieving them. Due to the critical role of such systems, their decision-makers tend to enhance the system resilience against very unpleasant outcomes and severe consequences. That is, they seek to avoid decision options associated with likely extreme risks in the first place. Practically speaking, this risk attitude can significantly influence the decision-making process in such critical organizations. Towards incorporating the aversion to extreme risks into security management decisions, this thesis investigates thoroughly the capabilities of a recently emerged theory of games with payoffs that are probability distributions. Unlike traditional optimization techniques, this theory provides an alternative decision technique that is more robust to extreme risks and uncertainty. Furthermore, this thesis proposes a new method that gives a decision maker more control over the decision-making process through defining loss regions with different importance levels according to people's risk attitudes. In this way, the static decision analysis used in the distribution-valued games is transformed into a dynamic process to adapt to different subjective risk attitudes or account for future changes in the decision caused by a learning process or other changes in the context. Throughout their different parts, this thesis shows how theoretical models, simulation, and risk assessment models can be combined into practical solutions. In this context, it deals with three facets of security management: allocating limited security resources, prioritizing security actions, and tweaking decision making. Finally, the author discusses experiences and limitations distilled from this research and from investigating the new theory of games, which can be taken into account in future approaches.}, subject = {Spieltheorie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lang2021, author = {Lang, Thomas}, title = {AI-Supported Interactive Segmentation of 3D Volumes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9221}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {184 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The segmentation of volumetric datasets, i.e., the partitioning of the data into disjoint sub-volumes with the goal to extract information about these regions,is a difficult problem and has been discussed in medical imaging for decades. Due to the ever-increasing imaging capabilities, in particular in X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging, segmentation in industrial applications also gains interest. Especially in industrial applications the generated datasets increase in size. Hence, most applications apply well-known techniques in a 2+1-dimensional manner,i.e., they apply image segmentation procedures on each slice separately and track the progress along the axis of the volume in which the slices are stacked on. This discards the information on preceding or subsequent slices, which is often assumed to be nearly identical. However, in the industrial context this might prove wrong since industrial parts might change their appearance significantly over the course of even a few slices. Moreover, artifacts can further distort the content of the slices. Therefore, three-dimensional processing of voxel volumes has to be preferred, which induces constraints upon the segmentation procedures. For example, they must not consider global information as it is usually not feasible in big scans to compute them efficiently. Yet another frequent problem is that applications focus on individual parts only and algorithms are tailored to that case. Most prominent medical segmentation procedures do so by applying methods to specifically find the liver and only the liver of a patient, for example. The implication is that the same method then cannot be applied to find other parts of the scan and such methods have to be designed individually for any object to be segmented. Flexible segmentation methods are needed too specifically when partitioning unique scans. We define a unique scan to be a voxel dataset for which no comparable volume exists. Classical examples include the use case of cultural heritage where not only the objects themselves are unique but also scan parameters are optimized to obtain the best image quality possible for that specific scan. This thesis aims at introducing novel methods for voxelwise classifications based on local geometric features. The latter are computed from local environments around each voxel and extract information in similar ways as humans do, namely by observing their similarity to geometric or textural primitives. These features serve as the foundation to learning the proposed voxelwise classifiers and to discriminate between segmented and unsegmented voxels. On the one hand, they perform fully automated clustering of volumes for which a representative random sample is extracted first. On the other hand, a set of segmenting classifiers can be trained from few seed voxels, i.e., volume elements for which a domain expert marked if they belong to the components that shall be segmented. The interactive selection offers the advantage that no completely labeled voxel volumes are necessary and hence that unique scans of objects can be segmented for which no comparable scans exist. Overall, it will be shown that all proposed segmentation methods are effectively of linear runtime with respect to the number of voxels in the volume. Thus, voxel volumes without size restrictions can be segmented in an efficient linear pass through the volume. Finally, the segmentation performance is evaluated on selected datasets which shows that the introduced methods can achieve good results on scans from a broad variety of domains for both small and big voxel volumes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Niedermeier2020, author = {Niedermeier, Michael}, title = {Towards High Performability in Advanced Metering Infrastructures}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8597}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvii, 198 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The current movement towards a smart grid serves as a solution to present power grid challenges by introducing numerous monitoring and communication technologies. A dependable, yet timely exchange of data is on the one hand an existential prerequisite to enable Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) services, yet on the other a challenging endeavor, because the increasing complexity of the grid fostered by the combination of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and utility networks inherently leads to dependability challenges. To be able to counter this dependability degradation, current approaches based on high-reliability hardware or physical redundancy are no longer feasible, as they lead to increased hardware costs or maintenance, if not both. The flexibility of these approaches regarding vendor and regulatory interoperability is also limited. However, a suitable solution to the AMI dependability challenges is also required to maintain certain regulatory-set performance and Quality of Service (QoS) levels. While a part of the challenge is the introduction of ICT into the power grid, it also serves as part of the solution. In this thesis a Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) based approach is proposed, which employs virtualized ICT components serving as a replacement for physical devices. By using virtualization techniques, it is possible to enhance the performability in contrast to hardware based solutions through the usage of virtual replacements of processes that would otherwise require dedicated hardware. This approach offers higher flexibility compared to hardware redundancy, as a broad variety of virtual components can be spawned, adapted and replaced in a short time. Also, as no additional hardware is necessary, the incurred costs decrease significantly. In addition to that, most of the virtualized components are deployed on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware solutions, further increasing the monetary benefit. The approach is developed by first reviewing currently suggested solutions for AMIs and related services. Using this information, virtualization technologies are investigated for their performance influences, before a virtualized service infrastructure is devised, which replaces selected components by virtualized counterparts. Next, a novel model, which allows the separation of services and hosting substrates is developed, allowing the introduction of virtualization technologies to abstract from the underlying architecture. Third, the performability as well as monetary savings are investigated by evaluating the developed approach in several scenarios using analytical and simulative model analysis as well as proof-of-concept approaches. Last, the practical applicability and possible regulatory challenges of the approach are identified and discussed. Results confirm that—under certain assumptions—the developed virtualized AMI is superior to the currently suggested architecture. The availability of services can be severely increased and network delays can be minimized through centralized hosting. The availability can be increased from 96.82\% to 98.66\% in the given scenarios, while decreasing the costs by over 60\% in comparison to the currently suggested AMI architecture. Lastly, the performability analysis of a virtualized service prototype employing performance analysis and a Musa-Okumoto approach reveals that the AMI requirements are fulfilled.}, subject = {Energieversorgung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hatzesberger2020, author = {Hatzesberger, Simon}, title = {Strongly Asymptotically Optimal Methods for the Pathwise Global Approximation of Stochastic Differential Equations with Coefficients of Super-linear Growth}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8100}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {ii, 116 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Our subject of study is strong approximation of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with respect to the supremum and the L_p error criteria, and we seek approximations that are strongly asymptotically optimal in specific classes of approximations. For the supremum error, we prove strong asymptotic optimality for specific tamed Euler schemes relating to certain adaptive and to equidistant time discretizations. For the L_p error, we prove strong asymptotic optimality for specific tamed Milstein schemes relating to certain adaptive and to equidistant time discretizations. To illustrate our findings, we numerically analyze the SDE associated with the Heston-3/2-model originating from mathematical finance.}, subject = {Stochastische Differentialgleichung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nguyen2020, author = {Nguyen, Van Nghia}, title = {Internationale Standards f{\"u}r die Vollstreckung von Zivilurteilen: Aktuelle Situation und m{\"o}gliche L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r Vietnam}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8191}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XXVII, 238, xxxi Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, Erkenntnisse f{\"u}r eine m{\"o}gliche Verbesserung des vietnamesischen Zwangsvollstreckungsrechts zu gewinnen, um in Vietnam ein effektives und effizientes Vollstreckungsverfahren zu erreichen, das im Einklang mit den internationalen Standards steht. Das erste Kapitel untersucht die neuen internationalen Standards im Bereich der Vollstreckung von Zivilurteilen und behandelt sie im Vergleich mit wichtigen Grunds{\"a}tzen der Vollstreckung von Gerichtsurteilen in Vietnam. Der zweite Kapitel widmet sich dem Aufbau und der Organisation der Vollstreckungsbeh{\"o}rden und dabei insbesondere den folgenden Themen: Den Vorteilen des Aufbaus eines Berufsverbands der Gerichtsvollzieher, welcher alle Mitglieder des Berufsstandes umfasst. Das dritte Kapitel zeigt unter anderem, dass wirksame Mechanismen zur Vollstreckung von Entschreidungen den Grundsatz der Verh{\"a}ltnism{\"a}ßigkeit einhalten m{\"u}ssen. Das vierte Kapitel stellt die internationalen Normen {\"u}ber den einstweiligen Rechtsschutz dar, der ein unverzichtbares Mittel ist, um die Durchsetzung von Zivilurteilen zu gew{\"a}hrleisten. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen aus den vier Kapiteln ergeben sich eine Reihe von wertvollen Erkenntnissen f{\"u}r die Verbesserung des vietnamesischen Rechtssystems und die Verbesserung der Effizienz der Vollstreckung zivilgerichtlicher Urteile.}, language = {en} } @misc{OPUS4-824, title = {PAradigma: Beitr{\"a}ge aus Forschung und Lehre aus dem Zentrum f{\"u}r Lehrerbildung und Fachdidaktik - Gestufte Standards f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von Kompetenzen in der Lehrerbildung}, number = {Sonderausgabe 2020}, editor = {M{\"a}gdefrau, Jutta and Birnkammerer, Hannes}, issn = {1864-2411}, doi = {10.15475/paradigma.2020.1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8245}, pages = {73 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {INHALTSVERZEICHNIS, Sonderausgabe 2020 Vorwort zur 2. Auflage (7) Jutta M{\"a}gdefrau \& Hannes Birnkammerer THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN F{\"U}R DIE GRADUIERUNG VON KOMPETENZEN IN DER LEHRERBILDUNG (10) 1. Warum gestufte Standards? 2. Das Papier „Gestufte Standards und Indikatoren f{\"u}r den Kompetenzerwerb in der Lehrerbildung" 3. Die neue Querschnittkompetenz im Standardpapier: Bildung mit und {\"u}ber digitale Medien 4. Das Standardpapier in der Praxis 5. Literatur Autorengruppe Passauer Lehrerbildungsstandards GESTUFTE STANDARDS F{\"U}R DIE ENTWICKLUNG VON KOMPETENZEN IN DER LEHRERBILDUNG (22) Dimension 1: Gestaltung der Lehrerrolle Dimension 2: Schule als Lern- und Lebensraum Dimension 2.1: Schule als Organisation Dimension 2.2: Schulalltag und Schulleben Dimension 2.3: Unterrichtsbeobachtung und -evaluation Dimension 2.4: Entwicklung von Schule Dimension 3: Unterrichtsplanung, -durchf{\"u}hrung und -analyse Dimension 3.1: Struktur von Unterricht Dimension 3.2: Lehrformen und -theorien Dimension 3.3: Lernumgebungen gestalten Dimension 3.4: Zeitmanagement Dimension 3.5: Planungsmittel Dimension 3.6: Medieneinsatz Dimension 3.7: Sozialformen und Methoden Dimension 3.8: Umgang mit Heterogenit{\"a}t Dimension 4: Klassenf{\"u}hrung Dimension 5: Lernprozess- und Lernproduktdiagnostik Dimension 6: Beratung ANLAGE I: DIE STANDARDS GEORDNET NACH LEHRERBILDUNGSPHASEN (44) P{\"a}dagogisch-Didaktisches Praktikum Studienbegleitendes Fachdidaktisches Praktikum Referendariat Professionelle Lehrkraft Anlage II: AUTORENSPIEGEL (70)}, subject = {Didaktik}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kopp2020, author = {Kopp, Katrina}, title = {Essays on Fraud and Forensic Accounting - Research from a German Accounting Perspective}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8264}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {190 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Investment fraud, cybercrime, inconsistencies in health care or the emission scams at the car manufacturers, economic crime (fraud) manifests itself in many facets. For Germany, the cases of FlowTex, Comroad, HRE-Bad-Bank, Holzmann, Volkswagen and the current fraud suspicions at Porsche AG are prominent examples with mostly appalling consequences (Ballwieser and Dobler 2003; K{\"o}gler 2015; Meck, Nienhaus, and von Petersdorff 2011; Peem{\"o}ller and Hofmann 2005). Nevertheless, newspapers without reports on fraud have become scarce. Headlines such as: "Corruption - the daily business" impress hardly anyone, not least because of their certain regularity. The cases revealed publicly are, however, only the tip of the iceberg, as reported by renowned experts (Bundeskriminalamt 2018; LKA 2018). Currently, the State Criminal Police Office (Landeskriminalamt (LKA)) of Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg and its department for economic and environmental crime and corruption is concerned with 72 major proceedings (LKA 2018). However, fraud could be avoided or at least contained by appropriate preventive measures (Bundeskriminalamt 2018; Bussmann 2004; Hlavica, Klapproth, and H{\"u}lsberg 2011). Consequently, the pressure on companies and employees to demonstrate compliant and ethical behavior and to meet the demands of stakeholders at all times within their business activities has grown (Buff 2000). This raises the question about which precautionary measures a company can and must implement (Weick and Sutcliffe 2015). Although corporate awareness of this issue has increased, most in-house detection of fraud is accidental, suggesting that companies are still lacking appropriately functioning and systematic (early) detection mechanism (Hlavica et al. 2011). If a company is accused of fraud, this usually has serious repercussions on its corporate reputation. Prior research found that capital market reputation-based penalties for affected companies are on average 7.5 times higher than penalties imposed by the legal system (Karpoff, Lee, and Martin 2008). Furthermore, the accusation of fraud also affects the external auditor's reputation, since lacking the detection of manipulations in clients' (financial) reports not only damages public confidence in the accuracy of firms' financial statements but also in the reliability of the auditor's report. Therefore, it is not surprising that the demand for greater supervision and control of firms' (financial) reporting as well as for reliable work of statutory auditors continually increases (Herkendell 2007). Although to a lesser extent, this is also the case for the determination of material (accounting) errors within a firm's financial statements, which are often difficult to distinguish from accounting fraud. According to the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 8.5, published by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), errors are omissions and/or misstatements of items that result from the nonapplication or misapplication of trusted information (IASB 2003). Thus, accounting errors and accounting fraud both result in incorrect information of a firm's financial reports and consequently affect stakeholders' decision-making. One resulting attempt in counteracting the broad demand for appropriate protective measures was the implementation of a two-stage enforcement system involving the German Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (Deutsche Pr{\"u}fstelle f{\"u}r Rechnungslegung (DPR)) as part of the adopted Financial Reporting Enforcement Act (Bilanzkontrollgesetz (BilKoG)) in 2004. The primary objective of the Federal Government's implementation of this mechanism was to strengthen investors' lost confidence in the German capital market, the information content of financial reporting, and Germany as a financial center in the international competition. In addition, the enforcement system serves as a sanctioning instrument for firms in the event of an error detection and subsequent adverse error disclosure via the German federal registry (elektronischer Bundesanzeiger). This adverse error disclosure not only sanctions denounced firms but also questions the quality of the annual financial statement audit and thus the quality of the responsible audit firm. Hence, the often thin line between firms' unintentional accounting errors, purposive engagement in earnings management, and intentional fraud in particular presents an increasing challenge for the audit profession. The objective of my cumulative dissertation is to provide a comprehensive overview of fraud and forensic accounting as well as insights into the distinct dimensions among the concepts of errors, earnings management and fraud from a German accounting perspective. I aim at achieving this objective in three steps: First (1), by providing an overview of discipline-specific education possibilities, existing forensic accounting practices, institutions, and current developments in research. Second (2), by assessing auditors' obligations and responsibilities for the detection of irregularities within the scope of the annual financial statement audit and whether including forensic services into the service portfolio of audit firms can help increase their audit quality due to spillover effects. Third (3), by examining firms' reputation (re-)building management in response to financial violations and how this process is associated with managing multiple (stakeholder) reputations. This dissertation is composed of three individual papers whereby each considers one of the above outlined focus areas}, subject = {Wirtschaftskriminalit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @book{Rosowski2021, author = {Rosowski, Udo}, title = {Die Organisation der Bergaufsicht im rheinisch-westf{\"a}lischen Bergbaubezirk vom 16. Jh. bis zum Allgemeinen Berggesetz von 1865}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9940}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {17 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die Publikation stellt die Ausgestaltung und Zunahme der staatlichen Verwaltung und Leitung der Bergbaubetriebe im Zeitablauf auch vor dem Hintergrund der sich {\"a}ndernden Landesherrschaften bis hin zum sogenannten Direktionsprinzip anschaulich dar. Mit dem Berggesetz von 1865 wurde der staatliche Einfluss auf ein Mindestmaß zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt.}, subject = {Bergrecht}, language = {de} } @unpublished{Yakouchyk2018, author = {Yakouchyk, Katsiaryna}, title = {Belarusian State Ideology: A Strategy of Flexible Adaptation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-6028}, pages = {20 Seiten}, year = {2018}, abstract = {While in some Eastern European countries a wave of colored revolutions challenged existing political orders, Belarus has remained largely untouched by mass protests. In Minsk, the diffusion of democratic ideas leading to the mobilization of population meets a stable authoritarian regime. Nevertheless, the stagnating democratization process cannot be only attributed to the strong authoritarian rule and abuse of power. Indeed, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko still enjoys popularity by a large part of the population. Although international observers report that elections in Belarus have never been free and fair, few commentators doubt that Lukashenko would not have won in democratic elections. This evidence suggests that the regime succeeded in building a strong legitimizing basis, which has not been seriously challenged during the last two decades. This paper explores the authoritarian stability in Belarus by looking at the patterns of state ideology. The government effectively spreads state ideology since the early 2000s. Ideology departments have been created in almost all state institutions. The education sector has been affected by the introduction of the compulsory course "The Fundamentals of Belarusian State Ideology" at all universities, and increasing attention to the patriotic education at schools. Based on document analysis, I trace the creation of "ideological vertical" in Belarus and focuse on the issue of ideology in education and youth policy sectors.}, language = {en} } @misc{OPUS4-1011, title = {Abschlussmagazin des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs 1681/2 "Privatheit \& Digitalisierung"}, editor = {Deremetz, Anne and Frank, Miriam and Hennig, Martin and Schlegel, Marcel and Watzinger, Lea}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10118}, pages = {76 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {1 TRANSFORMATIONEN DES PRIVATEN Kai von Lewinski: Die Borkenstruktur des Datenschutzes am Baum der Privatheit im Wald der Datenmacht (S. 6) Julia Maria M{\"o}nig: Von der Privatheit(-sforschung) zur (Werte-)Ethik (S. 11) Birgitt Riegraf: Die Sph{\"a}re der Privatheit in Zeiten der Digitalisierung (S. 17) Beate R{\"o}ssler: Was bedeutet es, in der digitalen Gesellschaft zu leben? Zur digitalen Transformation des Menschen (S. 20) 2 MEDIEN UND KULTUREN DES PRIVATEN Petra Grimm: Mediatisierte Privatheit in der Corona-Pandemie (S. 27) Kai Erik Trost: Person(en) sein k{\"o}nnen - die heutige Privatheit aus einer sozialr{\"a}umlichen Perspektive (S. 32) Marcel Schlegel: Aufenthaltsstatus: ungekl{\"a}rt - Was Polit-Influencer:innen f{\"u}r Meinungsf{\"u}hrer und {\"O}ffentlichkeitskonzepte bedeuten (S. 36) Carsten Ochs: Lost in Transformation? Einige Hypothesen zur Systematik der Strukturtransformation informationeller Privatheit vom 18. Jh. bis heute (S. 48) 3 SCHUTZ(-R{\"A}UME) DES PRIVATEN Tobias Keber: Datenschutz und Mediensystem - Altersverifikation und Uploadfilter aus intradisziplin{\"a}rer Perspektive (S. 56) Alexander Krafka: Einigkeit und Recht und Sicherheit - Das Sicherheitsdispositiv als aktuelles Paradigma der Privatheitskultur (S. 62) Stephanie Schiedermaier: Das Recht auf Vergessenwerden zwischen Luxemburg, Straßburg, Karlsruhe und der Welt (S. 66) Ralf M{\"u}ller-Terpitz: Mediale {\"O}ffentlichkeit vs. Schutz der Privatheit - Juristische Grenzverschiebungen durch die Digitalisierung? (S. 71)}, language = {de} } @article{vonLewinski2021, author = {von Lewinski, Kai}, title = {Die Borkenstruktur des Datenschutzes am Baum der Privatheit im Wald der Datenmacht}, series = {Abschlussmagazin des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs 1681/2 "Privatheit \& Digitalisierung"}, journal = {Abschlussmagazin des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs 1681/2 "Privatheit \& Digitalisierung"}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10122}, pages = {6 -- 10}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Kai von Lewinski nimmt eine juristische Perspektive ein und rekonstruiert kritisch die Grenzen der gegenwertigen Gesetzgebung im Bereich des Informationsrechts und des Datenschutzes, die {\"a}ußerst individualistisch vorgehen. Das Datenschutzrecht fokussiert auf den einzelnen Datenverarbeitungsschritt in Bezug auf eine bestimmte ›betroffene Person‹ und kann daher die gegenw{\"a}rtigen informationellen Vermachtungen kaum fassen. Der Artikel pl{\"a}diert daf{\"u}r, die interdisziplin{\"a}re Perspektive auf Privatsph{\"a}reschutz weiterzuverfolgen, die im Graduiertenkolleg entwickelt wurde.}, language = {de} }