@phdthesis{Kuhn2024, author = {Kuhn, Esther}, title = {Zur Dogmatik der Zahlungsverbote}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-14159}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Dogmatik der Zahlungsverbote endg{\"u}ltig herauszuarbeiten. Sp{\"a}testens seit Inkrafttreten des \S 15b InsO durch das SanInsFOG kann nicht mehr geleugnet werden, dass es sich bei der Haftung f{\"u}r einen Verstoß gegen das Zahlungsverbot im Rahmen der Insolvenzverschleppungshaftung um eine schadensrechtliche Anspruchsgrundlage handeln muss.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Lachat2024, author = {Lachat, Paul}, title = {Detecting Inference Attacks Involving Sensor Data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-14149}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xiii, 141 Seiten}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The collection of personal information by organizations has become increasingly essential for social interactions. Nevertheless, according to the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), the organizations have to protect collected data. Access Control (AC) mechanisms are traditionally used to secure information systems against unauthorized access to sensitive data. The increased availability of personal sensor data, thanks to IoT-oriented applications, motivates new services to offer insights about individuals. Consequently, data mining algorithms have been proposed to infer personal insights from collected sensor data. Although they can be used for genuine purposes, attackers can leverage those outcomes, combining them with other type of data, and further breaching individuals' privacy. Thus, bypassing AC mechanisms thanks to such insights is a concrete problem. We propose an inference detection system based on the analysis of queries issued on a sensor database. The knowledge obtained through these queries, and the inference channels corresponding to the use of data mining algorithms on sensor data to infer individual information, are described using Raw sensor data based Inference ChannEl Model (RICE-M). The detection is carried out by RICE-M based inference detection System (RICE-Sy). RICE-Sy considers at the time of the query, the knowledge that a user obtains via a new query and has obtained via his query history, and determines whether this is sufficient to allow that user to operate a channel. Thus, privacy protection systems can take advantage of the inferences detected by RICE-Sy, taking into account individuals' information obtained by the attackers via a database of sensors, to further protect these individuals.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Le2022, author = {Le, Mirjam}, title = {The Peri-urban City: Cargo Cult Urbanism, Porosity and an Emerging Urban Citizenship in Vietnamese Secondary Cities}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-14097}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xiii, 241 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The impact of urban development on local residents in the urban periphery oscillates between processes of empowerment and processes of marginalization as well as between state-controlled order and decentralized self-organization. Consequently local authorities, including urban planners and local residents need to negotiate their respective roles in the production and usage of urban space defined by transition, transformation and ambiguity. Therefore, this work examines the underlying patterns, interactions and structures which define the negotiation of state-society relations in the framework of a porous peri-urban landscape in Vietnam's secondary cities. In Chapter 1, peri-urban areas are defined as space of transformation where pattern of rural land use are intertwined with pattern of urban land use to create an urban-rural interface with blurred boundaries. The main characteristic of the spatial pattern in Tam Kỳ and Bu{\^o}n Ma Thuột is rooted urban porosity leading to the spatial intertwining of rural, peri-urban and urban spaces. The emerging urban landscape can be defined as peri-urban city. Three main themes define this peri-urban city beyond porosity: (1) processes of transformation creating the peri-urban city, (2) networks of power and control as means to adapt to these transformations and (3) mobility as prerequisite for ability to benefit from the changing landscape in peri-urban cities. Chapter 2 describes how state authorities, urban planners and private investors at the local level in Tam Kỳ and Bu{\^o}n Ma Thuột use porous space to reproduce the city based on their aspirations. This leads to a cargo cult urbanism, where urban planning is rooted in future aspirations for the city. Plans and construction efforts reference the image of a modern urban future and produce the image of a city, which does not exists in the real urban space of Tam Kỳ and Bu{\^o}n Ma Thuột. In the meantime, practices based in peri-urban space are often contradictory to the official aspirations of local state authorities Chapter 3 explores this emerging divergence between the aspired urban space by the state and the reality of urban space rooted in material and social porosity. Traditional, newly accessible and environmental porosity provide an array of accessible space which transforms the peri-urban city into a social arena of encounters and interaction. Consequently, porosity enables local residents to maintain urban space as commons. This counters the push towards the privatization of urban space by state and private actors and creates multiple aspirations for the urban future. Rooted in urban space as commons, porosity enables the usage of peri-urban space as spaces of resistance as discussed in Chapter 4. Mobility and interaction are means of reproduction in the porous ambiguity of urban materiality but also become means of everyday resistance. The emerging spatialities of emancipation provide opportunities for an emerging urban citizenship. Urban materiality and urban citizenship have a mutually constitutive relationship.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bermeitinger2024, author = {Bermeitinger, Bernhard}, title = {Investigating a Second-Order Optimization Strategy for Neural Networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-14087}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xv, 59 Seiten}, year = {2024}, abstract = {In summary, this cumulative dissertation investigates the application of the conjugate gradient method CG for the optimization of artificial neural networks (NNs) and compares this method with common first-order optimization methods, especially the stochastic gradient descent (SGD). The presented research results show that CG can effectively optimize both small and very large networks. However, the default machine precision of 32 bits can lead to problems. The best results are only achieved in 64-bits computations. The research also emphasizes the importance of the initialization of the NNs' trainable parameters and shows that an initialization using singular value decomposition (SVD) leads to drastically lower error values. Surprisingly, shallow but wide NNs, both in Transformer and CNN architectures, often perform better than their deeper counterparts. Overall, the research results recommend a re-evaluation of the previous preference for extremely deep NNs and emphasize the potential of CG as an optimization method.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schaich2023, author = {Schaich, Marie-Katrin}, title = {Zul{\"a}ssigkeit und Grenzen der Projektbefristung}, publisher = {Duncker \& Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-428-59003-2}, doi = {10.3790/978-3-428-59003-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2023122219103461828092}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {145 Seiten}, year = {2023}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Postel2024, author = {Postel, Lea}, title = {In Data We Trust: Three Essays on Consumers' Trust-Based Decision-Making Strategies in Privacy-Relevant Online Contexts}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-14021}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XIV, 145 Seiten}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Technological advancements and new legal requirements are continuously changing the online data disclosure landscape in terms of both, the quantity and quality of data that firms can acquire. Nowadays, consumers are required to disclose personal data online multiple times a day and in a variety of different contexts, such as creating user profiles, online payment or using location-based services. Despite consumers' increasing online privacy concerns, firms rely ever more strongly on consumer data that they convert into a competitive advantage through personalized product recommendations and targeted advertising. In an effort to encourage consumer data disclosure, many firms have focused on building trust as a way to counterbalance privacy concerns and mitigate risk perceptions. Correspondingly, marketing literature has continued to examine the interplay of trust and consumer privacy concerns. While the extant research has considerably advanced our understanding of the role of trust in privacy-related decision-making, the majority of studies has mainly focused on single-stage, dyadic disclosure settings and cognitive decision-making processes. Against this background, the overarching goal of this thesis is to shed light on under-researched data disclosure contexts involving trust and to explore additional facets of the underlying decision-making processes. For example, considering pre- and post-disclosure stages when evaluating consumers' data disclosure decisions allows for a more holistic picture of the decision-making process. Similarly, social media and sharing economy settings challenge the traditional assumption of purely dyadic consumer-firm data disclosure, thus extending traditional conceptualizations of trust. Across three independent essays, this thesis addresses the overarching research question of how the peculiarities of multi-stage and multi-actor settings shape consumers' trust-based decision-making strategies.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Duffourc2023, author = {Duffourc, Mindy}, title = {Liability for Negligent Healthcare Clinical Risk Management in the United States and Germany}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13859}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvi, 141 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Systems-focused error prevention efforts are internationally recognized in the healthcare industry, and industry efforts to identify and correct organizational defects through the process of CRM are well established in the U.S. and Germany. However, in both countries, there is no clear corresponding liability for healthcare organizations who fail to engage in systems-based learning through the process of clinical risk management (CRM). Although both jurisdictions do recognize organization-based theories of liability, liability for negligent CRM has not been explicitly recognized by courts in either jurisdiction to date. German legal scholars, recognizing this gap in liability for healthcare organizations, have written in support of finding liability for negligent CRM under existing tort law; however, there is no corresponding discussion in the American legal literature. This dissertation fills that gap with a comparative analysis of medical negligence law in the U.S. and Germany through the international lens of modern medical error prevention science and policy to articulate a legal basis and sketch the evidentiary framework for tort liability based on negligent CRM.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fink2023, author = {Fink, Simon Dominik}, title = {Constrained Planarity Algorithms in Theory and Practice}, doi = {10.15475/cpatp.2024}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13817}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {216 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the constrained planarity setting, we ask whether a graph admits a crossing-free drawing that additionally satisfies a given set of constraints. These constraints are often derived from very natural problems; prominent examples are Level Planarity, where vertices have to lie on given horizontal lines indicating a hierarchy, Partially Embedded Planarity, where we extend a given drawing without modifying already-drawn parts, and Clustered Planarity, where we additionally draw the boundaries of clusters which recursively group the vertices in a crossing-free manner. In the last years, the family of constrained planarity problems received a lot of attention in the field of graph drawing. Efficient algorithms were discovered for many of them, while a few others turned out to be NP-complete. In contrast to the extensive theoretical considerations and the direct motivation by applications, only very few of the found algorithms have been implemented and evaluated in practice. The goal of this thesis is to advance the research on both theoretical as well as practical aspects of constrained planarity. On the theoretical side, we consider two types of constrained planarity problems. The first type are problems that individually constrain the rotations of vertices, that is they restrict the counter-clockwise cyclic orders of the edges incident to vertices. We give a simple linear-time algorithm for the problem Partially Embedded Planarity, which also generalizes to further constrained planarity variants of this type. The second type of constrained planarity problem concerns more involved planarity variants that come down to the question whether there are embeddings of one or multiple graphs such that the rotations of certain vertices are in sync in a certain way. Clustered Planarity and a variant of the Simultaneous Embedding with Fixed Edges Problem (Connected SEFE-2) are well-known problems of this type. Both are generalized by our Synchronized Planarity problem, for which we give a quadratic algorithm. Through reductions from various other problems, we provide a unified modelling framework for almost all known efficiently solvable constrained planarity variants that also directly provides a quadratic-time solution to all of them. For both our algorithms, a key ingredient for reaching an efficient solution is the usage of the right data structure for the problem at hand. In this case, these data structures are the SPQR-tree and the PC-tree, which describe planar embedding possibilities from a global and a local perspective, respectively. More specifically, PC-trees can be used to locally describe the possible cyclic orders of edges around vertices in all planar embeddings of a graph. This makes it a key component for our algorithms, as it allows us to test planarity while also respecting further constraints, and to communicate constraints arising from the surrounding graph structure between vertices with synchronized rotation. Bridging over to the practical side, we present the first correct implementation of PC-trees. We also describe further improvements, which allow us to outperform all implementations of alternative data structures (out of which we only found very few to be fully correct) by at least a factor of 4. We show that this yields a simple and competitive planarity test that can also yield an embedding to certify planarity. We also use our PC-tree implementation to implement our quadratic algorithm for solving Synchronized Planarity. Here, we show that our algorithm greatly outperforms previous attempts at solving related problems like Clustered Planarity in practice. We also engineer its running time and show how degrees of freedom in the theoretical algorithm can be leveraged to yield an up to tenfold speed-up in practice.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mussotter2023, author = {Mußotter, Marlene}, title = {On nation, homeland, and democracy: Toward a novel three-factor measurement model for nationalism and patriotism}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13781}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {100, ca. 100 ungez{\"a}hlte Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The nationalism-patriotism distinction is one of the most influential distinctions in the field of political psychology. While frequently used, the distinction suffers from a number of shortcomings that have hitherto been devoted little attention to. This dissertation aims to contribute to fill this research gap by systematically addressing these pitfalls. Notably, it does not abandon the binary distinction as such, but aims to further refine it. Thoroughly revisiting the nationalism-patriotism distinction, it synthesises the field's two predominant research traditions, i.e. the work of Kosterman and Feshbach (1989) in the U.S. and the one of Blank and Schmidt (2003) in Germany, that have not been brought into dialogue. In so doing, and engaging with research on attachment, it calls for a more nuanced triad of attachments: nationalism, that revolves around the nation; patriotism, that refers to the homeland; and democratic patriotism with democracy as its object of attachment. In line with this triad, it introduces a novel three-factor measurement model that has been validated in three studies in Germany. Overall, the dissertation underlines the need to approach ambiguous and complex concepts such as nationalism and patriotism in a more theoretically consistent way before operationalizing them in a rigorous manner.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zimmermann2023, author = {Zimmermann, Johanna Anita}, title = {Taking the First Step on the Consumer Privacy Journey - Three Essays on Consumers' Privacy-Related Decision-Making}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13761}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {IX, 183 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Data has become a necessary resource for firm operations in the modern digital world, explaining their growing data gathering efforts. Due to this development, consumers are confronted with decisions to disclose personal data on a daily basis, and have become increasingly intentional about data sharing. While this reluctance to disclose personal data poses challenges for firms, at the same time, it also creates new opportunities for improving privacy-related interactions with customers. This dissertation advocates for a more holistic perspective on consumers' privacy-related decision-making and introduces the consumer privacy journey consisting of three subsequent phases: pre data disclosure, data disclosure, post data disclosure. In three independent essays, I stress the importance of investigating data requests (i.e., the first step of this journey) as they represent a largely neglected, yet, potentially powerful means to influence consumers' decision-making and decision-evaluation processes. Based on dual-processing models of decision-making, this dissertation focuses on both consumers' cognitive and affective evaluations of privacy-related information: First, Essay 1 offers novel conceptualizations and operationalizations of consumers' perceived behavioral control over personal data (i.e., cognitive processing) in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based data disclosure processes. Next, Essay 2 examines consumers' cognitive and affective processing of a data request that entails relevance arguments as well as relevance-illustrating game elements. Finally, Essay 3 categorizes affective cues that trigger consumers' affective processing of a data request and proposes that such cues need to fit with a specific data disclosure situation to foster long-term decision satisfaction. Collectively, my findings provide research and practice with new insights into consumers' privacy perceptions and behaviors, which are particularly valuable in the context of complex, new (technology-enabled) data disclosure situations.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Klepikova2024, author = {Klepikova, Tatiana}, title = {Crossing Soviet Thresholds: Privacy, Literature, and Politics in Late Soviet Russia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13771}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 163 Seiten}, year = {2024}, abstract = {My dissertation examines literary mythologies of privacy in the authoritarian Russia of 1953-1985. This era was marked by an expansion of "non-state spheres," or areas of life of which the Communist state increasingly released its control after Joseph Stalin's death in 1953. Political elites, architects, and designers, as well as ordinary citizens co-constructed and explored the rising spheres through the languages of their respective fields—by producing regulations and laws, designing and erecting new types of buildings, developing new and modernizing already familiar everyday objects as well as devising new ways of integrating these objects into private and public spaces. Alongside these voices, transformations in the cultural sphere in general, and literature in particular, were most vocal. The late Soviet era witnessed the dissolution of the ossified ideology of socialist realism that focused on the glorification of the "new Soviet man" and had held culture in its tight grips since the 1930s. Starting from the 1950s, writers increasingly focused on portraying areas of life that lay beyond one's public commitments and experimented with new meanings, codes, and forms to give shape to novel spheres of experience of the "late Soviet man" that can be subsumed under the concept of the "private sphere." The analytical framework of my dissertation is built around the journey to understand the mechanisms and architecture that powered the imagination of models of distancing oneself from the state and the society at large—scenarios of privacy, as we may call them today. I examine Russian prose and drama of the 1950s-1980s as a laboratory for the ideas of privacy, which was increasingly sought in the society disillusioned by the Communist doctrine and thus progressively alienating from active participation in the public sphere. I analyze the meanings that writers incorporated into new and old forms of domesticity—private flats that became progressively widespread throughout the 1950s-1980s, rooms in communal apartments, individual houses—to determine the spectrum of concepts that nurtured the idea of privacy in the late Soviet literary imagination. I also examine representations of reciprocal paradigms of relations between subjects from which the state and society at large were increasingly excluded. In the examples that I analyze, forms of private withdrawals variate from establishing control over liminal spaces or escaping into the world of feelings and emotions and building a connection to a person or space (significant for the characters for private rather than public reasons) to experimenting with language and pursuing one's idiolect despite the ubiquitous "officialese," as well as living in temporalities asynchronous with the public time. Beyond revealing the visions of different, non-state existences in the late Soviet era, my text also advocates examining the role of official literature as a platform for subversion and change that was no less important in an authoritarian state than dissident literature. I see officially published texts as a cultural subaltern who defies the state of affairs and slowly but firmly turns the "state sphere" into a public one by pushing its own agenda through publications that test and gain ground for bolder visions of Soviet life that are not predicated on the commitment to the public sphere. With individual mechanisms of power assertion employed by the state or literature in the late Soviet era well-researched, the framework is still missing that would capture the shifts of borders between the private and public spheres under the influence of these actors. In devising such framework, I build upon sociological theories of disattendability and civil inattention that Erving Goffman conceived to describe conventions of individual behavior and social interaction in public. Extending these theories toward the studies of literary politics, I argue that by envisioning scenarios of a private retreat and bringing them into officially published editions, literature normalized privacy as a late Soviet imaginary and, therefore, continuously heightened its own disattendability, thereby expanding the borders of the private sphere. On the side of the state, the border was defined by the triggers of disturbance of civil inattention: privacy was conceded in return for disattendability. Under such conditions, literature became a bizarre "private kitchen" that performed private and public functions simultaneously—similar to the kitchens in newly-built individual apartments that were popular loci of socialization in the late Soviet era. It turned into a place where one can escape—it became one of the "niches of privacy" where it was possible to discuss and negotiate the world, in which the society lived or to which it should strive. At the same time, it assumed the role of a surrogate for the public sphere within the "state" sphere by pushing its own agenda through the publication of literary texts that sought to imagine a person rather than a cog in the Communist machine and thus transformed socialist realism into a literary current "with a human face." In my research, privacy, literature, and politics are bound together to reveal a vibrant spectacle of the continuous interaction between the state, cultural elites, and the citizens, in which thresholds are erected and crossed incessantly. Fictional private sites were battlefields for the production and contestation of ideologies, and the exposure of these literary wars to the public eye played a fundamental role in shifting the borders between the private and the public spheres in an authoritarian late Soviet Russia. The patterns of relations between the state and culture that I uncover in my dissertation resonate in neo-authoritarian twenty-first-century Russia, making privacy an important lens for our insight into the role of culture in rising authoritarian and failing democratic systems across the globe.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Danner2023, author = {Danner, Dominik}, title = {Towards Quality of Service and Fairness in Smart Grid Applications}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13731}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xx, 172 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Due to the increasing amount of distributed renewable energy generation and the emerging high demand at consumer connection points, e. g., electric vehicles, the power distribution grid will reach its capacity limit at peak load times if it is not expensively enhanced. Alternatively, smart flexibility management that controls user assets can help to better utilize the existing power grid infrastructure for example by sharing available grid capacity among connected electric vehicles or by disaggregating flexibility requests to hybrid photovoltaic battery energy storage systems in households. Besides maintaining an acceptable state of the power distribution grid, these smart grid applications also need to ensure a certain quality of service and provide fairness between the individual participants, both of which are not extensively discussed in the literature. This thesis investigates two smart grid applications, namely electric vehicle charging-as-a-service and flexibility-provision-as-a-service from distributed energy storage systems in private households. The electric vehicle charging service allocation is modeled with distributed queuing-based allocation mechanisms which are compared to new probabilistic algorithms. Both integrate user constraints (arrival time, departure time, and energy required) to manage the quality of service and fairness. In the queuing-based allocation mechanisms, electric vehicle charging requests are packetized into logical charging current packets, representing the smallest controllable size of the charging process. These packets are queued at hierarchically distributed schedulers, which allocate the available charging capacity using the time and frequency division multiplexing technique known from the networking domain. This allows multiple electric vehicles to be charged simultaneously with variable charging currents. To achieve high quality of service and fairness among electric vehicle charging processes, dynamic weights are introduced into a weighted fair queuing scheduler that considers electric vehicle departure time and required energy for prioritization. The distributed probabilistic algorithms are inspired by medium access protocols from computer networking, such as binary exponential backoff, and control the quality of service and fairness by adjusting sampling windows and waiting periods based on user requirements. The second smart grid application under investigation aims to provide flexibility provision-as-a-service that disaggregates power flexibility requests to distributed battery energy storage systems in private households. Commonly, the main purpose of stationary energy storage is to store energy from a local photovoltaic system for later use, e. g., for overnight charging of an electric vehicle. This is optimized locally by a home energy management system, which also allows the scheduling of external flexibility requests defined by the deviation from the optimal power profile at the grid connection point, for example, to perform peak shaving at the transformer. This thesis discusses a linear heuristic and a meta heuristic to disaggregate a flexibility request to the single participating energy management systems that are grouped into a flexibility pool. Thereby, the linear heuristic iteratively assigns portions of the power flexibility to the most appropriate energy management system for one time slot after another, minimizing the total flexibility cost or maximizing the probability of flexibility delivery. In addition, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is proposed that also takes into account power grid aspects, quality of service, and fairness among par-ticipating households. The genetic operators are tailored to the flexibility disaggregation search space, taking into account flexibility and energy management system constraints, and enable power-optimized buffering of fitness values. Both smart grid applications are validated on a realistic power distribution grid with real driving patterns and energy profiles for photovoltaic generation and household consumption. The results of all proposed algorithms are analyzed with respect to a set of newly defined metrics on quality of service, fairness, efficiency, and utilization of the power distribution grid. One of the main findings is that none of the tested algorithms outperforms the others in all quality of service metrics, however, integration of user expectations improves the service quality compared to simpler approaches. Furthermore, smart grid control that incorporates users and their flexibility allows the integration of high-load applications such as electric vehicle charging and flexibility aggregation from distributed energy storage systems into the existing electricity distribution infrastructure. However, there is a trade-off between power grid aspects, e. g., grid losses and voltage values, and the quality of service provided. Whenever active user interaction is required, means of controlling the quality of service of users' smart grid applications are necessary to ensure user satisfaction with the services provided.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Welearegai2023, author = {Welearegai, Gebrehiwet Biyane}, title = {Precise Detection of Injection Attacks in Real-world Applications}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12926}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvi, 120 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Code injection attacks like the one used in the high-profile 2017 Equifax breach, have become increasingly common, ranking at the top of OWASP's list of critical web application vulnerabilities. The injection attacks can also target embedded applications running on processors like ARM and Xtensa by exploiting memory bugs and maliciously altering the program's behavior or even taking full control over a system. Especially, ARM's support of low power consumption without sacrificing performance is leading the industry to shift towards ARM processors, which advances the attention of injection attacks as well. In this thesis, we are considering web applications and embedded applications (running on ARM and Xtensa processors) as the target of injection attacks. To detect injection attacks in web applications, taint analysis is mostly proposed but the precision, scalability, and runtime overhead of the detection depend on the analysis types (e.g., static vs dynamic, sound vs unsound). Moreover, in the existing dynamic taint tracking approach for Java- based applications, even the most performant can impose a slowdown of at least 10-20\% and often far more. On the other hand, considering the embedded applications, while some initial research has tried to detect injection attacks (i.e., ROP and JOP) on ARM, they suffer from high performance or storage overhead. Besides, the Xtensa has been neglected though used in most firmware-based embedded WiFi home automation devices. This thesis aims to provide novel approaches to precisely detect injection attacks on both the web and embedded applications. To that end, we evaluate JavaScript static analysis frameworks to evaluate the security of a hybrid app (JS \& native) from an industrial partner, provide RIVULET - a tool that precisely detects injection attacks in Java-based real-world applications, and investigate injection attacks detection on ARM and Xtensa platforms using hardware performance counters (HPCs) and machine learning (ML) techniques. To evaluate the security of the hybrid application, we initially compare the precision, scalability, and code coverage of two widely-used static analysis frameworks—WALA and SAFE. The result of our comparison shows that SAFE provides higher precision and better code coverage at the cost of somewhat lower scalability. Based on these results, we analyze the data flows of the hybrid app via taint analysis by extending the SAFE's taint analysis and detected a potential for injection attacks of the hybrid application. Similarly, to detect injection attacks in Java-based applications, we provide Rivulet which monitors the execution of developer-written functional tests using dynamic taint tracking. Rivulet uses a white-box test generation technique to re-purpose those functional tests to check if any vulnerable flow could be exploited. We compared Rivulet to the state-of-the-art static vulnerability detector Julia on benchmarks and Rivulet outperformed Julia in both false positives and false negatives. We also used Rivulet to detect new vulnerabilities. Moreover, for applications running on ARM and Xtensa platforms, we investigate ROP1 attack detection by combining HPCs and ML techniques. We collect data exploiting real- world vulnerable applications and small benchmarks to train the ML. For ROP attack detection on ARM, we also implement an online monitor which labels a program's execution as benign or under attack and stops its execution once the latter is detected. Evaluating our ROP attack detection approach on ARM provides a detection accuracy of 92\% for the offline training and 75\% for the online monitoring. Similarly, our ROP attack detection on the firmware-only Xtensa processor provides an overall average detection accuracy of 79\%. Last but not least, this thesis shows how relevant taint analysis is to precisely detect injection attacks on web applications and the power of HPC combined with machine learning in the control flow injection attacks detection on ARM and Xtensa platforms.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Li2023, author = {Li, Yuze}, title = {Das System des Leistungsst{\"o}rungsrechts - eine vergleichende Studie zum deutschen und chinesischen Recht}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-13712}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XVI, 296 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Das chinesische Zivilgesetzbuch wurde am 28. Mai 2020 verk{\"u}ndet, mit vielen {\"A}nderungen gegen{\"u}ber der vorherigen Gesetzgebung. In diesem Zusammenhang ist das Leistungsst{\"o}rungsrecht, das ein Kerngebiet des Schuldrechts ist, neu zu erfassen. Dies soll insbesondere anhand des deutschen Leistungsst{\"o}rungsrechts und eines Vergleichs zwischen beiden geschehen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich daher mit einer Reihe grundlegender Fragen des chinesischen Leistungsst{\"o}rungsrechts. So kann man sich {\"u}ber die Herkunft des chinesischen Vertragsrechts, seinen gegenw{\"a}rtigen Stand, das rechtliche Regelsystem sowie die einschl{\"a}gige Behandlung in der Rechtsprechung informieren.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Miketta2023, author = {Miketta, Yvonne}, title = {Frame-Semantik und Plastikw{\"o}rter: Lexikologische Untersuchungen zur sprachlichen Signifikanz in der Politik des 21. Jahrhunderts}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12881}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {390 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Was m{\"o}chten Politikerinnen und Politiker mit dem Gesagten wirklich ausdr{\"u}cken? Welchen spezifischen Zweck erf{\"u}llen bestimmte Worte im politischen Kontext? In dieser Arbeit wird die sprachliche Signifikanz des Zusammenspiels von Frame-Semantik und Plastikw{\"o}rtern im Kontext der Politik des 21. Jahrhunderts untersucht. Nach der Vorstellung dieser beiden Theorien werden grundlegende Definitionen aus der Frame-Semantik und der Forschung zu Plastikw{\"o}rtern adaptiert, um das Vokabular in der politischen Kommunikation fachlich ad{\"a}quat analysieren zu k{\"o}nnen. F{\"u}r diese politolinguistische Analyse wurde eigenst{\"a}ndig ein Untersuchungskorpus erstellt, das aus Reden und Redeanteilen von deutschen Politikerinnen und Politikern aus dem Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2020 besteht. Das Korpus umfasst Reden bzw. Redeanteile verschiedener Politikerinnen und Politiker. Die korpuslinguistische Analyse soll den Zusammenhang zwischen Frame-Semantik und Plastikw{\"o}rtern in der Politik, sowie die dabei auftretenden sprachlichen Muster und Praktiken empirisch nachweisen. Hierzu wurde eine com-putergest{\"u}tzte Analyse mithilfe der Programmiersprachen Python und R durchgef{\"u}hrt. Sprache in der Politik bietet einen relevanten Themenbereich der Sprachwissenschaft. Sie ist durch die Medien in der Gesellschaft omnipr{\"a}sent und betrifft alle B{\"u}rgerinnen und B{\"u}rger. Aus diesem Grund ist die Bearbeitung dieses Fachgebietes von allgemeinem Interesse. Der kombinierte quantitative wie qualitative Einsatz von Frame-Semantik und Plastikwort-Forschung bei der Analyse eines politiksprachlichen Korpus stellt ein Forschungsdesiderat dar.}, subject = {Frame-Semantik}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Baumgartner2023, author = {Baumgartner, Isolde}, title = {Der Einfluss von Aufgabenmerkmalen auf situationales Interesse im Fach Geschichte}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12785}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {316 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Welche Typen von Lernaufgaben werden von Jugendlichen als interessant und bedeutsam wahrgenommen? Lassen sich positive Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Aufgabenmerkmalen und aufgabenbezogenem situationalem Interesse von Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern herstellen? Diese Arbeit untersucht auf der Basis von Interessentheorien die Wirkung von Aufgabenmerkmalen auf situationales Interesse im Fach Geschichte. Aufgrund haupts{\"a}chlich normativ gesetzter geschichtsdidaktischer Vorschl{\"a}ge zur Lernaufgabengestaltung fehlt bislang ein empirisch {\"u}berpr{\"u}ftes Klassifikationsschema zur Beschreibung von unterschiedlichen Aufgabenmerkmalen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Entwicklung eines Aufgabenkategoriensystems vor und untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Aufgabenmerkmalen und aufgabenspezifischem situationalem Interesse [Aufgabeninteressantheit (AI) und subjektive Bedeutsamkeit (SB)] von Lernenden. Als Aufgabenmerkmale ließen sich ‚Aufgabenschwierigkeit', ‚Offenheit der Aufgabenstellung' (Aufgabenstruktur), ‚Kognitive Anforderungen', ‚Lebensweltbezug', ‚Oberfl{\"a}chenmerkmale' (grafische Elemente) und ‚Aufgabenumfang' (Leseaufwand und Schreibaufwand) feststellen und wurden hinsichtlich AI und SB n{\"a}her untersucht. Es wurden insgesamt 801 bayerische Realsch{\"u}lerinnen und Realsch{\"u}ler (30 Klassen) der 9. Jahrgangsstufe dreimal innerhalb eines Zeitraums von zwei bis drei Wochen im Rahmen eines lernaufgabengesteuerten Unterrichts befragt. Nach {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des Klassifikationsschemas zeigten multiple Regressionsanalysen, dass in den Einzelanalysen (Betrachtung der einzelnen Aufgabenmerkmale) AI vorwiegend durch schwierige Aufgaben, wenig strukturierte Aufgaben, Aufgaben mit hohen kognitiven Anforderungen sowie Aufgaben mit reiner Textdarstellung und hohem Lese- und Schreibaufwand vorhergesagt wurde, w{\"a}hrend SB nur durch Aufgaben mit Lebensweltbezug und Aufgaben mit hohem Leseaufwand pr{\"a}diziert wurde. Betrachtet man die Gesamtmodelle (Aufnahme aller Aufgabenmerkmale ins Modell) unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Multikollinearit{\"a}t, zeigten sich positive Effekte auf SB bei Aufgaben mit dem Erfordernis eines historischen Werturteils, das ein In-Beziehung-Setzen des historischen Geschehens mit der eigenen Gegenwart impliziert. Hinsichtlich AI und SB zeigten sich positive Effekte bei Aufgaben mit hohem Leseaufwand. Negative Effekte auf AI ließen sich bei schwierigen Aufgaben und Aufgaben mit hohem Schreibaufwand feststellen. Hinsichtlich AI und SB zeigten sich negative Effekte bei Aufgaben mit reiner Textdarstellung. Der signifikant positive Einfluss von Aufgaben mit hohem Leseaufwand auf AI und SB deutet auf einen Pr{\"a}diktor hin, der Ans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r Nachfolgestudien im Fach Geschichte bietet. Da besonders die Lesekompetenz eine Voraussetzung und Teil historischer Kompetenz darstellt, sollte z. B. auf die Textschwierigkeit mehr Aufmerksamkeit gerichtet werden. Auch die Ergebnisse zum Schreibaufwand weisen auf Untersuchungsans{\"a}tze hin, welche Aufgabenkonstruktionen mit dem Erfordernis historischer Werturteile betreffen.}, subject = {Lernaufgabenforschung}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Aufenvenne2022, author = {Aufenvenne, Philipp}, title = {Looking at what Geographers do - Empirische Beitr{\"a}ge zur Wissenschaftsbeobachtung in der Geographie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12764}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {VII, 214 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The research interest of this doctoral thesis addresses the academic practice of German-speaking geography. It is thus both a "meta-geographical" thesis in the sense of disciplinary science research and a social-geographical thesis that examines how scientists interact with each other as social actors in the academic field. In this dissertation, a total of five scientific articles are presented. All contributions examine German-language geography from a scientometric perspective. The unifying aspect of this work is not the one major research question, but the research object and the methodological perspective taken. The work is divided into two parts: Based on bibliometric data research and network analysis, the first part is dealing with the question of the unity of geography (papers 1-3) and paradigm evolution exemplified by the new cultural geography (paper 4). The second part deals with gender inequalities in geography. Here, one scientific article (paper 5) is presented and put into context. The focus is on gender differences in scientific practices at geographic conferences.}, subject = {Netzwerkanalyse }, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Spindler2023, author = {Spindler, Marie-Kristin}, title = {Empathieverst{\"a}ndnis und Empathiebewusstsein bei Grundschullehrkr{\"a}ften}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12753}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {253 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Empathie - h{\"a}ufig verstanden als die F{\"a}higkeit, sich vorstellen und nachempfinden zu k{\"o}nnen, was in einer anderen Person vor sich gehen k{\"o}nnte (vgl. Wirtz 2013, S. 447) - ist ein Begriff, der im p{\"a}dagogischen Schulalltag bedeutsam ist und zur Professionalisierung von Lehrkr{\"a}ften beitr{\"a}gt. So ist Empathie beispielsweise essenziell f{\"u}r die Gestaltung sozialer Interaktionen (vgl. Baron-Cohen \& Wheelwright 2004, S. 163), die Qualit{\"a}t der Interaktion zwischen Lehrenden und Lernenden (vgl. Warren 2013, S. 6), deren Vertrauensverh{\"a}ltnis (vgl. Gassner 2006, S. 8) und die Lehrer/-innen-Sch{\"u}ler/-innen-Beziehung (vgl. Liekam 2004, S. 21). {\"U}ber welches subjektive Verst{\"a}ndnis des Empathiebegriffs verf{\"u}gen jedoch Lehrpersonen selbst? F{\"u}r wie wichtig erachten sie es, dass Lehrkr{\"a}fte empathisch sind und warum? Was macht aus ihrer Sicht eine empathische Lehrkraft aus, welche Faktoren werden als empathief{\"o}rdernd bzw. empathiehemmend empfunden und welche Begr{\"u}ndungslinien f{\"u}hren sie f{\"u}r die Einsch{\"a}tzung ihrer eigenen Empathief{\"a}higkeit bzw. der von KollegInnen an? Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse von Expertinneninterviews mit {\"o}sterreichischen Grundschullehrkr{\"a}ften legen strukturiert subjektive Empathiedefinitionen von Lehrpersonen dar, fassen Begr{\"u}ndungslinien f{\"u}r die Wichtigkeit einer empathischen Lehrperson im Schulalltag zusammen, beschreiben empathisch eingestufte Ausdrucksweisen und Grundhaltungen der befragten Lehrpersonen und identifizieren subjektive F{\"o}rder- und Hemmfaktoren auf Empathie. Weitere Aspekte im Empathiebewusstsein von Lehrpersonen werden vorgestellt sowie Ver{\"a}nderungen im Empathiebewusstsein von Lehrkr{\"a}ften aufgrund von Expertise und Berufserfahrung herausgearbeitet. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur Grundlagenforschung und Empathiediskussion im bildungswissenschaftlichen wie grundschulp{\"a}dagogischen und -didaktischen Feld. Erkenntnisse k{\"o}nnten f{\"u}r die Lehramtsausbildung sowie die Weiterbildung von P{\"a}dagoginnen und P{\"a}dagogen bedeutsam sein und neue Impulse liefern, beispielsweise was die Forcierung sozialer Kompetenzen betrifft.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kodes2023, author = {Kodes, Jan}, title = {Zum Verh{\"a}ltnis von E-Learning-Praktiken Studierender und den E-Learning-Angeboten wie -Potenzialen an Universit{\"a}ten: eine explorative empirische Studie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12704}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {VII, 270 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird untersucht, wie Studierende bei der Pr{\"u}fungsvorbereitung auf die vorhandenen E-Learning Angebote zur{\"u}ckgreifen wie Dozierende E-Learning Angebote in der Lehre einsetzen und wie die Potenziale von E-Learning-Angeboten an den Universit{\"a}ten besser ausgesch{\"o}pft werden und die Studierenden bei der Pr{\"u}fungsvorbereitung zu unterst{\"u}tzen. Als Studiendesign wurde eine Kombination von quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden gew{\"a}hlt. An den verschiedenen Fakult{\"a}ten der Universit{\"a}t Passau wurde zu Beginn eine quantitative Befragung unter Studierenden zu deren Nutzung von Lehrmaterialien und Medienangeboten durchgef{\"u}hrt. Danach folgten qualitative Lehrenden- und Experteninterviews zum Medieneinsatz in der Lehre. Zum Abschluss wurden in einer zweiten quantitativen Befragung Studierender die Zusammenh{\"a}nge von Lernmotivation, Lernstrategien und Pr{\"u}fungsangst genauer untersucht. In den Ergebnissen zeigte sich, dass die Studierenden die E-Learning-Angebote nur dann annehmen, wenn sie daraus einen unmittelbaren Nutzen ziehen. Den Lehrenden stehen die entsprechenden Ressourcen zum Einsatz digitaler Medien h{\"a}ufig nicht zur Verf{\"u}gung. Kurz zusammengefasst bedeutet E-Learning an Universit{\"a}ten vor allem Folgendes: Hochladen und Verwalten von Lernmaterialien auf Lernplattformen, zus{\"a}tzlich die Bereitstellung von Videoaufzeichnungen bei Veranstaltungen mit hoher Teilnehmerzahl. Vereinzelt werden noch elektronische Klausuren oder Live Votings angeboten. Des Weiteren konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die weiblichen Studierenden, unabh{\"a}ngig vom Fachsemester, {\"u}ber eine h{\"o}here Lernmotivation als die m{\"a}nnlichen Studierenden verf{\"u}gen. Wenn Studierende sich mehr Lernstrategien zu eigen machen, ist sowohl deren Pr{\"u}fungsangst als auch die Anzahl der Arbeitsst{\"o}rungen geringer. K{\"u}nftig sollten die digitalen Medien verst{\"a}rkt dazu eingesetzt werden, die Studierenden zur aktiven Mitarbeit anzuregen. Die Lehrenden sollten Zugriff auf spezielle technische Ausr{\"u}stungen sowie auf didaktische Qualifizierung und Beratung haben, damit sie auch anspruchsvolle Medienangebote wie Webbasiertes Lernen oder Apps umsetzen k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Alhamzeh2023, author = {Alhamzeh, Alaa}, title = {Language Reasoning by means of Argument Mining and Argument Quality}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12699}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {ix, 154 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Understanding of financial data has always been a point of interest for market participants to make better informed decisions. Recently, different cutting edge technologies have been addressed in the Financial Technology (FinTech) domain, including numeracy understanding, opinion mining and financial ocument processing. In this thesis, we are interested in analyzing the arguments of financial experts with the goal of supporting investment decisions. Although various business studies confirm the crucial role of argumentation in financial communications, no work has addressed this problem as a computational argumentation task. In other words, the automatic analysis of arguments. In this regard, this thesis presents contributions in the three essential axes of theory, data, and evaluation to fill the gap between argument mining and financial text. First, we propose a method for determining the structure of the arguments stated by company representatives during the public announcement of their quarterly results and future estimations through earnings conference calls. The proposed scheme is derived from argumentation theory at the micro-structure level of discourse. We further conducted the corresponding annotation study and published the first financial dataset annotated with arguments: FinArg. Moreover, we investigate the question of evaluating the quality of arguments in this financial genre of text. To tackle this challenge, we suggest using two levels of quality metrics, considering both the Natural Language Processing (NLP) literature of argument quality assessment and the financial era peculiarities. Hence, we have also enriched the FinArg data with our quality dimensions to produce the FinArgQuality dataset. In terms of evaluation, we validate the principle of ensemble learning on the argument identification and argument unit classification tasks. We show that combining a traditional machine learning model along with a deep learning one, via an integration model (stacking), improves the overall performance, especially in small dataset settings. In addition, despite the fact that argument mining is mainly a domain dependent task, to this date, the number of studies that tackle the generalization of argument mining models is still relatively small. Therefore, using our stacking approach and in comparison to the transfer learning model of DistilBert, we address and analyze three real-world scenarios concerning the model robustness over completely unseen domains and unseen topics. Furthermore, with the aim of the automatic assessment of argument strength, we have investigated and compared different (refined) versions of Bert-based models that incorporate external knowledge in the decision layer. Consequently, our method outperforms the baseline model by 13 ± 2\% in terms of F1-score through integrating Bert with encoded categorical features. Beyond our theoretical and methodological proposals, our model of argument quality assessment, annotated corpora, and evaluation approaches are publicly available, and can serve as strong baselines for future work in both FinNLP and computational argumentation domains. Hence, directly exploiting this thesis, we proposed to the community, a new task/challenge related to the analysis of financial arguments: FinArg-1, within the framework of the NTCIR-17 conference. We also used our proposals to react to the Touch{\´e} challenge at the CLEF 2021 conference. Our contribution was selected among the «Best of Labs».}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{DwiLaksmana2023, author = {Dwi Laksmana, Dimas}, title = {Knowledge in the making : embodying transdisciplinary moments on organic agriculture in Yogyakarta, Indonesia}, address = {Passau}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12667}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {154 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Organic agriculture in Java, Indonesia, has been historically intertwined with social movements that struggled for more economically, ecologically, culturally, and socially sustainable agriculture. While these grassroots movements emerged under an authoritarian government that showed little interest in organic agriculture, the turn of the 21st century saw the rapid involvement of the Indonesian government in supporting, regulating and, arguably, commodifying organic agriculture. Institutionalization triggered diverse responses from competing organic actors, reflecting their different standpoints and knowledges. In this context, a transdisciplinary approach is deemed suitable to provide context-specific insights into organic agriculture. This dissertation draws on anthropology and Science and Technology Studies (STS) to explore the politics of knowledge of organic agriculture in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as a contribution to a critique of transdisciplinarity. My interest on the hierarchization of different knowledges is inspired by the work of anthropologists of knowledge that asks how the communities they study construct knowledge and how they themselves construct knowledge about these communities. Since transdisciplinary knowledge is co-produced by science and society and reflects their embedded power relations, transdisciplinary research needs to be open to different interpretations, and reflexive towards the unequal distribution of resources, accountability, and responsibility. By linking these two lines of thought, I examine the making of knowledges through reflexive transdisciplinary work. I reflect on how "epistemic living space" (Felt 2009) and "co-presence" (Chua 2015) affect research and shape the politics of knowledge of organic agriculture in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. I argue that the hierarchization of different knowledges of organic agriculture was intertwined with my shifting positionalities, as a field researcher in Indonesia and PhD student at Passau University, as I moved between these two different "field sites". This cumulative dissertation is divided into two parts. In Part I, "Knowledge in the making", I present my contributions towards transdisciplinary knowledge production and politics of knowledge of organic agriculture. Part II, "Publications", comprises the three stand-alone papers. The first contribution is my formulation of the notion of knowledge in the making. The second is my exploration of the ways that reflexive transdisciplinary work, and living and intersubjective experience shape knowledge in the making. The third is my demonstration of how an understanding of knowledge in the making sheds lights on the politics of knowledge of organic agriculture. This approach serves to examine the politics involved in synthesizing the conceptualizations of organic agriculture employed by different actors into one overarching narrative, such as sustainable agriculture or alternative agriculture. My final contribution is the notion of transdisciplinary moments, a conceptualization of transdisciplinary research practice that accounts for the politics of knowledge in which both scientific and extra-scientific actors are embedded. As a conclusion, I share the lessons learned from pursuing a PhD as a cumulative dissertation in an unstructured setting within a German-Indonesian research project on Indonesian organic agriculture. Finally, I identify bodies of literature and strands of thinking for future engagement within transdisciplinary research and discuss their potential to contribute to radical change in the institutional and value structures of contemporary academia.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fritz2023, author = {Fritz, Manuela}, title = {Health challenges of the 21st century - Empirical essays on the health and economic burden of non-communicable diseases and climate change in Southeast Asia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12649}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {x, 224 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the ongoing 21st century, low- and middle-income countries will face two health challenges that are thoroughly different from what these countries have been dealing with in preceding centuries. First, they are confronted with surging rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and second, climate change will take its toll and is predicted to cause catastrophic health impairments and exacerbate chronic health conditions further. Both will pose a disproportionate health and economic burden on low- and middle-income countries, which are also the countries least able to cope with them. By threatening individual health and socioeconomic improvements, and by putting an immense burden on already constrained health care systems, they impede the progress in poverty reduction and widen health inequities between the rich and the poor. Against this background, this thesis investigates the potential of NCD prevention and treatment measures in the context of Southeast Asia, with case studies in Indonesia. Specifically, it seeks to understand what kind of health interventions have the potential to be (cost-)effective considering the cultural background, lifestyle, health literacy and health system capacities in the region. Further, this thesis analyzes the interplay between NCDs and climate change and assesses the financial burden that both might pose in the decades to come. Hence, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of how the two health challenges of the 21st century, NCDs and climate change, can be addressed in the context of Southeast Asia and offers insights into what type of health policies and interventions can play a supportive role.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Scherling2023, author = {Scherling, Arno}, title = {Der Maler Friedrich D{\"u}rck (1809 - 1884) : Biographie, Rezeption, Malweise, Kritisches Verzeichnis der Werke}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12383}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {461 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Diese Monographie schildert die Lebensgeschichte des Malers Friedrich D{\"u}rck (1809 Leipzig - 1884 M{\"u}nchen) von seiner famili{\"a}ren Herkunft {\"u}ber seine k{\"u}nstlerische Ausbildung, sein famili{\"a}res und soziales Leben bis zu seinem Tod. Ein weiteres Kapitel tr{\"a}gt die zeitgen{\"o}ssische Rezeption seiner Werke zusammen und setzt sie in Bezug zur Portr{\"a}tmalerei des 19. Jahrhunderts. Seine Malweise und seine Sujets werden kritisch analysiert. Ein Werkverzeichnis wurde anhand von Originalen, Nachbildern und literarischen Quellen unter den Rubriken Portr{\"a}t, Genre und Landschaft erstellt. Seine Zeichnungen, Aquarelle, Wandgem{\"a}lde, Studien, {\"O}lskizzen und Drucke wurden auch auf dieser Weise erfasst. Ebenso wurden die von ihm erstellten Kopien und die nach seinen Originalen angefertigten Nachbilder kritisch verzeichnet.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Koenigbauer2023, author = {K{\"o}nigbauer, Andreas}, title = {Intermedi{\"a}re und {\"o}ffentliche Meinungsbildung - Eine kritische W{\"u}rdigung des deutschen und europ{\"a}ischen Regulierungskonzepts von NetzDG bis DSA}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12462}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {X, 208 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Die Arbeit untersucht die Wechselwirkungen und Friktionen zwischen verschiedenen Regelwerken auf deutscher und europ{\"a}ischer Ebene, welche die Regulierung der Medien- und Informationsintermedi{\"a}re im Interesse der {\"o}ffentlichen Meinungsbildung bezwecken.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{McLarren2021, author = {McLarren, Katharina}, title = {Religion and International Society - Approaches to Including Religion in the International Relations Research Agenda}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12365}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {143 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Religion can unite and divide, it can lead to a strengthening or a weakening of identity and legitimacy. Religion can stoke conflicts but it can also pacify them - within societies and in international politics. Religion endures and it can exist independently of states, it can constitute them, and it can provide new forms of states, societies, and empires. Arguably, religion shapes or even constitutes the international society of states, an aspect so far neglected in the field of International Relations. The dissertation provides a new definition of religion for International Relations and the English School in particular. Based upon this understanding of religion, the five publications presented in the dissertation provide new analytical and theoretical concepts and approaches to fill the research gap. Religion is integrated into the theoretical framework of the English School in the form of a "prime institution" and with the help of the "quilt model". While the former expands the theoretical framework, the latter adds an analytical layer. Based upon this definition religion is also introduced as a concept ("hybrid actorness") in Foreign Policy Analysis, opening it up to become less state-centrist and more transnational-oriented, thereby boosting its relevance considering the evolving international (global) society. In another step, the Securitization framework of analysis is expanded to include (freedom) of religion. By revisiting the publications, the dissertation is able to identify next steps in terms of avenues of research. Finally, the dissertation reveals areas of study which contribute to increasing the pertinence of IR, particularly of the English School.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Birnkammerer2023, author = {Birnkammerer, Hannes}, title = {Bildung trotz Bologna. Analyse zum Bildungsbegriff an deutschen Universit{\"a}ten im Kontext der europ{\"a}ischen Hochschulreform}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12328}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {VII, 232 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Ausgehend von der Kritik am Bologna-Prozess und dem in diesem Zusammenhang immer wieder referenzierten Humboldt'schen Ideal der deutschen Universit{\"a}t untersucht die Arbeit die Frage, ob sich Widerspr{\"u}che zwischen diesem neuhumanistisch gepr{\"a}gten Ideal einer Bildung durch Wissenschaft und dem Bildungsverst{\"a}ndnis des Bologna-Prozesses auf europ{\"a}ischer Ebene feststellen lassen. Die Arbeit erg{\"a}nzt dabei den hermeneutischen bildungsphilosophischen und universit{\"a}tshistoriographischen Diskurs um die Idee von Universit{\"a}t durch eine empirisch-qualitative Textanalyse zentraler Texte des Bologna-Prozesses. In einem ersten Schritt wird das Leitbild Bildung durch Wissenschaft in seiner historischen Entwicklung und Manifestation analysiert und mit aktuellen Diskussionen zur Rolle von Universit{\"a}ten in der Wissensgesellschaft zusammengef{\"u}hrt. In einem zweiten Schritt wird das Bildungsverst{\"a}ndnis analysiert, das sich sowohl in den Kommuniqu{\´e}s der Ministerialtreffen des Bologna-Prozesses als auch in exemplarisch ausgew{\"a}hlten Stakeholder-Dokumenten aus der Bologna Follow-Up Group findet. Das Bildungsverst{\"a}ndnis wird dabei als latentes Konzept verstanden, das durch die Aufgabenzuschreibungen an Hochschulen in den drei Aufgabenbereichen Lehre, Forschung und Transfer mittels einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse kodiert und anschließend analysiert wird. Im Kontrast der beiden Ergebnisse zeigt sich, dass die Kommuniqu{\´e}s der Ministerialkonferenzen in den ersten Jahren stark von einer auf Qualifizierungsaspekte beschr{\"a}nkten instrumentell-{\"o}konomischen Sicht von Bildung gepr{\"a}gt waren, sich seit 2010 aber st{\"a}rker dem Ideal einer Bildung durch Wissenschaft ann{\"a}hern. Auch die Analyse der Stakeholder-Dokumente, die diesen politischen Prozess begleiten und informieren, zeigen ebenfalls - mit Ausnahme der Arbeitgebervertretung - entweder eine konstante Argumentation zumindest teilweise im Sinne dieses Ideals, oder aber eine Ann{\"a}herung hin zur Bildung durch Wissenschaft. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich diese Widerspr{\"u}che, wie sie von Kritikerinnen und Kritikern am Bologna-Prozess ge{\"a}ußert wurden, also tats{\"a}chlich wahrnehmen lassen, dieser Fakt jedoch haupts{\"a}chlich f{\"u}r die erste H{\"a}lfte des Bologna-Prozesses gelten kann. Durch den argumentativen Wandel in den Kommuniqu{\´e}s hin zu Positionen, die auch Teil des Bildungsideals deutscher Universit{\"a}ten darstellen, entstehen M{\"o}glichkeitsr{\"a}ume f{\"u}r Universit{\"a}ten, ihr Ideal unter den Bedingungen der Studienreform umzusetzen.}, subject = {Bologna-Prozess}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Brummer2022, author = {Brummer, Stephan}, title = {Numerisch robuste Berechnung der zirkul{\"a}ren Sichtbarkeitsmenge}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-12299}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {viii, 170 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Sichtbarkeitsprobleme, wie das Folgende, geh{\"o}ren zu den grundlegenden Problemen der algorithmischen Geometrie: Berechne zu einem einfachen Polygon, dem sogenannten Kanal, und zu einem darin enthaltenen Punkt die von diesem Punkt aus sichtbare Punktmenge. Dabei ist ein Punkt von einem anderen Punkt aus sichtbar, wenn deren Verbindungsstrecke den Kanal nicht verl{\"a}sst. Wir wollen uns in dieser Arbeit mit zirkul{\"a}rer Sichtbarkeit besch{\"a}ftigen. Zur Verbindung zweier Punkte sind dann nicht nur Strecken, sondern auch Kreisb{\"o}gen zul{\"a}ssig. Außerdem betrachten wir als Ausgangspunkt dieser sogenannten Sichtbarkeitskreisb{\"o}gen und -strecken eine Kante des Kanals anstatt eines einzelnen Punkts. Konkret liefert diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur numerisch robusten Bestimmung der zirkul{\"a}ren Sichtbarkeitsmenge ausgehend von einer Kante des Kanals. Hierf{\"u}r wird in dieser Arbeit ein Algorithmus vorgestellt, mit dem f{\"u}r einen gegebenen Punkt festgestellt werden kann, ob dieser von der Startkante aus sichtbar ist. Im Fall eines sichtbaren Punkts wird ein Sichtbarkeitskreisbogen berechnet, der zwei Kanalber{\"u}hrungen besitzt. Damit kann der Algorithmus bei geeigneter Wahl des zu untersuchenden Punkts - der als dritte Kanalber{\"u}hrung fungiert - direkt zur Berechnung von sogenannten Grenzkreisb{\"o}gen der Sichtbarkeitsmenge benutzt werden. Diese definieren den Rand der zirkul{\"a}ren Sichtbarkeitsmenge und zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie vom Kanal dreimal abwechselnd von links und von rechts ber{\"u}hrt werden. Der beschriebene Algorithmus basiert auf der Untersuchung derjenigen Kreisb{\"o}gen, die zwar nicht notwendigerweise vollst{\"a}ndig im Kanal liegen, aber die Startkante mit dem Punkt verbinden, dessen Sichtbarkeit bestimmt werden soll. Insbesondere werden dabei die Bereiche untersucht, in denen der jeweilige Kreisbogen den Kanal verl{\"a}sst, die sogenannten Verletzungen. Da die „Schwere" einer solchen Verletzung quantifizierbar ist, wird ein iteratives Vorgehen erm{\"o}glicht. Dabei wird der Kreisbogen iterativ so ver{\"a}ndert, dass dieser bei gleichem Endpunkt den Kanal immer „weniger verl{\"a}sst". Ist der Endpunkt und damit der zu untersuchende Punkt nicht sichtbar, wird im Laufe des Algorithmus festgestellt, dass keine derartige Verbesserung m{\"o}glich ist. Der vorgestellte Algorithmus ist numerisch robust, einfach umzusetzen und besitzt eine in der Anzahl der Kanalecken lineare Laufzeit.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Limbrunner2023, author = {Limbrunner, Franziska}, title = {D{\"u}stere Visionen: Die Neuverhandlung westlicher Wertekonzepte in franz{\"o}sischsprachigen Dystopien des 21. Jahrhunderts}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11890}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {VI, 329 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Diese Arbeit zeigt mittels einer vergleichenden Analyse repr{\"a}sentativer Einzelwerke aus der frankophonen Romanproduktion die Kerndiskurse der franz{\"o}sischsprachigen Dystopie im 21. Jahrhundert auf. Durch die Herausarbeitung der neuen thematischen Schwerpunkte wird nicht nur umfassend Einblick in die Gattungsentwicklung der letzten Jahre im Rahmen der frankophonen Kulturlandschaft gegeben, sondern es treten dabei sowohl die dystopischen Anliegen und Bef{\"u}rchtungen hervor, die spezifisch f{\"u}r die franz{\"o}sische Bev{\"o}lkerung sind, als auch andere, die gewissermaßen als allgemein zivilisatorisch angesehen werden k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Loeffler2023, author = {L{\"o}ffler, Katharina}, title = {Preußen und das fr{\"u}he Risorgimento. Die italienische Einigungsbewegung 1815 - 1847/48 in der Korrespondenz preußischer Politiker und Diplomaten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11920}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {353 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit untersucht anhand umfangreichen Aktenmaterials die Sicht und die politische Reaktion der Großmacht Preußen auf die Entwicklung des fr{\"u}hen Risorgimento 1815 - 1847/48 in seiner grenz{\"u}berschreitenden Bedeutung. Grundlage der Betrachtung ist die chronologische Korrespondenz zwischen dem preußischen Ministerium der ausw{\"a}rtigen Angelegenheiten in Berlin und den f{\"u}r Italien zust{\"a}ndigen preußischen Gesandtschaften in Turin, Florenz, Rom, Neapel und Wien.}, subject = {Risorgimento}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Dzepina2022, author = {Dzepina, Aleksandra}, title = {Qualit{\"a}t von Prozessmodellen - Entwicklung eines Ordnungsrahmens zur Analyse, Klassifikation und Bestimmung der Qualit{\"a}tsanforderungen an Prozessmodelle}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11864}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {IX, 259 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt die Qualit{\"a}t von Prozessmodellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben Experteninterviews mit Forschungs- und Praxispartnern zur Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines Ordnungsrahmens zur Qualit{\"a}tsbestimmung von Prozessmodellen beigetragen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter anderem die Einsatzzwecke der Prozessmodelle sowie die mit den Prozessmodellen in Ber{\"u}hrung kommenden Personengruppen differenziert betrachtet werden m{\"u}ssen, um Auswirkungen auf die Prozessmodellqualit{\"a}t untersuchen zu k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Liang2023, author = {Liang, Hanning}, title = {Deflectometric Measurement of the Topography of Reflecting Freeform Surfaces in Motion}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11672}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xiv, 157 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Measuring the topography of specular surfaces with strong surface structures in motion was impossible before this research. A new method based on singleshot phase-measuring de ectometry (SSPMD) and combining different solution aspects has been presented.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Maimunah2022, author = {Maimunah, Siti}, title = {Reclaiming "Tubuh-Tanah Air": A Life Project on Doing Feminist Political Ecology at the Capitalist Frontier}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11656}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {163 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {My study examines how the configuration of the capitalist frontier through extractivism shapes ethnicity, gender, and intersectionality in the areas surrounding a nickel mine in Sorowako (East Luwu District, South Sulawesi), logging and coal mining along the Lalang River (Murung Raya District, Central Kalimantan) Indonesia. The colonial frontier intersects with the capitalist frontier and provides the circumstances for its formation. The colonial restrictions, religions, commodities, the imposition of labor discipline, and political changes have molded ethnic identities and relationships with nature. Furthermore, using autoethnography and Feminist Political Ecology, I combine my experiences as a woman academic-activist with the experiences of the people in my research area. I identify how communities and individuals interact with the multiple-frontier in everyday life by defining the configuration of the frontier from above and below. Thus, my dissertation contributes to understanding how I, the community, and the capitalist frontier landscape are contained and can potentially transform into multidimensional resistance. I develop a link between the body as the interior frontier and the extractive landscape to be transformed into a perspective of "Tubuh-tanah air" as a future arena of engagement and resistance to extractivism.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Resch2022, author = {Resch, Ren{\´e} Matthias}, title = {Three Essays on Brand Management in the Business-to-Business Context: Brand Identity, Brand Culture, and Brand Essence}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11589}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XVI, 187 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This dissertation examines the overarching research question of how the suppliers' brand management in the form of brand identity, brand culture, and brand essence influences buyer-seller relationships in three independent essays. In Essay 1, I address the structure, capabilities, and outcomes of brand identity from a supplier perspective. Through qualitative interviews with suppliers, I examine how widespread the concept of brand identity is in practice and what exactly practitioners understand by it. Going further, I look at what capabilities and conditions are necessary for brand identity to be successful and what outcomes suppliers hope to achieve. Using an Information-Display-Matrix (IDM) test and a sample of Master of Business Administration (MBA) students, I examine the relevance of brand functions in more detail. In Essay 2, I use a dyadic dataset with matched buyer-seller dyads to examine the causes and effects of perceptual congruence and incongruence of brand culture strength on the buyer-seller relationship, while considering relationship-specific investments and interaction mechanisms as moderating effects. I show that congruence and incongruence have different effects on customer loyalty and price sensitivity and that these are strongly context-dependent. In Essay 3, I deal with brand essence strength interactions and their effects on the buyer-seller relationship. I use a dyadic dataset with matched buyer-seller dyads to show how brand essence strength influences customer loyalty and customer profitability, and how it interacts with key customer attitudes and other important buyer-seller relationship closeness indicators. This dissertation makes a significant contribution to the literature on brand identity, brand culture, and brand essence in buyer-seller relationships. Furthermore, my dissertation offers practical implications for managers at B2B suppliers who (re)shape their brand management with a focus on the inner parts of the brand.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Groesbrink2022, author = {Gr{\"o}sbrink, Carl-Friederich}, title = {Three Essays on Firm Value and Firm Risk and their Relation to IT-Exposure, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Religiosity}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11558}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {IV, 236 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {1. IT-Exposure and Firm Value: We analyze the joint influence of a firm's information technology (IT)-Exposure and investment behavior on firm value. Estimating a firm's (partial) IT-Exposure allows for distinguishing between firms with a business model that is challenged by IT above and below market average. Hence, we estimate the annual IT-Exposure of a firm using a 3-factor Fama-French model extended by an IT-proxy. Subsequently, we analyze the relationship with Tobin's Q in a panel data context, accounting for the relationship between IT-Exposure and investments proxied by R\&D as well as CapEx. We use more than 48,000 firm-year observations for firms in the Russell 3000 Index covering the period 1990 to 2018. Although IT-Exposure has a negative impact on firm value, this discount can be overcompensated by up to 2.1 times by sufficient investments through R\&D and CapEx, giving a firm with an average Tobin's Q a premium of 14.8\% to 19.2\%, while controlling for endogeneity. 2. Corporate Social Responsibility, Risk, and Firm Value: An Unconditional Quantile Regression Approach: This paper examines the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm risk, comprising total risk, idiosyncratic risk, and systematic risk, as well as firm value. We focus on analyzing the interrelationships along the entire distribution of the dependent variables, thus estimating an unconditional quantile regression (UQR). The analysis is based on CSR scores from Refinitiv and MSCI, using up to 12,013 firm-year observations over the period 2002 to 2019 for all U.S. companies listed on NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX. UQR reveals strongly heterogeneous effects along the unconditional quantiles of the dependent variables, which are reflected in sign changes, magnitude and significance variations. For CSR we find a risk-reducing as well as value-enhancing effect. When applying fixed effects OLS, we can just partly confirm the risk-reducing and value-enhancing effect of CSR shown in the literature. 3. Heterogenous Effects of Religiosity on Firm Risk and Firm Value: An Unconditional Quantile Regression Approach: This paper examines the impact of religiosity on firm risk, comprising total risk, idiosyncratic risk, and systematic risk, as well as firm value. We focus on analyzing the interrelationships along the entire distribution of the dependent variables, thus estimating an unconditional quantile regression (UQR). The analysis is based on all U.S. companies listed on NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX for the period from 1980 through 2020. UQR reveals strongly heterogeneous effects along the unconditional quantiles of the dependent variables, which are reflected in sign changes, magnitude and significance variations. Overall, the risk-reducing effect of religiosity is more pronounced in the higher quantiles of the distribution. We further observe a value-reducing as well as value-enhancing religiosity effect. When applying fixed effects OLS, we can confirm the risk-reducing and non-existing value effect of religiosity shown in the literature. The robustness of our results is underpinned by a battery of additional tests.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Seruset2023, author = {Seruset, Marco}, title = {Three Essays on Price Discovery, Stock Liquidity, and Crash Risk}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11563}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {IV, 227 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Abstract 1: This paper investigates whether market quality, uncertainty, investor sentiment and attention, and macroeconomic news affect bitcoin price discovery in spot and futures markets. Over the period December 2017 - March 2019, we find significant time variation in the contribution to price discovery of the two markets. Increases in price discovery are mainly driven by relative trading costs and volume, and by uncertainty to a lesser extent. Additionally, medium-sized trades contain most information in terms of price discovery. Finally, higher news-based bitcoin sentiment increases the informational role of the futures market, while attention and macroeconomic news have no impact on price discovery. Abstract 2: We investigate whether local religious norms affect stock liquidity for U.S. listed companies. Over the period 1997-2020, we find that firms located in more religious areas have higher liquidity, as reflected by lower bid-ask spreads. This result persists after the inclusion of additional controls, such as governance metrics, and further sensitivity and endogeneity analyses. Subsample tests indicate that the impact of religiosity on stock liquidity is particularly evident for firms operating in a poor information environment. We further show that firms located in more religious areas have lower price impact of trades and smaller probability of information-based trading. Overall, our findings are consistent with the notion that religiosity, with its antimanipulative ethos, probably fosters trust in corporate actions and information flows, especially when little is known about the firm. Finally, we conjecture an indirect firm value implication of religiosity through the channel of stock liquidity. Abstract 3: This study shows that higher physical distance to institutional shareholders is associated with higher stock price crash risk. Since monitoring costs increase with distance, the results are consistent with the monitoring theory of local institutional investors. Cross-sectional analyses show that the effect of proximity on crash risk is more pronounced for firms with weak internal governance structures. The significant relation between distance and crash risk still holds under the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, however, to a lower extent. Also, the existence of the channel of bad news hoarding is confirmed. Finally, I show that there is heterogeneity in distance-induced monitoring activities of different types of institutions.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Seidl2022, author = {Seidl, Michael}, title = {"Weg und Wegbegleitung" - Herausforderungen f{\"u}r Betroffene nach der Hochwasserkatastrophe vom 1. Juni 2016 im Landkreis Rottal-Inn und psychosoziale Begleitung durch die BRK-Flutnachsorge aus ressourcen- und beziehungsorientierter Perspektive}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11513}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvi, 443 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Am 1. Juni 2016 sorgten sintflutartige Regenf{\"a}lle im Landkreis Rottal-Inn f{\"u}r eine Hochwassersituation noch nie gekannten Ausmaßes. Innerhalb weniger Minuten entwickelten sich kleine B{\"a}che zu reißenden Str{\"o}men und zerst{\"o}rten Straßen, H{\"a}user und Autos. Hunderte Menschen verloren an diesem Tag alles Hab und Gut, sieben Menschen sogar das Leben. Im Nachgang dieser lebenspr{\"a}genden Ereignisse standen den Gesch{\"a}digten die Mitarbeitenden der BRK-Fluthilfe, ein psychosoziales Nachsorgeprojekt des Bayerischen Rotes Kreuzes, rund vier Jahre lang als Ansprechpartnerinnen und Ansprechpartner f{\"u}r s{\"a}mtliche Angelegenheiten rund um die Flutbew{\"a}ltigung zur Verf{\"u}gung. Die Dissertation wagt einen wissenschaftlich-empirischen Blick auf die psychischen, baulichen, finanziellen und gesellschaftlichen Aufgaben und Herausforderungen f{\"u}r die Betroffenen. Und fragt daran ankn{\"u}pfend nach der Betreuung und Begleitung durch die BRK-Nachsorgemitarbeitenden. Im Speziellen r{\"u}cken hierbei ressourcen- und beziehungsorientierte Fragestellungen in den Mittelpunkt. Mit Hilfe 21 inhaltsanalytisch ausgewerteter (qualitativer) Betroffeneninterviews gibt sie Auskunft {\"u}ber bedrohte oder verloren gegangene Ressourcen, {\"u}ber erforderliche Ressourceninvestitionen zur Abfederung der Ressourcenverluste und {\"u}ber die diesbez{\"u}glichen Unterst{\"u}tzungsleistungen durch die BRK-Fluthilfe. Theoretisch ist die Arbeit dabei in die Ressourcenkonservierungstheorie von Stevan E. Hobfoll eingefasst. Eine beziehungsorientierte Perspektive nimmt die Arbeit ein, wenn sie die entstandenen spezifischen Beziehungskonstellationen zwischen Betroffenen und BRK-Mitarbeitenden im Zuge der langj{\"a}hrigen Begleitung fokussiert. Es wird auf das unterschiedliche Verst{\"a}ndnis von Beziehungen in medizinisch-fach{\"a}rztlichen und psychosozialen Kontexten verwiesen und es wird auf die wesentlichen Erfordernisse professioneller Beziehungsgestaltung eingegangen. Zugleich wird dem inh{\"a}renten Spannungsfeld der Gleichzeitigkeit professioneller und pers{\"o}nlicher Beziehungsrollen und der erforderlichen Balance von N{\"a}he und Distanz Raum gegeben. Schlussendlich soll die Arbeit einen praxisnahen, wissenschaftlich fundierten Einblick in die professionelle psychosoziale Begleitung von Hochwasserbetroffenen geben und Interessierten oder beruflich Handelnden angesichts der zunehmenden Hochwasserevents in Deutschland erste Handlungsoptionen zur Verf{\"u}gung stellen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Iretzberger2022, author = {Iretzberger, Manuel}, title = {Der Critical Realism als Metatheorie der Internationalen Beziehungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11465}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {51 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Dieser Mantelteil gibt einen detaillierten Einblick in das Dissertationsprojekt "Der Critical Realism als Metatheorie der Internationalen Beziehungen" und die darin entwickelten zentralen Argumente. Zudem werden die im Rahmen der Dissertation ver{\"o}ffentlichten Einzelbeitr{\"a}ge vorgestellt und in den Gesamtzusammenhang des Forschungsprojekts eingeordnet.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Qiu2022, author = {Qiu, Ruyi}, title = {The Role of Context in Stimulus-Response Binding and Retrieval}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11390}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {158 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Feature binding has been proven to be a common and general mechanism underlying human information processing and action control. There is strong evidence showing that when humans perform a task, stimuli (e.g., the target, the distractor) and responses are bound together into an episodic representation, called an event file or a stimulus-response (S-R) episode, which can be retrieved upon feature repetition. As compared with the target and the distractor, the context (i.e., an additional stimulus presented together with the target and the distractor, but not associated with any response keys throughout the whole course of the task), which is considered as task-irrelevant, did not receive that much attention in previous studies. The current thesis was aimed to provide insights into the different roles the context plays in S-R binding and retrieval. Specifically, in Study One and Two, the role of context as an element that can be integrated into an S-R episode was investigated, with a focus on the saliency and the inter-trial variability of the contextual stimulus. Both properties were found to influence how the context is integrated into an S-R episode. More specifically, results show that both saliency and inter-trial variability determine whether the context is directly bound in a binary fashion with the response, or it enters in to a configural binding together with another stimulus and the response. In Study Three, intrigued by the role of context as an event segmentation factor in the event perception literature, whether the context can demarcate the integration window of an S-R episode was tested. Results provide consistent evidence that sharing a common context leads to a stronger binding between a stimulus and the response, as compared with the condition when these elements are separated by different contexts, thereby suggesting a binding principle of common context. Taken together, the current thesis specifies the role of context in S-R binding and retrieval, and sheds some light on how contextual information influences human behavior.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mosch2022, author = {Mosch, Philipp}, title = {Four Essays on Digital Transformation Strategies from the Perspectives of Capital Markets, Incumbents and Start-ups}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11337}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XVII, 229 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This dissertation uses four studies to examine the context-contingent strategic factors that are critical to the success of digital transformation strategies from the perspectives of capital markets, incumbents, and start-ups. It focuses on a better understanding of (1) digital innovations and their quantitative evaluation, (2) power disruptions in digitally servitized supply chains, (3) strategic measures and dynamics in digital B2B platform markets, and (4) strategizing by data-driven start-ups in digitalized business networks.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mini2022, author = {Mini, Tobias}, title = {An Exploration of Tensions in Centralized and Decentralized Digital Platform Contexts}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11322}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vi, 154 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Digital platforms consist of technical elements such as software and hardware and associated social elements such as organizational processes and standards. When such social or technical elements seem logical individually but inconsistent when juxtaposed they form tensions. Prior research on platforms often focused on individual elements of digital platforms but neglected possible related and conflicting elements which offers limited insight about underlying tensions. While some studies on platforms considered tensions, they largely assumed that centralized platform owners being responsible for responding to tensions, neglecting collective response mechanisms in blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) where decentralized participants typically respond to tensions. The examination of tensions in the context of centralized platforms and decentralized autonomous organizations offers an opportunity to surface conflicting elements that form novel types of socio-technical tensions which require collective and technology-enabled response mechanisms. This thesis explored what tensions exist in centralized and decentralized digital platform contexts and how platform participants can respond to selected tensions. For this purpose, this thesis comprises five essays that employ multiple different research methods including interviews analyzed by using techniques of grounded theory, qualitative meta-analysis of published case studies, and systematic literature reviews. The findings derived from all five essays contribute to a better understanding of tensions in digital platforms. In particular, this thesis (1) offers a lens for analyzing platforms as collective organizations in which tensions arise at the collective meta-organizational level requiring collective responses, (2) identifies new tensions and response mechanisms related to generativity and collectivity, and (3) points to a novel category of socio-technical tensions that are especially salient in digital platforms.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Geltl2022, author = {Geltl, Michael}, title = {Vertretung des Betriebsrats und Vertrauensschutz des Arbeitgebers bei fehlender Vertretungsmacht}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11290}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XVIII, 115 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {1. Der (stellvertretende) Betriebsratsvorsitzende ist das Vertretungsorgan des Betriebsrats. Der Umfang seiner Aktivvertretungsmacht beschr{\"a}nkt sich auf die Abgabe von Erkl{\"a}rungen, die im Innenverh{\"a}ltnis von einem wirksamen Betriebsratsbeschluss gedeckt sind (\S 26 Abs. 2 S. 1 BetrVG). In engen Grenzen kann ihm ein Entscheidungsspielraum beim Beschlussvollzug einger{\"a}umt werden. Daneben ist in Einzelf{\"a}llen die Vertretung des Betriebsrats durch sonstige Betriebsratsmitglieder zul{\"a}ssig. Die Vertretungsmacht ergibt hier aus einer Vollmacht (\S 166 Abs. 2 S. 1 BGB). Auch insoweit ist der Umfang der Aktivvertretungsmacht aber auf den Vollzug wirksamer Betriebsratsbeschl{\"u}sse beschr{\"a}nkt. 2. Der Betriebsrat wird ohne Vertretungsmacht vertreten, wenn entweder eine nicht zur Vertretung befugte Person f{\"u}r den Betriebsrat auftritt, oder wenn eine an und f{\"u}r sich zur Vertretung befugte Person ihre Vertretungsmacht {\"u}berschreitet. Nicht zur Vertretung befugte Personen sind der Betriebsratsvorsitzende im Fall seiner Verhinderung, der stellvertretende Betriebsratsvorsitzende bei fehlender Verhinderung des Betriebsratsvorsitzenden und sonstige Betriebsratsmitglieder ohne Vollmacht. Ein {\"U}berschreiten der Vertretungsmacht einer zur Vertretung befugten Person liegt vor, wenn sie eine Erkl{\"a}rung abgibt, die im Innenverh{\"a}ltnis nicht von einem wirksamen Betriebsratsbeschluss gedeckt ist. Das ist der Fall, wenn ein inhaltlich einschl{\"a}giger Betriebsratsbeschluss fehlt oder dieser Betriebsratsbeschluss nichtig ist. 3. Ohne Vertretungsmacht abgegebene Erkl{\"a}rungen sind nach allgemeinen Regeln f{\"u}r den Betriebsrat nicht verbindlich, die entsprechenden Rechtsgesch{\"a}fte sind schwebend unwirksam, \S 177 Abs. 1 BetrVG (i.V.m. \S 180 S. 2 BetrVG). Der Arbeitgeber, der sich auf die Erkl{\"a}rung des Betriebsrats verl{\"a}sst, handelt einseitig und damit mitbestimmungswidrig. Der Betriebsrat kann das schwebend unwirksame Rechtsgesch{\"a}ft allerdings durch Betriebsratsbeschluss genehmigen; die Genehmigung wirkt grunds{\"a}tzlich zur{\"u}ck (\S 177 Abs. 1, 184 Abs. 1, 182 BGB). Der Betriebsratsvorsitzende, der ohne Vertretungsmacht handelt und dadurch seine Kompetenzen {\"u}berschreitet, kann vom Betriebsrat abberufen werden. Unter den Voraussetzungen des \S 23 Abs. 1 BetrVG kann der Betriebsratsvorsitzende oder das ohne Vollmacht handelnde sonstige Betriebsratsmitglied aus dem Betriebsrat ausgeschlossen werden. Auch eine Haftung gegen{\"u}ber dem Arbeitgeber auf Schadensersatz kommt in Betracht, vor allem nach \S 179 Abs. 1 BGB. 4. Der Arbeitgeber, der darauf vertraut, dass die Erkl{\"a}rung des Betriebsrats auf einem wirksamen Betriebsratsbeschluss beruht, ist schutzw{\"u}rdig. Schutzw{\"u}rdig ist der Arbeitgeber, weil der Betriebsrat seine gesetzlichen Aufgaben selbst{\"a}ndig und eigenverantwortlich wahrnimmt; der Arbeitgeber kann und darf sich in die Amtsf{\"u}hrung des Betriebsrats und dessen interne Willensbildung nicht einmischen. Der Arbeitgeber hat deshalb auch grunds{\"a}tzlich keinen Anspruch gegen den Betriebsrat darauf, dass ihm die Vertretungsmacht nachgewiesen wird. Gleichwohl ist er auf verbindliche Erkl{\"a}rungen des Betriebsrats bei mitbestimmungspflichtigen Handlungen angewiesen. 5. Der danach gebotene Vertrauensschutz des Arbeitgebers muss {\"u}ber eine betriebsverfassungsrechtliche Sonderl{\"o}sung realisiert werden. Eine Differenzierung nach Beteiligungsrechten, wie sie das BAG praktiziert, ist nicht veranlasst, weil hierf{\"u}r kein sachlich rechtfertigender Grund gegeben ist. Die Schutzw{\"u}rdigkeit des Arbeitgebers ist bei den einzelnen Beteiligungsrechten des Betriebsrats nicht grundlegend verschieden und erst Recht nicht auf bestimmte Beteiligungsrechte beschr{\"a}nkt. Die Lehre von der Vertrauenshaftung kann auf den Betriebsrat zwar angewandt werden, f{\"u}hrt aber letztlich zu keiner zufriedenstellenden L{\"o}sung: Nach der Rechtsscheinhaftung ist der Arbeitgeber in vielen F{\"a}llen schutzlos gestellt, weil bereits kein objektiver Rechtsscheintatbestand vorliegt, auf den er sich berufen kann. Die Vertrauenshaftung kraft widerspr{\"u}chlichen Verhaltens ist von einer Interessenabw{\"a}gung im Einzelfall abh{\"a}ngig und damit f{\"u}r die betriebliche Praxis wenig brauchbar. Schließlich muss in allen F{\"a}llen gepr{\"u}ft werden, ob der Vertrauenstatbestand dem Betriebsrat {\"u}berhaupt zurechenbar ist, andernfalls der gutgl{\"a}ubige Arbeitgeber keinen Schutz genießt. Dem Arbeitgeber ist deshalb nach dem Grundsatz der vertrauensvollen Zusammenarbeit (\S 2 Abs. 1 BetrVG) absoluter Gutglaubensschutz zu gew{\"a}hren. Die fehlende Vertretungsmacht des (stellvertretenden) Betriebsratsvorsitzenden oder sonstiger Betriebsratsmitglieder darf dem gutgl{\"a}ubigen Arbeitgeber nicht entgegengehalten werden. 6. Gutgl{\"a}ubig ist der Arbeitgeber, wenn er weder Kenntnis noch grob fahrl{\"a}ssige Unkenntnis vom Fehlen der Vertretungsmacht hat. Dabei ist es nicht Sache des Arbeitgebers, zu pr{\"u}fen, ob der Erkl{\"a}rung des Betriebsrats ein wirksamer Betriebsratsbeschluss zugrunde liegt; er hat insoweit keine Nachforschungspflicht. Tritt jedoch ein sonstiges Betriebsratsmitglied als Vertreter des Betriebsrats auf, hat der Arbeitgeber einen Anspruch darauf, dass ihm die Bevollm{\"a}chtigung des Betriebsratsmitglieds nachgewiesen wird. Dem Arbeitgeber obliegt es dann, diesen Anspruch geltend zu machen; andernfalls liegt grob fahrl{\"a}ssige Unkenntnis vor, wenn er das Fehlen der Vertretungsmacht bei Geltendmachung des Anspruchs h{\"a}tte erkennen k{\"o}nnen. 7. Bei fehlerhaften betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Organisationsakten wie der Wahl des Betriebsratsvorsitzenden (\S 26 Abs. 1 BetrVG) und der Aussch{\"u}sse des Betriebsrats (\S\S 27 und 28 Abs. 1 BetrVG) besteht trotz Anwendung der Anfechtungsl{\"o}sung nach \S 19 BetrVG analog ein Bed{\"u}rfnis f{\"u}r Vertrauensschutz des Arbeitgebers. Erg{\"a}nzender Vertrauensschutz ist erforderlich und entsprechend der Rechtslage bei Gesch{\"a}ftsf{\"u}hrungsbeschl{\"u}ssen zu gew{\"a}hren, wenn schwerwiegende und offensichtliche Gesetzverst{\"o}ße zur Nichtigkeit der Organisationsakte f{\"u}hren, ohne dass der Arbeitgeber die Nichtigkeit erkennen kann.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Sonnleitner2022, author = {Sonnleitner, Mathias}, title = {The power of random information for numerical approximation and integration}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11305}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {x, 165 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This thesis investigates the quality of randomly collected data by employing a framework built on information-based complexity, a field related to the numerical analysis of abstract problems. The quality or power of gathered information is measured by its radius which is the uniform error obtainable by the best possible algorithm using it. The main aim is to present progress towards understanding the power of random information for approximation and integration problems. In the first problem considered, information given by linear functionals is used to recover vectors, in particular from generalized ellipsoids. This is related to the approximation of diagonal operators which are important objects of study in the theory of function spaces. We obtain upper bounds on the radius of random information both in a convex and a quasi-normed setting, which extend and, in some cases, improve existing results. We conjecture and partially establish that the power of random information is subject to a dichotomy determined by the decay of the length of the semiaxes of the generalized ellipsoid. Second, we study multivariate approximation and integration using information given by function values at sampling point sets. We obtain an asymptotic characterization of the radius of information in terms of a geometric measure of equidistribution, the distortion, which is well known in the theory of quantization of measures. This holds for isotropic Sobolev as well as H{\"o}lder and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces on bounded convex domains. We obtain that for these spaces, depending on the parameters involved, typical point sets are either asymptotically optimal or worse by a logarithmic factor, again extending and improving existing results. Further, we study isotropic discrepancy which is related to numerical integration using linear algorithms with equal weights. In particular, we analyze the quality of lattice point sets with respect to this criterion and obtain that they are suboptimal compared to uniform random points. This is in contrast to the approximation of Sobolev functions and resolves an open question raised in the context of a possible low discrepancy construction on the two-dimensional sphere.}, subject = {Komplexit{\"a}t / Algorithmus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Knott2022, author = {Knott, Manuel}, title = {Blockchain: Disrupting the Creative Industries - Enablers, Barriers and Utilization through Persuasive System Design}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11149}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XI, 130 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Blockchain technology enables the automated recording of information and execution of contract content - utilizing so-called Smart Contracts - without relying on trusted intermediaries (Beck et al., 2016). A blockchain is best described as a decentralized digital ledger (Atzori, 2015). The decentralized data storage on the blockchain makes the recorded information tamper-proof and creates transparency along the value chain. Therefore blockchain changes fundamentally the way data and information are processed (Al-Jaroodi \& Mohamed, 2019; Avital et al., 2016). This has given rise to numerous use cases for blockchain in a wide range of industries. Fundamentally, blockchain technology can be used at any time when information needs to be stored in an automated and tamper-proof manner (Crosby et al., 2016). In the financial industry, blockchain helps to automate peer-to-peer transactions. This makes middlemen obsolete, which can reduce transaction costs (Cai, 2018). In the public health sector, blockchain is primarily used for decentralized storage of patient records. By using blockchain technology, these patient records are secured against manipulation and unauthorized access by third parties (Mettler, 2016). Another interesting use case can be seen in the electricity market. Blockchain technology makes it possible to integrate micro producers of electricity, such as private households, into the power grid in a cost-efficient way (Cheng et al., 2017). However, blockchain technology also offers several applications in the creative industries to support the daily work of professionals. The term creative industries encompasses industries and sectors which hold intellectual property at the core of their value creation (Caves, 2000). According to DCMS (1998),creative industries include not only classic art sectors such as fine art, painting or crafting, but also areas such as marketing, game developing, film and video or music. As the main drivers of innovation, the creative industries have a steadily increasing influence on the overall economic impact. Often, ideas, products and services from the creative industries ultimately flow into other areas, such as the automotive sector, and support them in achieving their entrepreneurial goals (Banks, 2010; Jones et al., 2004). In order to continuously maintain the position as an innovation driver, a certain form of organization has prevailed in the creative industries. For the creative industries to react flexibly to new requirements and a constantly changing environment, work is usually carried out as project-based (DeFillippi, 2015). For this purpose, the teams of the project-based organization are predominantly formed using freelancers who are specialists in the required field. As a result, many recurring organizational activities arise, such as contracting, team finding or onboarding (DeFillippi, 2015; Eikhof \& Haunschild, 2006). Therefore, professionals from the creative industries have to spend significant time on activities that do not serve their core task of creating intellectual property. These tasks not only reduce the efficiency of their work, but also hinder their creative flow (Foord, 2009; Hennekam \& Bennett, 2016). In this regard, blockchain represents a promising technology to support professionals in the creative industries. For the creative industries, blockchain is primarily used to automate formal processes and secure intellectual property rights (O'Dair, 2018). Blockchain technology enables artists and creatives more freedom for their own creative activities. By automating repetitive activities, professionals from the creative industries are freed from typical management tasks (Arcos, 2018; Cong \& He, 2019). Furthermore, for the first time, intellectual property can be secured in a cost- and time-efficient way by utilizing blockchain technology. This is made possible by the decentralized nature of the blockchain, which makes subsequent manipulation of the contents of the intellectual property impossible (Avital et al., 2016; Beck et al., 2016; Regner et al., 2019). Ultimately, the use of so-called Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) create the opportunity for artists and creatives to sell unique digital art (Regner et al., 2019). Thus, blockchain generates entirely new ways for creative industries to organize their projects and opens new markets to sell their work. While several use cases of blockchain technology can be identified in the creative industries, the widespread use of blockchain is still lacking. So far, no Blockchain service or blockchain application has managed to take a dominant market position in the creative industries. At first sight, this seems surprising since artists and creatives could fundamentally benefit from this technology. At the same time, professionals from the creative industries would not be dependent on middlemen or central entities. This circumstance gave the impulse for the research presented in this thesis. I was able to identify that professionals from the creative industries are still underutilizing blockchain technology for three main reasons: (1) When using blockchain technology, professionals from the creative industries experience strong resistance from their stakeholders, who want to prevent the use of blockchain. (2) The perceived constraints by artists and creatives in using blockchain still deter many from using this technology extensively. (3) Several blockchain applications lack a persuasive design, resulting in many artists and creatives continue to prefer conventional services and products.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Krause2022, author = {Krause, Steffi}, title = {Traumfrauen und M{\"a}nnerherzen: Liebe und Familie im deutschen Liebesfilm der Gegenwart}, number = {8}, issn = {2364-9224}, doi = {10.15475/skms.2022.1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11249}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {295 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die Dissertation untersucht die mediale Gegenwart der traditionell als ‹privat›, bzw. ‹intim› semantisierten Begriffe von Liebe und Familie und unternimmt im Anschluss an eine soziologische Grundlagenbildung und Konzeptabgrenzung den Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme des Kommunikationsinventars von Liebe innerhalb eines bestimmten zeitlichen, kulturellen und medialen Rahmens. Als Untersuchungsgrundlage dienen deutsche Filme, die zwischen 2000 und 2015 auf den Markt kamen. Konkret stehen (romantische) Kom{\"o}dien, Liebes- und Familienfilme im Fokus, wobei an mehreren Stellen der Arbeit ein Bezug zu Beispielen aus anderen Genres hergestellt wird. Filme werden dabei im Sinne eines mediensemiotischen Ansatzes als Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen verstanden, denen jeweils spezifische Regeln, Normen und Werte eingeschrieben sind. Im Falle von Liebes- und Familienfilmen werden diese durch die Vermittlung konkreter Beziehungskonstellationen verhandelt. Insbesondere im finalen Happy End etablieren Filme einen Idealzustand, der sowohl abbildet, welche Verhaltensweisen und Figurenmerkmale als etwas ‹Gew{\"u}nschtes› zu verstehen sind, als auch aufzeigt, was als ‹unerw{\"u}nscht› und ‹sanktionsw{\"u}rdig› betrachtet werden muss. Die Rekonstruktion genau dieser den Filmen inh{\"a}renten Werteapparate ist das zentrale Anliegen der Arbeit. Aus ihnen l{\"a}sst sich vergleichbar mit einem Seismographen das dominante Wissen der deutschen Kultur {\"u}ber Liebe und Familie ableiten. Die Studie hat folglich zum Ziel, eventuelle Str{\"o}mungen und Tendenzen im deutschen Liebesfilm des beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts zu identifizieren und diese auf ihre {\"U}bertragbarkeit in andere Genres zu hinterfragen. Hierdurch kann gezeigt werden, welches Inventar an Kommunikationsmitteln {\"u}ber Liebe im deutschen Kulturkontext als normiert und mainstreamf{\"a}hig gilt.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Seefried2022, author = {Seefried, Romina}, title = {K{\"o}rpergrenzen - K{\"o}rperr{\"a}ume - K{\"o}rperzeichen. Zur Inszenierung und Funktionalisierung von K{\"o}rperlichkeit im Werk Alexander Moritz Freys}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11234}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {211 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die Dissertation untersucht die Inszenierung und Funktionalisierung literarischer K{\"o}rperlichkeitskonzepte im Gesamtwerk des Schriftstellers Alexander Moritz Frey. Daf{\"u}r bedient sich die Arbeit eines literatursemiotischen Untersuchungsansatzes. Die literarische Ausgestaltung kultureller Norm- und Wertvorstellungen wird in Hinblick auf K{\"o}rperkonventionen analysiert und es wird untersucht, wo die jeweiligen historisch variablen Grenzen von Normkonformit{\"a}t und Abweichung liegen. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung k{\"o}rpersemantischer Aspekte wird betrachtet, ob dabei optional-variable oder irreversible Grenzziehungen vorgenommen werden. Die Arbeit entwickelt ein Analyseraster f{\"u}r K{\"o}rperlichkeit im Erz{\"a}hltext und betrachtet daf{\"u}r den K{\"o}rper in seiner determinierten Materialit{\"a}t, seiner kulturellen Ausgestaltung sowie als Imaginationsraum unterschiedlicher K{\"o}rperkonzepte. Das Projekt hat dar{\"u}ber hinaus die literaturwissenschaftliche Wiederentdeckung des Autors Alexander Moritz Frey zum Ziel.}, subject = {K{\"o}rper}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schlenker2022, author = {Schlenker, Florian}, title = {Delaunay Configuration B-Splines}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11225}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xxiii, 223 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The generalization of univariate splines to higher dimensions is not straightforward. There are different approaches, each with its own advantages and drawbacks. A promising approach using Delaunay configurations and simplex splines is due to Neamtu. After recalling fundamentals of univariate splines, simplex splines, and the wellknown, multivariate DMS-splines, we address Neamtu's DCB-splines. He defined two variants that we refer to as the nonpooled and the pooled approach, respectively. Regarding these spline spaces, we contribute the following results. We prove that, under suitable assumptions on the knot set, both variants exhibit the local finiteness property, i.e., these spline spaces are locally finite-dimensional and at each point only a finite number of basis candidate functions have a nonzero value. Additionally, we establish a criterion guaranteeing these properties within a compact region under mitigated assumptions. Moreover, we show that the knot insertion process known from univariate splines does not work for DCB-splines and reason why this behavior is inherent to these spline spaces. Furthermore, we provide a necessary criterion for the knot insertion property to hold true for a specific inserted knot. This criterion is also sufficient for bivariate, nonpooled DCB-splines of degrees zero and one. Numerical experiments suggest that the sufficiency also holds true for arbitrary spline degrees. Univariate functions can be approximated in terms of splines using the Schoenberg operator, where the approximation error decreases quadratically as the maximum distance between consecutive knots is reduced. We show that the Schoenberg operator can be defined analogously for both variants of DCB-splines with a similar error bound. Additionally, we provide a counterexample showing that the basis candidate functions of nonpooled DCB-splines are not necessarily linearly independent, contrary to earlier statements in the literature. In particular, this implies that the corresponding functions are not a basis for the space of nonpooled DCB-splines.}, subject = {Spline}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Stuedlein2022, author = {St{\"u}dlein, Nadine}, title = {Data as a Common Good: Essays on Data Portability and B2B Industrial Data Sharing}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11205}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {iii, 96 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Data is an important resource in our economy and society, substantially improving overall business efficiency, innovativeness and competitiveness, and shaping our everyday lives. Yet, to leverage the data's full potential, its access and availability is vital. Thus, data sharing across organizations is of particular importance. This thesis examines the role of data sharing in the digital economy and contributes to a better understanding why data sharing matters, why it is still underutilized, and how data sharing can be encouraged. Thereby, the thesis contributes to the ongoing academic debate as well as the practical and political efforts on how to promote data sharing. The thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 examines personal data sharing among (competing) online services. Particularly, it investigates the consequences of Article 20 in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, May 2018), ensuring the right to data portability. This relatively new right allows online service users to transfer any personal data from one service provider to another. Focusing on a) the amount of data provided by users and b) the amount of user data disclosed to third party data brokers by service providers, the study investigates the right to data portability's effect on competitiveness and consumer surplus. Study 2 and Study 3 focus on non-personal data sharing among competing firms. Study 2 examines the literature to identify and classify barriers to non-personal, machine-generated data sharing. The study explains firms' reluctance to sharing data and discusses policy and managerial implications for overcoming the data sharing barriers. Study 3 focuses on data sharing via platforms. It investigates the Business-to-Business (B2B) data sharing platform design implications for promoting industrial data sharing. In particular, Study 3 investigates the dimensions control and transparency regarding their effect in eliciting cooperation and encouraging data sharing among firms. In summary, this thesis examines and reveals how access and availability of data can be increased through creating beneficial data sharing conditions in B2B relationships. Particularly, the thesis contributes to the understanding of a) the implications of data sharing laws, defined in the GDPR for personal data and b) the challenges and measures of the not yet successfully established, non-personal data sharing.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Riel2022, author = {Riel, Martina}, title = {Empirische {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung eines Verfahrens zur Messung von Reflexion bei Lehramtsstudierenden}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11171}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {234 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Reflexionsf{\"a}higkeit zu schulen, gilt als wichtiges Ziel der Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung. Die Frage nach Befunden zur Auspr{\"a}gung von Reflexionsf{\"a}higkeit bei Studierenden, deren F{\"o}rderbarkeit und Wirkung steht deshalb im Zentrum des Interesses vieler Forschungsbem{\"u}hungen, die allerdings mit dem Problem der schwierigen Messbarkeit von Reflexion und M{\"a}ngeln bestehender Messmethoden hinsichtlich der G{\"u}tekriterien konfrontiert sind. Davon ausgehend {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft die vorliegende Studie in einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz die Validit{\"a}t eines h{\"a}ufig eingesetzten Verfahrens zur Messung von Reflexion, n{\"a}mlich die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse studentischer Reflexionstexte mithilfe des Stufenmodells von Hatton und Smith (1995). Dabei wird zwei Forschungsfragen nachgegangen: 1. Inwiefern wird das Ergebnis der Messung vom Reflexionsanlass in der Aufgabenstellung beeinflusst? 2. Welchen Einfluss haben verschiedene weitere Faktoren, die bisher selten oder nie kontrolliert wurden, auf das Messergebnis? Untersucht werden situationale Faktoren wie aufgabenbezogene Motivation bzw. wahrgenommener Nutzen der Aufgabe sowie das Verst{\"a}ndnis des Begriffs Reflexion und verschiedene Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsmerkmale. Lehramtsstudierende im Praktikum erhielten in einem Between-Subjects-Design drei verschiedene Reflexionsaufgaben, die sich im Grad des pers{\"o}nlichen Bezugs zum Reflexionsanlass unterschieden. Zu diesen verfassten sie reflektierende Texte und f{\"u}llten im Anschluss einen Online-Fragebogen aus, der die zu untersuchenden weiteren Einflussfaktoren erhob. Die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Textanalyse wurden in zwei unterschiedliche quantitative Reflexionsmaße {\"u}berf{\"u}hrt und mit den Fragebogendaten trianguliert. Die Aufgabenstellung hatte sowohl einen Einfluss auf die Reflexionsleistung als auch auf weitere qualitative Aspekte der Reflexionstexte. Die Reflexionsleistung zeigte sich unabh{\"a}ngig von den gemessenen Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsmerkmalen und der aufgabenbezogenen Motivation, wurde aber vom Grad der wahrgenommenen N{\"u}tzlichkeit pr{\"a}diziert, die der Aufgabe zugeschrieben wurde. Die Studierenden zeigten ein sehr stark divergierendes Verst{\"a}ndnis des Begriffs Reflexion, welches sich auch in den Texten niederschlug. Innerhalb des Studiendesigns und der Forschungsfragen lieferte die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse mit dem Stufenschema von Hatton und Smith (1995) plausible Ergebnisse, die Validit{\"a}t des Verfahrens wird aber von den Studienergebnissen zumindest teilweise in Frage gestellt. Auf die Aufgabenstellung und die Identifikation m{\"o}glicher einflussnehmender Drittvariablen muss bei der Messung von Reflexionsleistungen zuk{\"u}nftig noch mehr Aufmerksamkeit gerichtet werden. Die Suche nach einem Verfahren zur Messung von Reflexion, das die G{\"u}tekriterien zufriedenstellend erf{\"u}llt, stellt weiterhin ein Forschungsdesiderat dar.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Reiter2022, author = {Reiter, Korbinian}, title = {Gleitender Verm{\"o}genserwerb im Zugewinnausgleich - Eine Fallstudie anhand von lebenslangen Leistungspflichten und Nutzungsrechten an Immobilien f{\"u}r F{\"a}lle bei Ehescheidung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11164}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XXXVI, 400 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Bei landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs{\"u}bergaben auf die nachfolgende Generation wird der {\"u}bergebenden Partei als Gegenleistung oftmals ein lebenslanges Wohnrecht auf dem {\"u}bertragenen Hof gew{\"a}hrt. Die Modalit{\"a}ten einer derartigen landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs{\"u}bergabe werden typischerweise in notariell beurkundeten Vertr{\"a}gen geregelt. Mit Hilfe dieser Vertr{\"a}ge lassen sich bereits viele Probleme des lebenslangen Wohnrechts regeln. Aufgrund der st{\"a}ndigen Dynamik im Leben der Menschen und des lebenslangen Charakters des lebenslangen Wohnrechts ist es aber wahrscheinlich, dass immer wieder Konstellationen und Ereignisse eintreten, die nicht vertraglich geregelt wurden - vielleicht auch nicht vorhersehbar waren - und trotzdem durch das einger{\"a}umte Recht beeinflusst werden oder mit diesem in Ber{\"u}hrung kommen. Ein unvorhergesehenes Ereignis im Leben kann das Scheitern einer Beziehung zwischen zwei Personen sein. Gerade in F{\"a}llen der Ehescheidung kann - sofern auch keine weiteren ehevertraglichen Regelungen vorhanden sind - ein lebenslanges Wohnungsrecht aus einer vorhergehenden Betriebs{\"u}bergabe zu komplizierten rechtlichen Fallkonstellationen f{\"u}hren. Hat die betriebs{\"u}bernehmende Partei die mit einem lebenslangen Wohnrecht belastete Immobilie beispielsweise nach Eingehung der Ehe mit R{\"u}cksicht auf ein k{\"u}nftiges Erbrecht erworben und wird die Ehe nach der {\"U}bertragung der Immobilie geschieden, so stellt sich n{\"a}mlich die Frage, ob und inwieweit die Immobilie mit dem lebenslangen Wohnrecht im Zugewinnausgleich zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen ist. Aber nicht nur die Immobilie selbst kann hier den Zugewinn beeinflussen. Da das Wohnrecht lebenslang einger{\"a}umt wurde, stellt sich auch die Frage, ob und inwieweit das zunehmende Alter der Wohnrechtsbeg{\"u}nstigten den Wert von Wohnrecht und Immobilie beeinflusst. Eine fortlaufende altersbedingte Wertabnahme des Wohnrechts k{\"o}nnte einen Verm{\"o}genszuwachs beim geschiedenen Ehegatten hervorrufen und damit Auswirkungen auf den Zugewinn haben. Dieses Problem wird mit dem Begriff „gleitender Verm{\"o}genserwerb" umschrieben. Gerade mit dem Problem des gleitenden Verm{\"o}genserwerbs setzt sich die Dissertation auseinander und {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft die materiellen und verfahrensrechtlichen Konsequenzen einer lebenslangen Belastung an Immobilien im Zugewinnausgleich. Dabei werden auch die unterschiedlichen Arten von Nutzungsrechten und Leistungspflichten betrachtet, mit denen die Immobilie belastet ist oder die als Ausgleichsleistung f{\"u}r die Immobilien{\"u}bertragung erbracht werden. Der Umfang der Dissertation wird hierbei auf die Nutzungsrechte und Leistungspflichten mit Bezug zum Recht auf Wohnen und Lebensunterhalt begrenzt. Die Problematik des gleitenden Verm{\"o}genserwerbs wird an F{\"a}llen dargestellt, in denen die Ehe durch Ehescheidung beendet wurde.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Garbas2022, author = {Garbas, Janina}, title = {From now to next - Three essays on consumer responses to innovative technology-driven business models}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11132}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XVIII, 212 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Over the last decades, ongoing advancements in information technology (i.e., Internet and mobile devices) have expanded a firm's ability to communicate and interact with consumers and hence, create the potential of building sustainable relationships. Tailoring offerings through (1) consumer-initiated customization and (2) firm-initiated personalization is considered a key driver of long-term consumer relationships. As technologies continue to evolve, the opportunities for tailored marketing expand and enable new technology-driven business models that help to leverage customization and personalization and strengthen customer relationships in the era of the digital economy. Across three independent essays, the purpose of this dissertation is to answer the overarching research question of how innovative technology-driven business models versus traditional business models in the domains of customization and personalization influence consumer behavior. Thereby, this dissertation contributes to an understanding of challenges and opportunities of innovative customization and personalization business models with the ultimate goal of enabling their successful diffusion in the marketplace. Specifically, in Essay 1 and Essay 2, I investigate an innovative business model located in the realm of customization, that is, internal product upgrades (i.e., offering fee-based access to originally built-in, but deliberately restricted, optional features). Using a conceptual approach, Essay 1 provides a framework for understanding how internal product upgrades will likely influence consumers' responses. As such, it outlines evolving challenges and opportunities of internal product upgrades and derives questions for future research. In Essay 2, I use an empirical approach to examine pitfalls of internal product upgrades in the product usage phase. Drawing on research on normative expectations and perceived ownership, this essay reveals that consumers respond less favorably to internal (vs. external) product upgrades and investigates managerially relevant boundary conditions. Finally, Essay 3 creates novel insights into a business model in the domain of personalization. This essay examines how the increasingly prevalent data disclosure practice of firms engaging in a network with other firms to exchange consumer data, which we denote as Business Network Data Exchange (BNDE), influences consumers' privacy-related decision-making. In particular, this essay shows that consumers are less likely to disclose personal data in BNDE (vs. traditional dyadic) data exchange settings and that immediate affective reactions are crucial in explaining consumers' privacy-related decision-making. Within this dissertation, I make substantial contributions at a more general level to literature on customization and personalization by comparing innovative business models to established ones. At the individual essay level, I extend existing research in the domains of product feature modifications, norm violations, and privacy-related decision making. Moreover, this dissertation provides actionable implications for managers who are facing the decision to transform their established business model into an innovative technology-driven one.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schiebelsberger2022, author = {Schiebelsberger, Agathe}, title = {Lehrerpers{\"o}nlichkeit durch Selbstwirksamkeit}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-11129}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {319 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Forschungsfrage: Im Zentrum der Forschungsbem{\"u}hungen steht die Lehrerpers{\"o}nlichkeit, welche durch die Selbstwirksamkeit als Eigenschaft beschrieben werden soll. Methodik: Als Methode wird die qualitative Analyse der Hermeneutik verwendet. Dabei werden Begriffe und Modelle zur Lehrerpers{\"o}nlichkeit und Selbstwirksamkeit erl{\"a}utert und in ihrer Bedeutung f{\"u}r das p{\"a}dagogische Handeln erschlossen. Ergebnis: Selbstwirksamkeit ist eine unbedingt notwendige pers{\"o}nliche Ressource, die regulierend auf kognitive, emotionale, motivationale und selektive Prozesse einwirkt und Entwicklungsprozesse unterst{\"u}tzt. Dennoch sind der Selbstwirksamkeit Grenzen gesetzt, so dass diese nicht als hinreichend f{\"u}r die Beschreibung der gesamten Lehrerpers{\"o}nlichkeit angesehen werden kann. Wie die zunehmende Beanspruchung auf die Lehrerpers{\"o}nlichkeit wirkt, wird durch die Belastungsforschung dargelegt. Abgesehen von begrifflichen Kontroversen ist die berufliche Selbstwirksamkeit entscheidend f{\"u}r die Bew{\"a}ltigung schwieriger Situationen. Auch in der Lehrerbildung wird die Bedeutung der Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit hervorgehoben. Neben Einflussm{\"o}glichkeiten im schulischen Rahmen stehen Ansatzpunkte im Mittelpunkt, die bei der Lehrerpers{\"o}nlichkeit ansetzen und durch sie aktiv unterst{\"u}tzt werden k{\"o}nnen. Zudem wird versucht, aus dem Erkenntnisgewinn Konsequenzen f{\"u}r die Rekrutierung und Ausbildung der Lehramtsstudenten abzuleiten und bildungspolitische Anspr{\"u}che zu formulieren, da ein gewisses Maß an Selbstwirksamkeit zu den Mindestvoraussetzungen f{\"u}r den beruflichen Erfolgt geh{\"o}rt.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schmid2022, author = {Schmid, Josef}, title = {Learning-Based Quality of Service Prediction in Cellular Vehicle Communication}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10772}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvi, 147 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Network communication has become a part of everyday life, and the interconnection among devices and people will increase even more in the future. A new area where this development is on the rise is the field of connected vehicles. It is especially useful for automated vehicles in order to connect the vehicles with other road users or cloud services. In particular for the latter it is beneficial to establish a mobile network connection, as it is already widely used and no additional infrastructure is needed. With the use of network communication, certain requirements come along. One of them is the reliability of the connection. Certain Quality of Service (QoS) parameters need to be met. In case of degraded QoS, according to the SAE level specification, a downgrade of the automated system can be required, which may lead to a takeover maneuver, in which control is returned back to the driver. Since such a handover takes time, prediction is necessary to forecast the network quality for the next few seconds. Prediction of QoS parameters, especially in terms of Throughput (TP) and Latency (LA), is still a challenging task, as the wireless transmission properties of a moving mobile network connection are undergoing fluctuation. In this thesis, a new approach for prediction Network Quality Parameters (NQPs) on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) level is presented. It combines the knowledge of the environment with the low level parameters of the mobile network. The aim of this work is to perform a comprehensive study of various models including both Location Smoothing (LS) grid maps and Learning Based (LB) regression ones. Moreover, the possibility of using the location independence of a model as well as suitability for automated driving is evaluated.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pauli2022, author = {Pauli, Thomas}, title = {„Amen, ich sage euch: Er wird gewiss nicht um seinen Lohn kommen." (Mt 10,42) Anthropologische Optionen bei Karl Homann als Interpretationsinstrumente f{\"u}r ausgew{\"a}hlte Texteinheiten im Matth{\"a}usevangelium}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10760}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {299 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die Untersuchung analysiert und vergleicht aus der Perspektive der theologischen Ethik den wirtschaftsethischen Ansatz von Karl Homann und ausgew{\"a}hlte Texte des Matth{\"a}usevangeliums im Hinblick auf die Handlungswirksamkeit von Sollensforderungen. Die Arbeit geht der konkreten Frage nach, inwiefern eine moderne Wirtschaftsethik an ein biblisches Ethos anschlussf{\"a}hig ist, aber auch: wo Grenzen der Anschlussf{\"a}higkeit erreicht sind. Aus dem Forschungsinteresse wird eine weitere Frage abgeleitet, die ebenfalls untersucht wird: Welchen Beitrag kann eine ethische Perspektive auf narrative Texte des Matth{\"a}usevangeliums zur wirtschaftsethischen Fragestellung leisten: Wie wird Moral handlungswirksam? Auf der Grundlage einer narrativen Textanalyse werden das Gleichnis von den zehn M{\"a}dchen (Mt 25,1-13), das Gleichnis von den anvertrauten Geldern (Mt 25,14-30) und die Textsequenz vom Weltgericht (Mt 25,31-46) untersucht. Vor dem Hintergrund der Erz{\"a}hltextanalyse werden die drei Texteinheiten aus ethischer Perspektive betrachtet. Die Arbeit ist zu dem Ergebnis gekommen, dass zwischen Homanns wirtschaftsethischer Konzeption und der vom Verfasser gew{\"a}hlten ethischen Perspektive auf das Matth{\"a}usevangelium Entsprechungen bez{\"u}glich der Handlungswirksamkeit von Sollensforderungen bestehen. N{\"a}herhin hat die Arbeit Parallelen hinsichtlich der Anreizkompatibilit{\"a}t moralischer Normen, der Rehabilitierung des Eigennutzstrebens und der Zweistufigen Ethik aufgezeigt, an denen ein Dialog zwischen theologischer Ethik und deutschsprachiger Wirtschaftsethik ankn{\"u}pfen und die dargestellten Inhalte vertiefen kann. Der Dialog hat jedoch ein angemessenes Verst{\"a}ndnis dieser Parallelen zu beachten: Sie sind als Analogien zu verstehen, und zwar insbesondere aus zwei Gr{\"u}nden. Zum einen gilt es, den unterschiedlichen Typus der ethischen Argumentation zu beachten, und zum anderen den Unterschied zwischen einem biblischen Ethos auf Mikro- und Mesoebene und einer normativen Ethik auf Makroebene.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Murawski2022, author = {Murawski, Lena}, title = {Essays on current topics in employee entrepreneurial behaviors and attitudes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10740}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {VIII, 120 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {A firm's entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is its propensity to act proactively, innovate, take risks, and engage in competitive and autonomous behaviors. Prior research shows that EO is an im-portant factor for new ventures to overcome barriers to survival and fostering growth, measured by annual sales and employment growth rates. In particular, individual-level EO (IEO) is an important driver of a firm's EO. The firm's ability to exploit opportunities appearing in the mar-ket and to achieve superior performance depends on the employees' skills and experiences to act and think entrepreneurially. The main objective of this dissertation is to investigate how and when employees engage in entrepreneurial behaviors at work. Building on three essays, this dissertation takes an interdisciplinary approach to employee entrepreneurial behaviors in new ventures, encompassing both entrepreneurship and gamification research. The first main contri-bution proposed in this field is a more nuanced understanding of how employee entrepreneurial behaviors help young firms cope with growth-related, organization-transforming challenges (i.e., changes in organizational culture that accompany growth, the introduction of hierarchical structures, and the formalization of processes). When new ventures grow, employees' IEO tends to manifest in introducing technological innovations and business improvements rather than in actions related to risk-taking. Second, this dissertation reveals the relevance of self-efficacy for entrepreneurial behaviors and explores how gamification can enhance employee entrepreneurial behaviors in new ventures. Based on these findings, this dissertation contributes to EO research by highlighting the role of IEO as a building block for EO pervasiveness. This research further develops our knowledge on the use of gamification in new ventures. This cu-mulative dissertation is structured as follows. Part A is an introduction to the study of entrepre-neurial behaviors. Part B contains the three essays. }, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pitsch2021, author = {Pitsch, Philipp}, title = {Wachstumsraten, Wachstumsmuster und Wachstumsst{\"o}rungen tropischer B{\"a}ume: Analyse von Langzeiteffekten und kurzfristigen St{\"o}rungen mit Hilfe von Jahrringstudien}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10570}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {64 ungez{\"a}hlte Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Age and radial growth rate are key data on understanding some aspects of tropical forest dynamics and ecology. In species that produce annual tree rings, tree-ring analysis allows the most precise estimate of these two parameters. The present study assessed the age and radial growth rate of three Hymenaea species inhabiting four of the six biomes found in Brazil. Out of these four biomes, two harbor the largest rainforests in South America, the Amazon Forest on the west and the Atlantic Forest in the east. The Cerrado biome is an open and seasonally drier vegetation found between them and the Pantanal is a wetland in the west. The H. courbaril species inhabits almost the entire Neotropical lowlands while H. parvifolia and H. stigonocarpa are restricted to the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, respectively. To investigate these species dynamics within different biomes, age and radial growth rate were calculated for 217 trees through tree-ring analyses. The oldest H. courbaril and. H. parvifolia trees were 316 and 371 years old, respectively, while H. stigonocarpa trees were considerably younger, up to 144 years old. Hymenaea courbaril trees showed the widest variation in average growth rate, from 1.00 to 6.63 mm per year, while the other two species showed a narrower variation from 0.89 to 2.81 mm per year. The studied populations presented distinct trends in the lifetime growth pattern that seems to be related to the biome of provenance. Overall, trees from the Amazon forest showed a trend of increasing growth rate up to about 100 years followed by a decreasing of it, while trees growing in the Pantanal and Atlantic forest showed only decreasing growth rates. In the Cerrado, trees showed a constant pattern of growth rate up to 50 years followed by a clear decline. It is important to highlight that different species of Hymenaea showed similar growth trends within the same biome. In larger trees, the average growth rate is lower in the Cerrado, which is characterized by deeper water tables and more dystrophic soils while the growth rates in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests are 60\% and 79\% higher, respectively. This study represents one of the most comprehensive datasets of trees age and growth rate of tropical congeneric species under such large geographical range. A tropical tree-ring study is presented using 36 specimens of Cariniana estrellensis from the Mata Atlantica Biome within the State of S{\~a}o Paulo: Caetetus and Carlos Botelho. We aimed to assess the suitability of this species for chronology building, as well as for dendroclimatological studies, with the help of its lifetime growth trajectories. Cariniana estrellensis forms visible tree rings with a dense sequence of parenchyma bands at the end of the latewood, followed by a relatively distant sequence of parenchyma bands in the subsequent early wood of a tree ring. However, it was impossible to establish a chronology, solely by tree-ring width measurements and crossdating, for a number of reasons, including sequences of problematic wood anatomy, abundance of wedging rings and probably missing rings. Therefore, building a robust chronology for this species requires a multi-parameter approach, however, no experience is currently available. Therefore, to reveal possible climate-growth relationships for Cariniana estrellensis at both sites, we tested to correlation analyses of microclimatic conditions with tree growth and investigated patterns of lifetime growth trajectories. Annual precipitation is over 1300 mm at both sites, with the dry season primarily between June and August. Both sites showed clear differences in their microclimatic regime and topography. Overall, light availability is the most likely crucial factor for the studied species. A significantly lower photosynthetic active radiation and daily photoperiod was found at Carlos Botelho by the strong influence of orographic rainfall, foggy conditions and shade caused by the adjacent mountain chain. Consequently, trees at this site generally showed a lower average annual growth rate as compared to the Caetetus site with differences between juvenile and mature growth phases remaining nearly constant throughout their lives. In contrast, trees from Caetetus had less consistent growth phases, with increased growth after the juvenile growth phase. Thus, it can be concluded that dendroclimatological studies using growth characteristics have the potential to clarify the generally complex stand dynamics of Cariniana estrellensis. However, the development of tree-ring chronologies, based on tree-ring width analyses of cores or discs is nearly impossible. Deforestation in tropical regions is raising fragmentation to alarming levels. Not only does it lead to losses of forest area, but also the abiotic and biotic changes on forest edge areas alter the development of the remaining trees. We aimed to assess the impacts of forest fragmentation on the growth of tropical emergent trees. We sampled the endangered species Aspidosperma polyneuron (Apocynaceae) at forest edge and interior in the highly fragmented Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We obtained increment cores of each tree along with data about tree and surrounding canopy heights, plus their current levels of liana infestation. We used tree-ring analyses to estimate age and growth rate of trees. Sampled trees and surrounding canopy were taller at the forest interior than at the edge, even though both sampled populations have similar ages. Overall, trees at forest interior show a lifetime growth pattern common to shade-tolerant species, with a peak of growth rate at 120 years. Indeed, all sampled trees exhibited this pattern before fragmentation. However, trees at forest edge presented constantly slow growth rates for all diameter classes after the fragmentation event. The strong presence of lianas at forest edge prevents trees from experiencing the expected growth releases throughout their lifetime, probably by keeping the leaves of A. polyneuron under shaded conditions. Therefore, the management of lianas at the forest edge is likely the most effective procedure to ensure the growth of emergent trees, guarantying their role on forests structure, carbon storage, and ecosystem functioning.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kocer2021, author = {Ko{\c{c}}er, Volkan}, title = {Three Essays on Global and Local Brands}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10722}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XIII, 157 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In three essays, this dissertation examines the past, present and future of branding in an international context, contributing to the research area of global/local brands, while also offering managers valuable insights for their branding strategies. The first essay provides scholars and practitioners a detailed state of the art of global/local brand research and proposes promising angles for future research, especially considering major challenges for our societies. The second essay incorporates the segment of cosmopolitan consumers into perceived brand globalness/localness research. Theoretically grounded in the concepts of social identity theory and complexity, the essay builds on perceived brand globalness/localness to analyze how cosmopolitans arrange both their global and local orientations. Aside offering scholars a new theoretical lens regarding consumer cosmopolitanism, managers can benefit from the gained insights, if cosmopolitans are a particular target group in their business strategy. The third and final essay meta-analytically investigates how the variables perceived brand globalness and localness materialize on various key outcome variables. At heart of this essay is a comparison of both perceived brand globalness and localness, offering scholars and practitioners valuable empirical insights on similarities and differences between their effects on outcomes such as brand quality.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Silva2022, author = {Silva, Vivian dos Santos}, title = {A Composite Syntactic-Semantic Interpretable Text Entailment Approach Exploring Commonsense Knowledge Graphs}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10706}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xiv, 229 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Natural Language Processing has an important role in Artificial Intelligence for easing human-machine interaction. Processing human language, though, poses many challenges, among which is the semantics-related phenomenon known as language variability, the fact that the same thing can be said in several ways. NLP applications' inputs and outputs can be expressed in different forms, whose equivalence can be verified through inference. The textual entailment paradigm was established to enable the creation of a unifying framework for applied inference, providing a means of delivering other NLP task from handling inference issues in an ad-hoc manner, using instead the outputs of an inference-dedicated mechanism. Text entailment, the task of determining whether a piece of text logically follows from another piece of text, involves different scenarios, which can range from a simple syntactic variation to more complex semantic relationships between sentences. However, most approaches try a one-size-fits-all solution that usually favors some scenario to the detriment of another. The commonsense world knowledge necessary to support more complex inferences is also usually employed in a limited way, with most approaches sticking to shallow semantic information, leaving more elaborate semantic relationships aside. Furthermore, most systems still work as a "black box", providing a yes/no answer that does not explain the underlying reasoning process. This thesis aims at addressing these issues by proposing a composite interpretable approach for recognizing text entailment where the entailment pair is analyzed so the most relevant phenomenon is detected and the suitable method can be used to solve it. Syntactic variations are dealt with through the analysis of the sentences' syntactic structures, and semantic relationships are detected with the aid of a knowledge graph built from natural language dictionary definitions. Also, if a semantic matching is involved, the answer is made interpretable through the generation of natural language justifications that explain the semantic relationship between the pieces of text. The result is the XTE - Explainable Text Entailment - a system that outperforms well-established tools based on single-technique entailment algorithms, and that also gives an important step towards Explainable AI, allowing the inference model interpretation, making the semantic reasoning process explicit and understandable.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{NorbertoSales2022, author = {Norberto Sales, Juliano Efson}, title = {An Explainable Semantic Parser for End-User Development}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10718}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvi, 165 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Programming is a key skill in a world where businesses are driven by digital transformations. Although many of the programming demand can be addressed by a simple set of instructions composing libraries and services available in the web, non-technical professionals, such as domain experts and analysts, are still unable to construct their own programs due to the intrinsic complexity of coding. Among other types of end-user development, natural language programming has emerged to allow users to program without the formalism of traditional programming languages, where a tailored semantic parser can translate a natural language utterance to a formal command representation able to be processed by a computational machine. Currently, semantic parsers are typically built on the top of a learning method that defines its behaviours based on the patterns behind a large training data, whose production frequently are costly and time-consuming. Our research is devoted to study and propose a semantic parser for natural language commands targeting a scenario with low availability of training data. Our proposed semantic parser follows a multi-component architecture, composed of a specialised shallow parser that associates natural language commands to predicate-argument structures, integrated to a distributional ranking model that matches the command to a function signature available from an API knowledge base. Systems developed with statistical learning models and complex linguistics resources, as the proposed semantic parser, do not provide natively an easy way to associate a single feature from the input data to the impact in system behaviour. In this scenario, end-user explanations for intelligent systems has become a strong requirement to increase user confidence and system literacy. Thus, our research designed an explanation model for the proposed semantic parser that fits the heterogeneity of its multi-component architecture. The explanation model explores a hierarchical representation in an increasing degree of technical depth, providing higher-level explanations in the initial layers, going gradually to those that demand technical knowledge, applying different explanation strategies to better express the approach behind each component. With the support of a user-centred experiment, we compared the utility of different types of explanations and the impact of background knowledge in their preferences.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Opris2022, author = {Opris, Andre}, title = {Holomorphic Extensions in the Structure R_{an,exp}}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10691}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {233 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In this thesis we consider real analytic functions, i.e. functions which can be described locally as convergent power series and ask the following: Which real analytic functions definable in R_{an,exp} have a holomorphic extension which is again definable in R_{an,exp}? Finding a holomorphic extension is of course not difficult simply by power series expansion. The difficulty is to construct it in a definably way. We will not answer the question above completely, but introduce a large non trivial class of definable functions in R_{an,exp} where for example functions which are iterated compositions from either side of globally subanalytic functions and the global logarithm are contained. We call them restricted log-exp-analytic. After giving some preliminary results like preparation theorems and Tamm's Theorem for this class of functions we are able to show that real analytic restricted log-exp-analytic functions have a holomorphic extension which is again restricted log-exp-analytic.}, subject = {O-Minimalit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schmitz2022, author = {Schmitz, Moritz}, title = {Die Digitalisierung der gesetzlichen Formen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10632}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XI, 212 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die gesetzlichen Formen bilden einen praxisrelevanten Teilbereich der Rechtswissenschaft, {\"u}ber den in der Vergangenheit wenig diskutiert wurde. Die Einf{\"u}hrung der Textform und der elektronischen Form im Jahr 2001 und die Verabschiedung des DiRUG verdeutlichen, dass die Digitalisierung auch vor den Formen des deutschen Rechtssystems keinen Halt macht. In dieser Dissertation wird die Entwicklung der Formen im Zuge der Digitalisierung aufgearbeitet. Daf{\"u}r werden die papiergebundenen Formen und die digitalen Formen nach demselben Schema und unter denselben inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten untersucht und chronologisch dargestellt. Hierdurch werden die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede systematisch herausgearbeitet. Besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf den Formwirkungen sowie der Wirkungs{\"a}quivalenz von digitalen Formen und ihrem jeweiligen papiergebundenen Pendant. Zudem werden die digitalen notariellen Formen im Sinne des DiRUG in das altbekannte System der gesetzlichen Formen eingeordnet. Nach den Untersuchungen ist festzuhalten, dass die elektronische Form mittlerweile hinreichend wirkungs{\"a}quivalent im Vergleich zur Schriftform ist, auch hinsichtlich der Warnwirkung, die vom deutschen Gesetzgeber bisher noch anders beurteilt wird. Die digitale {\"o}ffentliche Beglaubigung und die digitale notarielle Beurkundung im Sinne des DiRUG sind ebenfalls hinreichend gleichwertig im Vergleich zu ihrem jeweiligen papiergebundenen {\"A}quivalent. Aus dem Grund wird sich in dieser Dissertation daf{\"u}r ausgesprochen, den Anwendungsbereich der digitalen Formen entsprechend ihrer Wirkungs{\"a}quivalenz in Zukunft zu erweitern. Insgesamt ist die Digitalisierung der gesetzlichen Formen begr{\"u}ßenswert und ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Tomek2022, author = {Tomek, Raphaela}, title = {Quiet please! - School Noise and its Effects on Student Teachers and Practicing Teachers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10626}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {155 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {L{\"a}rm in Schulen gilt aus unterschiedlichen Gr{\"u}nden als massiver Belastungsfaktor f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}fte und kann deshalb zu Leistungsdefiziten im Beruf, aber auch zu physischen und psychischen Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen f{\"u}hren. Die Erforschung von Schull{\"a}rm und seinen Auswirkungen ist daher essentiell. Die drei Studien, die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt werden, untersuchten die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen von L{\"a}rm auf Lehramtsstudierende und die mittelbaren Auswirkungen auf praktizierende Lehrkr{\"a}fte. In der ersten und zweiten Studie wurde im Rahmen zweier Experimente {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, wie sich Pausenl{\"a}rm auf das Stresserleben, die Leistung in einem Konzentrationstest und auf die Fehlerkorrektur eines Diktats auswirkt. Auf Grundlage des transaktionalen Stressmodells (Lazarus \& Folkman, 1984) wurde vermutet, dass L{\"a}rm zu einer Erh{\"o}hung des Stresserlebens f{\"u}hrt. Der Maximal-Adaptability-Theorie (Hancock \& Warm, 1989, 2003) nach sollte der L{\"a}rm zun{\"a}chst eine optimale Leistung, langfristig jedoch eine Leistungsbeeintr{\"a}chtigung verursachen. Um dies zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, bearbeiteten in der ersten Studie 74 und in der zweiten Studie 104 Lehramtsstudierende der Universit{\"a}t Passau zwei unterschiedliche Konzentrationstests und korrigierten das Diktat eines Sch{\"u}lers, w{\"a}hrend sie kurzen, kontinuierlichen oder keinen Pausenl{\"a}rm h{\"o}rten. In beiden Experimenten f{\"u}hrte kontinuierlicher L{\"a}rm zu einer Erh{\"o}hung des Stresserlebens. Weder kurzer noch kontinuierlicher L{\"a}rm f{\"u}hrte zu einer Verschlechterung der Konzentrationsleistung. Weiter zeigten sich unterschiedliche Befunde: Im ersten Experiment f{\"u}hrte ein kurzer Konzentrationstest in Kombination mit kontinuierlichem L{\"a}rm zu positiven Effekten in der Diktatkorrektur, d.h. die Versuchspersonen wiesen eine bessere Leistung in der Fehlerkorrektur auf. Im zweiten Experiment f{\"u}hrte ein langer Konzentrationstest in Kombination mit kurzem oder kontinuierlichem L{\"a}rm zu negativen Effekten, d.h. die Probanden machten vergleichsweise mehr Fehler bei der anschließenden Diktatkorrektur. Daraus l{\"a}sst sich schlussfolgern, dass Schull{\"a}rm einerseits das Stresserleben erh{\"o}hen und andererseits die anschließende Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit der Lehrkr{\"a}fte verbessern oder einschr{\"a}nken kann. Letzteres scheint allerdings von der konkreten Situation abzuh{\"a}ngen. Im ersten Teil der dritten Studie lag der Fokus auf den Bew{\"a}ltigungsstilen und dem erlebten Stress der Lehrkr{\"a}fte. Da Bew{\"a}ltigungsstile nachweislich einen großen Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit haben, lag die Vermutung nahe, dass das durch L{\"a}rm verursachte Stresserleben je nach Bew{\"a}ltigungsstil unterschiedlich ausf{\"a}llt. Auf der Grundlage des Belastungs-Beanspruchungsmodells (Rudow, 2000) und des transaktionalen Stressmodells (Lazarus \& Folkman, 1984) wurde angenommen, dass Lehrkr{\"a}fte mit riskanten Copingstilen mehr Stresssymptome erleben. Deshalb wurde im Rahmen einer Online-Studie untersucht, ob es in Bezug auf psychische und k{\"o}rperliche Symptome Unterschiede zwischen Lehrkr{\"a}ften mit distinkten Bew{\"a}ltigungsstilen gibt. Dazu wurden 99 bayerische Grund- und Mittelschullehrkr{\"a}fte befragt. Aus den {\"u}bergeordneten Skalen Engagement und Resilienz resultierten vier berufliche Bew{\"a}ltigungsstile. Der Typ Gesundheit (hohes Engagement, hohe Resilienz), der Schon-Typ (niedriges Engagement, hohe Resilienz), Typ A (hohes Engagement, niedrige Resilienz) und Typ Burnout (niedriges Engagement, niedrige Resilienz) unterschieden sich hinsichtlich Bedrohungseinsch{\"a}tzung, L{\"a}rmstress, Stimm- und H{\"o}rproblemen sowie l{\"a}rmbedingtem Burnout. Im Vergleich zum Typ Gesundheit wiesen die Risikotypen Typ A und Typ Burnout ein h{\"o}heres Stresserleben auf und erwiesen sich generell anf{\"a}lliger gegen{\"u}ber Schull{\"a}rm als der Typ Gesundheit. Dies ist die erste Studie, die zeigen konnte, dass Schull{\"a}rm besonders f{\"u}r Lehrkr{\"a}fte mit riskanten Copingstilen eine Gef{\"a}hrdung darstellt. Im zweiten Teil der dritten Studie lag der Fokus auf den Wirkungspfaden von Schull{\"a}rm. Hier wurden Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen individuellen Eigenschaften der Lehrkr{\"a}fte und den unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen von Schull{\"a}rm vermutet. Basierend auf dem vereinfachten Modell von Lehrerstress (van Dick \& Wagner, 2001) wurde an 159 bayerischen Grund- und Mittelschullehrkr{\"a}ften untersucht, ob L{\"a}rmstress und Stimmerm{\"u}dung die Verbindung zwischen L{\"a}rmempfindlichkeit und l{\"a}rmbedingtem Burnout vermitteln. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Stress die Beziehung zwischen L{\"a}rmempfindlichkeit und Stimmerm{\"u}dung vermittelte; Stimmerm{\"u}dung vermittelte die Beziehung zwischen L{\"a}rmstress und l{\"a}rmbezogenem Burnout; L{\"a}rmstress und Stimmerm{\"u}dung vermittelten seriell die Beziehung zwischen L{\"a}rmempfindlichkeit und l{\"a}rmbedingtem Burnout. Dies ist die erste Studie die Verbindungen zwischen l{\"a}rmempfindlichen Lehrkr{\"a}ften und L{\"a}rmstress, Stimmproblemen und l{\"a}rmbedingtem Burnout aufzeigen konnte.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gassner2021, author = {Gassner, Daniel}, title = {Die Zwangsvollstreckung in Kryptowerte am Beispiel des Bitcoins}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10613}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {LXXIX, 205}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die Digitalisierung des Geldes durch die Einf{\"u}hrung des elektronischen Zahlungsverkehrs in diesem Jahrhundert bildet die Grundlage des heutigen unk{\"o}rperlichen Geldverkehrs. Das Aufkommen neuer rein digitaler Zahlungsarten wie Kryptow{\"a}hrungen setzen diesen Trend der Entmaterialisierung des Geldverkehrs fort. Insofern ist auch das Recht der Zwangsvollstreckung der Frage ausgesetzt, inwieweit die Vollstreckung in solche Werte zur Befriedigung des Gl{\"a}ubigers m{\"o}glich ist. Dieser Frage geht die vorliegende Dissertation auf Basis des deutschen Vollstreckungsrecht am Beispiel der Kryptow{\"a}hrung Bitcoins nach.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Mandarawi2022, author = {Mandarawi, Waseem}, title = {Multi-objective Network Virtualization and its Applicability to Industrial Networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10606}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xv, 156 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Network virtualization provides high flexibility for deploying communication services in dense and heterogeneous environments. Two main approaches (dimensions) that are usually combined exist: Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies for functionality virtualization and Virtual Network Embedding (VNE) algorithms for resource virtualization. These approaches can be applied to different network levels, such as factory and enterprise levels of industrial networks. Several objectives and constraints, that might be conflicting, shall be considered when network virtualization is applied, mainly in complex topologies. This thesis proposes a network virtualization model that considers both virtualization dimensions, two network levels, and different objectives and constraints. The network levels considered are two primary levels in industrial networks. However, this consideration does not restrict the model to a particular environment or certain levels. The considered objectivities/constraints are topology, reliability, security, performance, and resource usage. Based on this model, we first build an overall combined solution for autonomic and composite virtual networking. This solution considers both virtualization dimensions, two network levels, and target objectives. Furthermore, this solution combines three novel virtualization sub-approaches that consider performance, reliability, and performance. However, the sub-approaches apply to different combinations of levels and dimensions, and the reliability approach additionally considers the resource usage objective. After presenting all solutions, we map them to the defined model. Regarding applicability to industrial networks, the combined approach is applied to an enterprise-level Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) use case inspired by the smart factory concept in Industry 4.0. However, the sub-approaches are applied to more specific use cases. The performance and reliability solutions are integrated with relevant components of the Time Sensitive Networks (TSN) standard as a modern technology for industrial networks. The goal is to enrich the reliability and performance capabilities of TSN with the flexibility of network virtualization. In the combined approach, we compose and embed an environment-aware Extended Virtual Network (EVN) that represents the physical devices, virtual application functions, and required Service Function Chains (SFCs). We use the graph transformation method to transform abstract application requirements (represented by an Application Request (AR)) into an EVN. Both EVN composition and embedding methods consider the Substrate Network (SN) topology and different security, reliability, performance, and resource usage policies. These policies are applied with a certain priority and depend on the properties of communicating entities such as location and type. The EVN is embedded using property-based node mapping, reliability-aware branching, and a greedy chain embedding heuristic. The chain embedding heuristic is evaluated using a random topology that represents the use case. The performance sub-approach is NFV-based and is applied to a specific use case with Time-critical Traffic (TCT) flows. We develop and evaluate a complete framework for virtualizing Time-aware Shaper (TAS) using high-performance NFV. The reliability sub-approach is VNE-based and is applied to a specific factory level use case. We develop minimal and maximal branching heuristics based on a reliability-aware k-shortest path algorithm and compare them using a typical factory topology. We then integrate these algorithms with a Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) simulator to realize reliability policies by the autonomic and efficient configuration of a supporting technology. The security sub-approaches are related to both virtualization dimensions and are applied to generic enterprise-level use cases. However, the applicability of the security aspect to industrial networks is only shown in the combined (EVN) approach and its use case. We research the autonomic security management in Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) with the main goal of early reaction to threats through SFC reconfiguration through Virtual Network Function (VNF) live migration. This goal is approached by supporting the security measurements with a decision making architecture that considers, on the one hand, the threats and events in the environment and, on the other hand, the Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the NFVI provider and user. For this purpose, we classify the VNF-specific attacks and define possible early detectable behavior patterns. Finally, we develop a security-aware VNE heuristic that considers the security requirements of the Virtual Network (VN) and the security capabilities of the SN. This approach is modified in the combined approach to consider deploying virtualized security VNFs.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Steudner2021, author = {Steudner, Tobias}, title = {Understanding Consumers' Digital Data Disclosure Decision-Making: A Focus on Data Sharing Cooperations, Perceived Risks and Low-Cognitive-Effort Processing}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10583}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 155 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Due to the advances of digitalization, firms are able to collect more and more personal consumer data and strive to do so. Moreover, many firms nowadays have a data sharing cooperation with other firms, so consumer data is shared with third parties. Accordingly, consumers are confronted regularly with the decision whether to disclose personal data to such a data sharing cooperation (DSC). Despite privacy research has become highly important, peculiarities of such disclosure settings with a DSC between firms have been neglected until now. To address this gap is the first research objective in this thesis. Another underexplored aspect in privacy research is the impact of low-cognitive-effort decision-making. This is because the privacy calculus, the most dominant theory in privacy research, assumes for consumers a purely cognitive effortful and deliberative disclosure decision-making process. Therefore, to expand this perspective and examine the impact of low-cognitive-effort decision-making is the second research objective in this thesis. Additionally, with the third research objective, this thesis strives to unify and increase the understanding of perceived privacy risks and privacy concerns which are the two major antecedents that reduce consumers' disclosure willingness. To this end, five studies are conducted: i) essay 1 examines and compares consumers' privacy risk perception in a DSC disclosure setting with disclosure settings that include no DSC, ii) essay 2 examines whether in a DSC disclosure setting consumers rely more strongly on low-cognitive-effort processing for their disclosure decision, iii) essay 3 explores different consumer groups that vary in their perception of how a DSC affects their privacy risks, iv) essay 4 refines the understanding of privacy concerns and privacy risks and examines via meta-analysis the varying effect sizes of privacy concerns and privacy risks on privacy behavior depending on the applied measurement approach, v) essay 5 examines via autobiographical recall the effects of consumers' feelings and arousal on disclosure willingness. Overall, this thesis shines light on consumers' personal data disclosure decision-making: essay 1 shows that the perceived risk associated with a disclosure in a DSC setting is not necessarily higher than to an identical firm without DSC. Also, essay 3 indicates that only for the smallest share of consumers a DSC has a negative impact on their disclosure willingness and that one third of consumers do not intensively think about consequences for their privacy risks arising through a DSC. Additionally, essay 2 shows that a stronger reliance on low-cognitive-effort processing is prevalent in DSC disclosure settings. Moreover, essay 5 displays that even unrelated feelings of consumers can impact their disclosure willingness, but the effect direction also depends on consumers' arousal level. This thesis contributes in three ways to theory: i) it shines light on peculiarities of DSC disclosure settings, ii) it suggests mechanisms and results of low-effort processing, and iii) it enhances the understanding of perceived privacy risks and privacy concerns as well as their resulting effect sizes. Besides theoretical contributions, this thesis offers practical implications as well: it allows firms to adjust the disclosure setting and the communication with their consumers in a way that makes them more successful in data collection. It also shows that firms do not need to be too anxious about a reduced disclosure willingness due to being part of a DSC. However, it also helps consumers themselves by showing in which circumstances they are most vulnerable to disclose personal data. That consumers become conscious of situations in which they are especially vulnerable to disclose data could serve as a countermeasure: this could prevent that consumers disclose too much data and regret it afterwards. Similarly, this thesis serves as a thought-provoking input for regulators as it emphasizes the importance of low-cognitive-effort processing for consumers' decision-making, thus regulators may be able to consider this in the future. In sum, this thesis expands knowledge on how consumers decide whether to disclose personal data, especially in DSC settings and regarding low-cognitive-effort processing. It offers a more unified understanding for antecedents of disclosure willingness as well as for consumers' disclosure decision-making processes. This thesis opens up new research avenues and serves as groundwork, in particular for more research on data disclosures in DSC settings.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lenz2022, author = {Lenz, Luciane}, title = {The diffusion of modern energy technologies in low-income settings - evidence from rural sub-Saharan Africa}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10550}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {x, 192 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This collection of three chapters responds to today's energy challenges. It explores innovative policy aimed to equip the energy poor with access to improved cooking energy and electricity, looking both at the demand and supply side of modern energy technologies. Concretely, it discusses mechanisms to increase uptake of off-grid solar electricity in rural Rwanda based on experimental demand measurements (Chapter 1), it studies how to diffuse improved cooking technologies in rural Senegal via supply-side mechanisms (Chapter 2), and it identifies the need to target cooking technologies in consideration of the broader household context in rural Senegal and beyond (Chapter 3).}, subject = {Subsaharisches Afrika}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Niklaus2022, author = {Niklaus, Christina}, title = {From Complex Sentences to a Formal Semantic Representation using Syntactic Text Simplification and Open Information Extraction}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10540}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xxi, 301 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Sentences that present a complex linguistic structure act as a major stumbling block for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications whose predictive quality deteriorates with sentence length and complexity. The task of Text Simplification (TS) may remedy this situation. It aims to modify sentences in order to make them easier to process, using a set of rewriting operations, such as reordering, deletion or splitting. These transformations are executed with the objective of converting the input into a simplified output, while preserving its main idea and keeping it grammatically sound. State-of-the-art syntactic TS approaches suffer from two major drawbacks: first, they follow a very conservative approach in that they tend to retain the input rather than transforming it, and second, they ignore the cohesive nature of texts, where context spread across clauses or sentences is needed to infer the true meaning of a statement. To address these problems, we present a discourse-aware TS framework that is able to split and rephrase complex English sentences within the semantic context in which they occur. By generating a fine-grained output with a simple canonical structure that is easy to analyze by downstream applications, we tackle the first issue. For this purpose, we decompose a source sentence into smaller units by using a linguistically grounded transformation stage. The result is a set of selfcontained propositions, with each of them presenting a minimal semantic unit. To address the second concern, we suggest not only to split the input into isolated sentences, but to also incorporate the semantic context in the form of hierarchical structures and semantic relationships between the split propositions. In that way, we generate a semantic hierarchy of minimal propositions that benefits downstream Open Information Extraction (IE) tasks. To function well, the TS approach that we propose requires syntactically well-formed input sentences. It targets generalpurpose texts in English, such as newswire or Wikipedia articles, which commonly contain a high proportion of complex assertions. In a second step, we present a method that allows state-of-the-art Open IE systems to leverage the semantic hierarchy of simplified sentences created by our discourseaware TS approach in constructing a lightweight semantic representation of complex assertions in the form of semantically typed predicate-argument structures. In that way, important contextual information of the extracted relations is preserved that allows for a proper interpretation of the output. Thus, we address the problem of extracting incomplete, uninformative or incoherent relational tuples that is commonly to be observed in existing Open IE approaches. Moreover, assuming that shorter sentences with a more regular structure are easier to process, the extraction of relational tuples is facilitated, leading to a higher coverage and accuracy of the extracted relations when operating on the simplified sentences. Aside from taking advantage of the semantic hierarchy of minimal propositions in existing Open IE Abstract approaches, we also develop an Open IE reference system, Graphene. It implements a relation extraction pattern upon the simplified sentences. The framework we propose is evaluated within our reference TS implementation DisSim. In a comparative analysis, we demonstrate that our approach outperforms the state of the art in structural TS both in an automatic and a manual analysis. It obtains the highest score on three simplification datasets from two different domains with regard to SAMSA (0.67, 0.57, 0.54), a recently proposed metric targeted at automatically measuring the syntactic complexity of sentences which highly correlates with human judgments on structural simplicity and grammaticality. These findings are supported by the ratings from the human evaluation, which indicate that our baseline implementation DisSim returns fine-grained simplified sentences that achieve a high level of syntactic correctness and largely preserve the meaning of the input. Furthermore, a comparative analysis with the annotations contained in the RST Discourse Treebank (RST-DT) reveals that we are able to capture the contextual hierarchy between the split sentences with a precision of approximately 90\% and reach an average precision of almost 70\% for the classification of the rhetorical relations that hold between them. Finally, an extrinsic evaluation shows that when applying our TS framework as a pre-processing step, the performance of state-ofthe-art Open IE systems can be improved by up to 32\% in precision and 30\% in recall of the extracted relational tuples. Accordingly, we can conclude that our proposed discourse-aware TS approach succeeds in transforming sentences that present a complex linguistic structure into a sequence of simplified sentences that are to a large extent grammatically correct, represent atomic semantic units and preserve the meaning of the input. Moreover, the evaluation provides sufficient evidence that our framework is able to establish a semantic hierarchy between the split sentences, generating a fine-grained representation of complex assertions in the form of hierarchically ordered and semantically interconnected propositions. Finally, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art Open IE systems benefit from using our TS approach as a pre-processing step by increasing both the accuracy and coverage of the extracted relational tuples for the majority of the Open IE approaches under consideration. In addition, we outline that the semantic hierarchy of simplified sentences can be leveraged to enrich the output of existing Open IE systems with additional meta information, thus transforming the shallow semantic representation of state-of-the-art approaches into a canonical context-preserving representation of relational tuples.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bauer2022, author = {Bauer, Judith}, title = {Judas Iskariot - Eine narrative Analyse der Figur im Matth{\"a}usevangelium}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10529}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {262 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die Studie betrachtet das Matth{\"a}usevangelium als zusammenh{\"a}ngende und durchkomponierte Erz{\"a}hlung, um anhand einer narrativen Analyse eine Charakterisierung der Judasfigur vorzunehmen. Dieser Ansatz ber{\"u}cksichtigt, wie sich die Figur in das Gesamtkonzept des Textes einf{\"u}gt und welches Erz{\"a}hlinteresse mit ihr verfolgt wird. Diese synchrone, zusammenh{\"a}ngende Lesart erhellt: Judas ist im Matth{\"a}usevangelium keine rein historische Figur, sondern seine Darstellung hat eine bestimmte Funktion, die mit dem historischen Kontext, der Pragmatik und der theologischen Konzeption des gesamten Textes zu tun hat. Das Matth{\"a}usevangelium behandelt das Thema der Sch{\"u}lerschaft und Nachfolge Jesu, wobei die beiden Pole „Mit-Jesus-Sein" und „Wenigvertrauen" eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Vor diesem Horizont steht Judas nicht f{\"u}r den „B{\"o}sen", von dem sich die Leserinnen und Leser abgrenzen sollten, sondern er ist Teil der Nachfolgegemeinschaft. Sein Scheitern k{\"o}nnte im Grunde jeden treffen oder anders gesagt: Jeder k{\"o}nnte Judas sein. Zugleich bietet der Text Strategien an, wie mit derartigem Versagen umzugehen ist: Scheitern darf nicht in die Selbstisolation f{\"u}hren, sondern der Erz{\"a}hlzusammenhang verdeutlicht, dass es eine M{\"o}glichkeit der R{\"u}ckkehr zur Gruppe und Vergebung f{\"u}r einen einsichtigen S{\"u}nder gibt.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Behm2022, author = {Behm, Svenia}, title = {Four essays on statistical modelling of environmental data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10539}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XIII, 137 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This dissertation deals with geostatistical, time series, and regression analytical approaches for modelling spatio-temporal processes, using air quality data in the applications. The work is structured into four essays the abstracts of which are given in the following. The first essay is titled 'Spatial detrending revisited: Modelling local trend patterns in NO2-concentration in Belgium and Germany'. It is written in co-authorship by Prof. Dr. Harry Haupt and Dr. Angelika Schmid and published in 2018 in Spatial Statistics 28, pp. 331-351 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2018.04.004). Abstract Short-term predictions of air pollution require spatial modelling of trends, heterogeneities, and dependencies. Two-step methods allow real-time computations by separating spatial detrending and spatial extrapolation into two steps. Existing methods discuss trend models for specific environments and require specification search. Given more complex environments, specification search gets complicated by potential nonlinearities and heterogeneities. This research embeds a nonparametric trend modelling approach in real-time two-step methods. Form and complexity of trends are allowed to vary across heterogeneous environments. The proposed method avoids ad hoc specifications and potential generated predictor problems in previous contributions. Examining Belgian and German air quality and land use data, local trend patterns are investigated in a data driven way and are compared to results computed with existing methods and variations thereof. An important aspect of our empirical illustration is the heterogeneity and superior performance of local trend patterns for both research regions. The findings suggest that a nonparametric spatial trend modelling approach is a valuable tool for real-time predictions of pollution variables: it avoids specification search, provides useful exploratory insights and reduces computational costs. The second essay is titled 'Predictability of hourly nitrogen dioxide concentration'. It is written in co-authorship with Prof. Dr. Harry Haupt and published in 2020 in Ecological Modelling 428, 109076 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109076). Abstract Temporal aggregation of air quality time series is typically used to investigate stylized facts of the underlying series such as multiple seasonal cycles. While aggregation reduces complexity, commonly used aggregates can suffer from non-representativeness or non-robustness. For example, definitions of specific events such as extremes are subjective and may be prone to data contaminations. The aim of this paper is to assess the predictability of hourly nitrogen dioxide concentrations and to explore how predictability depends on (i) level of temporal aggregation, (ii) hour of day, and (iii) concentration level. Exploratory tools are applied to identify structural patterns, problems related to commonly used aggregate statistics and suitable statistical modeling philosophies, capable of handling multiple seasonalities and non-stationarities. Hourly times series and subseries of daily measurements for each hour of day are used to investigate the predictability of pollutant levels for each hour of day, with prediction horizons ranging from one hour to one week ahead. Predictability is assessed by time series cross validation of a loss function based on out-of-sample prediction errors. Empirical evidence on hourly nitrogen dioxide measurements suggests that predictability strongly depends on conditions (i)-(iii) for all statistical models: for specific hours of day, models based on daily series outperform models based on hourly series, while in general predictability deteriorates with exposure level. The third essay is titled 'Agglomeration and infrastructure effects in land use regression models for air pollution - Specification, estimation, and interpretations'. It is written in co-authorship with Dr. Markus Fritsch and published in 2021 in Atmospheric Environment 253, 118337 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118337). Abstract Established land use regression (LUR) techniques such as linear regression utilize extensive selection of predictors and functional form to fit a model for every data set on a given pollutant. In this paper, an alternative to established LUR modeling is employed, which uses additive regression smoothers. Predictors and functional form are selected in a data-driven way and ambiguities resulting from specification search are mitigated. The approach is illustrated with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data from German monitoring sites using the spatial predictors longitude, latitude, altitude and structural predictors; the latter include population density, land use classes, and road traffic intensity measures. The statistical performance of LUR modeling via additive regression smoothers is contrasted with LUR modeling based on parametric polynomials. Model evaluation is based on goodness of fit, predictive performance, and a diagnostic test for remaining spatial autocorrelation in the error terms. Additionally, interpretation and counterfactual analysis for LUR modeling based on additive regression smoothers are discussed. Our results have three main implications for modeling air pollutant concentration levels: First, modeling via additive regression smoothers is supported by a specification test and exhibits superior in- and out-of-sample performance compared to modeling based on parametric polynomials. Second, different levels of prediction errors indicate that NO2 concentration levels observed at background and traffic/industrial monitoring sites stem from different processes. Third, accounting for agglomeration and infrastructure effects is important: NO2 concentration levels tend to increase around major cities, surrounding agglomeration areas, and their connecting road traffic network. The fourth essay is titled 'Outlier detection and visualisation in multi-seasonal time series and its application to hourly nitrogen dioxide concentration'. It is written in single authorship and has not been published yet. Abstract Outlier detection in data on air pollutant recordings is conducted to uncover data points that refer to either invalid measurements or valid but unusually high concentration levels. As air pollutant data is typically characterised by multiple seasonalities, the task of outlier detection is associated with the question of how to deal with such non-stationarities. The present work proposes a method that combines time series segmentation, seasonal adjustment, and standardisation of random variables. While the former two are employed to obtain subseries of homoskedastic data, the latter ensures comparability across the subseries. Further, the standardised version of the seasonally adjusted subseries represents a scaled measure for the outlyingness of each data point in the original time series from its mean and therefore forms a suitable basis for outlier detection. In an empirical application to data on hourly NO2 concentration levels recorded at a traffic monitoring site in Cologne, Germany, over the years 2016 to 2019, the common boxplot criterion is used to examine each standardised seasonally adjusted subseries for positive outliers. The results of the analyses are put into their natural temporal order and displayed in a heatmap layout that provides information on when single and sequential outliers occur.}, subject = {Statistik}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Halder2022, author = {Halder, Christoph}, title = {Private Enforcement und Datenschutzrecht}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10518}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XXV, 435 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Das Durchsetzungssystem der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DS-GVO) regelt in den Art. 77 ff. DS-GVO nur ansatzweise die Durchsetzung der Rechte der Betroffenen durch Dritte. Die Arbeit hat sich deshalb zum Ziel gesetzt, Rechtsdurchsetzungsm{\"o}glichkeiten von Verb{\"a}nden und Mitbewerbern in Deutschland genauer zu beleuchten. Hierzu wird zun{\"a}chst der Spielraum untersucht, den die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung Dritten bei der Rechtsdurchsetzung einr{\"a}umt, also mit anderen Worten, ob deren Rechtsbehelfssystem eine Sperrwirkung f{\"u}r die Mitgliedstaaten zeitigt. Darauf aufbauend wird n{\"a}her untersucht, ob das Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG) und das Gesetz {\"u}ber Unterlassungsklagen bei Verbraucherrechts- und anderen Verst{\"o}ßen (UKlaG) innerhalb des ermittelten Spielraums verbleiben.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Beierl2021, author = {Beierl, Stefan}, title = {Public Works Programmes: Review of their effectiveness and empirical essays on their contribution to climate resilience and social cohesion}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10491}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 154 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Poverty, underemployment, lack of infrastructure, low agricultural productivity, degradation of natural resources, climate change, and eroding social cohesion are among the biggest challenges that many low and lower-middle income countries are facing. Objectives linked to addressing these pressing challenges have been ascribed to public works programmes (PWPs). These are social protection instruments which offer remuneration (in cash or kind) for vulnerable people in exchange for temporary work on labour-intensive low-skill activities with social benefits. PWPs are being implemented in around two out of three developing countries. Given the substantial amounts spent on PWPs, it is critical to know to what extent the expectations towards them are backed by evidence. This dissertation sheds light on this overarching question with three self-contained essays. The first essay synthesises the evidence from PWPs in Sub-Saharan Africa, guided by three questions: First, what can we infer from the available impact evaluations regarding the effectiveness of PWPs as a social protection instrument? Second, what do we know about the role of the wage vector, asset vector, and skills vector in this respect? Third, what can we infer about the role of design features in explaining differences in outcomes? The other two essays use empirical evidence from Malawi to address more specific questions regarding the potential of PWPs to strengthen climate resilience and the relationship between PWPs and social cohesion. What sets the evidence synthesis in my first essay apart from existing reviews of PWPs is that it accounts for their heterogeneity by systematically differentiating results by PWP type and outcome area (income, consumption and expenditures, labour supply, food security, nutrition, asset holdings, agricultural production and techniques, and education). Programmes that offer short-term ad-hoc employment (Type 1) are distinguished from programmes that offer more predictable employment over longer periods (Type 2). For the review of impacts, this paper relies solely on (quasi-)experimental studies, but for the analysis of the role of design factors also on other literature. In line with existing reviews, my results suggest that Type 1 programmes can effectively enable consumption smoothing in the wake of acute crises, whereas in contexts of chronic poverty, Type 2 programmes perform, on balance, better. Offering complementary access to extension services in Type 2 programmes can boost impacts further. However, in all cases, evidence is too scant and mixed to safely conclude whether the higher benefits of costlier PWP types justify the cost premium. The second essay investigates the potential of PWPs to strengthen climate resilience. Among the main social protection instruments, the biggest potential to strengthen climate resilience is often ascribed to PWPs if they create climate-smart community assets and transfer knowledge of climate-smart practices. Yet, there is a lack of evidence whether design changes to this end can indeed enhance the contribution of an existing PWP to climate resilience. I use a difference-in-differences approach based on two-period panel data to analyse how a modified PWP model performs compared to the standard model of Malawi's largest PWP after 24 months. The key modification is to embed public works in a communal watershed management plan with a strong emphasis on collective action and capacity building. I find that the modified approach considerably increased communal watershed management activities through voluntary labour contributions on top of the paid public works labour. While this increase was mainly driven by PWP participants, non-participants also made substantial contributions. I also find a small increase in the adoption of soil and water conservation practices on respondents' private land, especially by non-PWP participants. These findings imply that such modest changes can make PWPs climate-smarter. In particular, they can broaden the engagement in and adoption of climate-smart activities beyond the group of PWP participants. The co-authored third essay investigates the relationship between Malawi's MASAF PWP and social cohesion, specifically within-community cooperation for the common good. Like the existing studies, we face the challenge that neither the assignment of the programme to communities nor the selection of individual participants is randomised. We try to mitigate the endogeneity concerns by triangulating fixed effects panel analyses for a set of outcomes and sectors using two datasets with different units of analysis (households and communities). We find that public works are positively associated with coordination activities and voluntary (unpaid) contributions to public goods, along both vertical ties (between community members and local leaders) and horizontal ties (among community members). Especially for school-building activities, voluntary inputs in the form of labour and other in-kind contributions are higher in the presence of the public works programme. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the link between social protection programmes with community-driven features and social cohesion. Overall, the findings of the three essays in this dissertation contribute to the knowledge base regarding effectiveness and potential of PWPs across a broad range of outcome areas. Specifically, they offer new insights how to harness the potential of PWP to strengthen climate resilience and into the seemingly positive relationship between PWPs and social cohesion. The findings can help researchers and policy makers who are interested specifically in PWPs or in any of the many objectives that can be pursued through PWPs.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Raabe2021, author = {Raabe, Lukas Bernhard}, title = {"Also eindeutig M{\"a}rtyrertum!" Dimensionen von Pers{\"o}nlichkeit in der sp{\"a}tsozialistischen Sinnwelt. Fallgeschichten in der sp{\"a}ten DDR.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10391}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {212 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In meiner Dissertationsschrift schlage ich vor, gesellschaftliche - auf einer Mikroebene der sp{\"a}tsozialistischen Gesellschaft der DDR liegende - Interaktionsprozesse durch das analytische Visier des Konzeptes Pers{\"o}nlichkeit und seiner Dimensionen zu lesen und zu dechiffrieren. Dabei gehe ich davon aus, dass jene Dimensionen in Form von lebensgeschichtlichen Motiven, W{\"u}nschen und Ideologemen sowie normativen Forderungen und Bewertungen im Zentrum dieser Interaktionen standen und innerhalb der sp{\"a}tsozialistischen Sinnwelt (zum Begriff vgl. Kapitel 1.2.1; Sabrow 2007) pr{\"a}gend wurden. Gest{\"u}tzt wird dieser Ansatz durch die Tatsache, dass Pers{\"o}nlichkeit ein zentrales innersystemisches Diskursmotiv des Sp{\"a}tsozialismus war und den diskursiv konstruierten offiziellen Gesellschaftsentwurf pr{\"a}gte (Kapitel 2). Als Teil der „Erziehungsdiktatur" (Dietrich 2018: S. XXIX) pr{\"a}gte die Figur der sozialistischen Pers{\"o}nlichkeit die ideologischen Diskurse der DDR. Vor diesem Hintergrund widme ich mich vier Fallstudien (Kapitel 3), in denen ich von mir erhobene narrativ-biografische Interviews mit vier Zeitzeugen sowie die zu diesen Personen durch das MfS gef{\"u}hrten Vorg{\"a}nge als verflochtene, konkurrierende und interagierende Narrationen lese (zur Methode vgl. Kapitel 1.2.1-1.2.4). Was diese Analysen deutlich zeigen, ist, dass sich in den einzelnen F{\"a}llen spezifische, sinn- und lebensweltlich eingebundene Konflikte und Interaktionsprozesse kondensierten, die ihrerseits Dimensionen von Pers{\"o}nlichkeit semantisierten oder aber auf deren Grundlage gef{\"u}hrt wurden. Innerhalb der sinn- und lebensweltlichen Verflechtungen rezipierten die verschiedenen Akteur*innen (meine Gespr{\"a}chspartner, ihre Freund*innen, staatliche Organe) die unterschiedlichen Referenzsysteme und diskursiven Einfl{\"u}sse und zogen daraus entsprechende Konsequenzen f{\"u}r das eigene Handeln, eigene Ideen, W{\"u}nsche und Normen. In unterschiedlichen Auspr{\"a}gungen und Formen artikulierten sie diese sinnweltlichen Verarbeitungen und traten so in kommunikative und performative Interaktionsprozesse, die wiederum das sinnweltliche Gef{\"u}ge beeinflussten, da sie rezipiert wurden respektive sogar rezipiert werden sollten. Im Zentrum dieser Prozesse stand das Ideal kollektivistisch denkender, mitarbeitender und engagierter sozialistischer Pers{\"o}nlichkeiten. Alle vier Herren betrieben auf ihre jeweils spezifische Weise die Dekonstruktion dieses Ideals und wurden dabei durch die staatlichen Organe sprachlich bewertet, kriminalisiert, exkludiert oder vereinnahmt. Das Studium der vier Fallgeschichten zeigt auf: Die staatlichen Akteur*innen, vor allem aber ihre kommunikativen Strategien, ihr Sprachgebrauch waren nicht in der Lage eine tats{\"a}chlich qualitative Erfassung zu bieten. Vielmehr wurden sprachliche Baus{\"a}tze genutzt, die jede Abweichung, jedes nicht-sozialistische Verhalten von Pers{\"o}nlichkeiten als Defizit stigmatisierten und gerade dadurch die eigene Inad{\"a}quatheit und somit die {\"U}berforderung der staatlichen Organe offenbarten. Die Dynamik des Sp{\"a}tsozialismus konnten sie deshalb sprachlich nicht mehr vereinnahmen. So bietet die vorliegende Arbeit einen weiteren Einblick in den Wesenskern der sp{\"a}tsozialistischen, diktatorischen Herrschaft in der DDR.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schmid2021, author = {Schmid, Matthias}, title = {Towards Storing 3D Model Graphs in Relational Databases}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10353}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {243 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The increasing relevance of massive graph data reinforces the need for adequate graph data management. While several graph database engines have been developed, the storage of graph data in a relational database management system, and therefore the seamless integration into existing information systems remains an open challenge. Motivated by the use case to integrate Building Information Modeling (BIM) data into the MonArch system, we propose a solution that transforms the BIM data into a property graph and stores this graph in the database system. We present a novel approach to efficiently store property graph data in a relational database management system using JSON functionality and redundant storage of edges in adjacency lists and show how to import huge data sets into this schema. Applying this approach, we import data sets of up to nearly 1 TB of disk space within the relational database, while only having 96 GB of main memory available. We also present a new approach of how to retrieve data from this database schema, translating queries written in the popular property graph query language Cypher into SQL. Hence, we provide an intuitive way to write semantically complex queries. We also demonstrate the efficiency of our approach using the standardized Linked Data Benchmark Council - Social Network Benchmark (LDBC - SNB) framework. Our approach increases the throughput for this benchmark by up to 85 times, compared to existing approaches for RDBMS. In addition, we propose a new method to transform BIM data into the property graph model and how to apply the aforementioned property graph storage to this data. We can import IFC models of up to 300 MB within five minutes. We show the suitability of our approach using our own use case specific benchmark, which we integrated into the previously mentioned Social Network Benchmark. For our interactive use case-specific queries, we achieve response times faster than 5 ms in 99\% of all executions. Finally, we present how the aforementioned approach to store BIM data in a relational database management system is integrated into the existing MonArch system by splitting the different functionalities of our approach into a microservice architecture.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Soubeiga2021, author = {Soubeiga, Sidiki}, title = {Four empirical essays on the role of institutional quality, political instability and entrepreneurship for economic growth and jobs in Sub-Saharan Africa}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10326}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {6 ungez{\"a}hlte Seiten, x, 279 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Most Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries experienced sound economic growth and a declining rate of poverty over the last two decades. Though, by far, the SSA region remains the poorest in the world and faces tremendous political, social, and economic challenges. Moreover, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, SSA entered into a recession with a GDP growth rate of minus 5\% in 2020 as ever recorded over 25 years. This has also induced an increase in poverty in the region, which adds up to the structural challenges and further highlight the need of sound policies to address economic growth, governance, jobs, and poverty for the region to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2030 and beyond. This thesis examines the effects of institutional quality, political instability, and a government targeted entrepreneurship program on the accumulation of human, physical, and financial capital by households and firms. In the literature, these factors are identified as the key determinants of economic growth and job creation, yet this thesis contributes to a knowledge gap, especially at the microeconomic level, on how households and firms accumulate these factors in the presence of weak institutional quality, political instability, and government targeted entrepreneurship programs. In particular, this thesis investigates heterogeneity as well as a single country study of the effects of institutional quality and political instability; it also employs a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the impacts of two different targeted entrepreneurship support programs; and finally, it taps on data from this field experiment to assess the performance of two different targeting mechanisms for selecting growth-oriented entrepreneurs. Each paper is self-contained and three among the four papers were written with co-authors. The first paper assesses the effects of institutional quality and political instability on household assets and human capital accumulation in 19 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2003-16. In this paper, the concept of instability is enlarged to include factual instability as measured by the number of political violence and civil unrest events, perceived instability as measured by the perceptions of the quality of institutions by households, and the interplay between factual and perceived instability. Contrary to most previous analyses, this paper takes into account household wealth distribution to show how the effects of political instability differ for poor vs. rich households. For identification, I exploit the variation of factual and perceived instability across 185 administrative regions in the 19 countries. My regressions control for a large range of confounding factors measured at the levels of households, regions, and countries. Overall, factual and perceived instability are associated with higher investments in assets, and factual instability is also associated with more investment in house improvements, yet it is negatively associated with the ownership of financial accounts. With regard to the heterogeneous effects, increased factual or perceived instability is associated with more investments in physical capital but less investments in financial and human capital among rich households, and with less investments in physical, financial and human capital among poor households. These findings suggest that political instability might enhance the accumulation of wealth by rich households and reduce that of poor households, implying that the detrimental effects of political instability have lasting consequences for poor households, especially when poor households are exposed to an actual or even just perceived deteriorating quality of the country's institutions. The second paper, written with Nicolas B{\"u}ttner and Michael Grimm, analyzes households' investments in assets and their consumption, and education and health expenditures when exposed to actual instability as measured by the number of political violence and protest events in Burkina Faso. There is a large, rather macroeconomic, literature that shows that political instability and social conflict are associated with poor economic outcomes including lower investment and reduced economic growth. However, there is only very little research on the impact of instability on households' behavior, in particular their saving and investment decisions. This paper merges six rounds of household survey data and a geo-referenced time series of politically motivated events and fatalities from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data project (ACLED) to analyze households' decisions when exposed to instability in Burkina Faso. For identification, the paper exploits variation in the intensity of political instability across time and space while controlling for time-effects and municipality fixed effects as well as rainfall and nighttime light intensity, and many other potential confounders. The results show a negative effect of political instability on financial savings, the accumulation of durables, investment in house improvements, as well as on investment in education and health. Instability seems, in particular, to lead to a reshuffling from investment expenditures to increased food consumption, implying lower growth prospects in the future. With respect to economic growth, the sizable education and health effects seem to be particularly worrisome. The third paper, written with Michael Grimm and Michael Weber, employs a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the short-term effects of a government support program targeted at already existing and new firms located in a semi-urban area in Burkina Faso. Most support programs targeted at small firms in low- and middle-income countries fail to generate transformative effects and employment at a larger scale. Bad targeting, too little flexibility and the limited size of the support are some of the factors that are often seen as important constraints. This paper assesses the short-term effects of a randomized targeted government support program to a pool of small and medium-sized firms that have been selected based on a rigorous business plan competition (BPC). One group received large cash grants of up to US\$8,000, flexible in use. A second group received cash grants of an equally important size, but earmarked to business development services (BDSs) and thus less flexible and with a required own contribution of 20\%. A third group serves as a control group. All firms operate in agri-business or related activities in a semi-urban area in the Centre-Est and Centre-Sud regions of Burkina Faso. An assessment of the short-term impacts shows that beneficiaries of cash grants engage in better business practices, such as formalization and bookkeeping. They also invest more, though, this does not translate into higher profits and employment yet. Beneficiaries of cash grants and BDSs show a higher ability to innovate. The results also show that cash grants cushioned the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for the beneficiaries. More generally, this study adds to the thin literature on support programs implemented in a fragile-state context. The fourth paper, written with Michael Weber, examines the selection of entrepreneurs based on expert judgments for a BPC in Burkina Faso. To support job creation in developing countries, governments allocate significant funds to a typically small number of new or already existing micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) that are growth oriented. Increasingly, these enterprises are picked through BPCs where thematic experts are asked to make the selection. So far, there exists contrasting and limited evidence on the effectiveness and efficiency of these expert judgments for screening growth-oriented entrepreneurs among contestants in BPCs. Alternative or complementary approaches such as evaluation and selection algorithms are discussed in the literature but evidence on their performance is thin. This paper uses a principal component analysis (PCA) to build a metric for comparing the performance of these alternative mechanisms for targeting entrepreneurs with high potential to grow. The results show expert subjectivity bias in judging contestant entrepreneurs. The paper finds that the scores from the expert judgment and those from the algorithm perform similarly well for picking the top-ranked or talented entrepreneurs. It also finds that both types of scores have predictive power, i.e. have statistically significantly associated with 17 firm performance outcomes measured 10 or 34 months after the BPC started. Yet, the predictive power, as measured by the magnitude of the regression coefficients, is higher for the algorithm metric, even when it is considered jointly with expert judgment scores. Despite the statistical superiority of the algorithm, expert assessments at least through pitches of entrepreneurs have proved useful in many settings where free-riding or misuse of public funds may occur. Hence, efficiency and precision could be achieved by relying on a reasoned combination of expert judgments and an algorithm for targeting growth-oriented entrepreneurs. These four papers bring new insights on the relationship between weak institutions, political instability, and targeted government support to entrepreneurship for increasing the accumulation of financial, physical, and human capital, and productivity. And these are the key factors for spurring economic growth and creating jobs in SSA. These findings suggest that efficient institutions building in SSA countries would enhance citizen perceptions of good governance which would reduce political instability and enable households including the poor to accumulate productive assets, increase their productivity and reduce poverty. The findings also suggest that targeted government entrepreneurship support programs, e.g. in the forms of cash grants with monitored disbursements yet flexible in use, can enhance firms' human capital, productive assets, and innovations, even in the short term. Moreover, the targeting mechanism of such programs could be made more effective and efficient by relying on a combinaison of expert judgments and an algorithm for picking growth-oriented entrepreneurs.}, subject = {Subsaharisches Afrika}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Asjoma2021, author = {Asjoma, Jan}, title = {Die EU-Wirtschaftsordnung im Lichte wirtschaftssystemischer Einordnung und volkswirtschaftlicher Entwicklung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10318}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xii, 411 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die Arbeit unternimmt eine begriffshistorische Einordnung des Wirtschaftsverfassungsbegriffs von 1924 bis 2017 aus Sicht der deutschen, vor allem rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur und den damit verbundenen anhaltenden Deutungsschwierigkeiten. Im Hauptteil wird die EU-Wirtschaftsordnung in Gestalt von Prim{\"a}rrecht, Sekund{\"a}rrecht sowie der bedeutendsten (EU-)Kommissionspraxis in Sachen Regulierung und finanzieller Mittelvergabe auf deren wirtschaftssystemischen Gehalt untersucht, mithin inwieweit die EU-Politik aus ordnungspolitischer Sicht als liberal/liberalisierend, b{\"u}rokraitsch-neutral oder als interventionistisch anzusehen ist. Dabei wird ein Schwerpunkt bei der bisher wirtschaftssystemisch wenig beleuchteten Geldpolitik am Beispiel der EWU gesetzt. Zuletzt wird die Entwicklung mitgliedsstaatlicher Volkswirtschaften anhand {\"u}blicher Kennziffern der volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen im Zeitraum von 1997 bis 2018 im direkten Vergleich dargestellt. Ausgew{\"a}hlte Problemkreise der {\"o}konomischen Analyse wurden vertieft, darunter die Verteilung der Geldsch{\"o}pfung im Euroraum (nach Eurozonen-Mitgliedsstaaten) sowie die Bedeutung anhaltender Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewichte.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Schiffbeck2021, author = {Schiffbeck, Adrian}, title = {The influence of religious motivations on young people`s civic engagement}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10291}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {43 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {With respect to religious motivations for political participation and civic engagement, scholars have set their focus on social capital and the recruiting potential for volunteers inside religious communities. Less attention has been paid to individual religious impulses, but also to reasons for which people step out from deliberative processes, especially in regard to the Eastern European Orthodox cultural context. We are approaching this under-explored research field in this dissertation, with focus on the Romanian city of Timișoara, and look at three particular aspects: the influence of religious perceptions on political protests (analysis of the 1989 revolution), the manner in which religion motivates young people to volunteer (view on a local community project) and factors determining people to retreat from public engagement (analysis of citizens` local committees). The research methods are qualitative - interviews, group discussions and analytical interpretation. Results show that non- or less religious young people are encouraged to protest by an indefinable supernatural force and motivated by moral interests (need for dignity and a fair treatment / procedural justice), more than material ones (distributive justice). When engaging in the community, the impulse partially comes from an intrinsic spirituality and a privatized experience with the divine. Giving up civic engagement has nothing to do with remuneration, but with the need for freedom of expression and moral appreciation.}, subject = {Rum{\"a}nien}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heyl2021, author = {Heyl, Julia Nana}, title = {Frauenbiografien, Generationenverh{\"a}ltnisse und Sorgestrategien - 
Eine qualitativ-rekonstruktive Studie zur Situation von T{\"o}chtern als betreuende und pflegende Angeh{\"o}rige}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10106}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {260 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Demographischer Wandel und „{\"U}beralterung" der Gesellschaft f{\"u}hren zu einem immensen Anstieg des Pflegebedarfs alter Menschen. Ein Großteil dieser Menschen wird zu Hause von pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen versorgt. Der oder die „pflegende Angeh{\"o}rige" wurde j{\"u}ngst vermehrt als wichtigster Leistungstr{\"a}ger im Rahmen der Pflege gew{\"u}rdigt, dennoch verbleiben Pflegende weitestgehend isoliert im privaten Raum und nehmen Unterst{\"u}tzung nur eingeschr{\"a}nkt in Anspruch. Die {\"u}berwiegende Mehrheit der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen sind Frauen. W{\"a}hrend die Forschung die Herausforderungen, die sich M{\"u}ttern - vor allem im Spannungsfeld Beruf und Familie - stellen, schon vielfach thematisiert hat, ist die Situation von pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen bisher nur unzureichend untersucht worden. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stehen pflegende Frauen, die zum wiederholten Male im Laufe ihrer Biografie vor der Schwierigkeit stehen, eigene Berufs- und Lebenspl{\"a}ne gegen{\"u}ber der ihnen {\"u}berantworteten familialen F{\"u}rsorgeaufgaben zu verwirklichen. Die qualitativ-rekonstruktive empirische Studie geht anhand von leitfadengest{\"u}tzen teil-narrativen biographischen Interviews der Frage nach, wie T{\"o}chter die Betreuung ihrer unterst{\"u}tzungsbed{\"u}rftigen Eltern gestalten und unter welchen Bedingungen sich ‚erfolgreiche' Betreuungsarrangements ergeben, die trotz der Herausforderungen f{\"u}r alle Beteiligten ertr{\"a}glich, stabil und als ‚gelungen' zu beschreiben sind. Dabei spielen Beziehungen, Motivationen, Belastungserleben und Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien eine Rolle. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Art und Qualit{\"a}t der F{\"u}rsorgeerbringung f{\"u}r alte Eltern massgeblich von lebenslang kultivierten Beziehungen zwischen den Generationen beeinflusst ist. Es lassen sich vier idealtypische Modi der Beziehungsgestaltung identifizieren, die in das Konstanzer Modul der Generationenambivalenzgestaltung (nach L{\"u}scher) einzuordnen sind. Verharren die Familienangeh{\"o}rigen in starren Erwartungsmustern und ist eine Betreuungsdelegation dadurch nur schwer vorstellbar, steigt das {\"U}berlastungsrisiko der betreuenden T{\"o}chtern erheblich, egal wie ‚gut' oder ‚schlecht' die Beziehungen zwischen den Generationen sind. Je besser Ambivalenzen thematisiert und bearbeitet werden k{\"o}nnen, desto h{\"o}her ist die Resilienz der betreuenden T{\"o}chter und desto wirksamer sind Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien.}, subject = {Pflege}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ludwig2021, author = {Ludwig, Dominik}, title = {Zur Verwendung von Algorithmen im Rahmen der Auswertung spiroergometrischer Rohdaten bei sportwissenschaftlichen Leistungsdiagnostiken}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10013}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {IX, 331 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die Arbeit beleuchtet den Einsatz algorithmischer Datenbearbeitungen bei sportwissenschaftlichen Spiroergometrien aus praktischen und theoretischen Gesichtspunkten. Die aktuelle Verbreitung von algorithmischen Datenbearbeitungen aus Breath-by-Breath Untersuchungen wird {\"u}ber die Ergebnisse eines Fragebogens und einer systematischen Literatur{\"u}bersicht dargestellt. Zudem erfolgt die Analyse der durch Algorithmen verursachten Messwertvarianzen der Sauerstoffaufnahme in diskontinuierlichen Belastungsuntersuchungen, bei Jugendlichen und im submaximalen Belastungsbereich.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Luck2021, author = {Luck, Nathalie}, title = {Transformation towards a more sustainable agricultural system in Indonesia: Empirical essays on the role of information and endorsement}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10037}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {x, 152 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In many cases, transitioning towards sustainable agricultural production requires farmers to change their practices. These changes can include the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, water-saving, or the disadoption of excessive chemical input use or land burning. Policy makers interested in making agricultural production more sustainable need to understand what encourages the uptake of sustainable practices and what is effective in reducing unsustainable practices. This thesis seeks to understand whether and how information provision and endorsement can contribute to the transition towards more sustainable agricultural systems. The thesis consists of three self-contained papers. The first paper explores the potential of religious endorsement for inducing pro-environmental behaviour and encouraging the disadoption of fire as an agricultural practice, thereby preventing forest fires. The paper analyses the impact of a fatwa (an Islamic religious ruling) on reducing fire incidence in Indonesia. Results indicate that fire incidence decreased in Muslim majority villages following the issuing of the fatwa. For the post-fatwa period from August 2016 to December 2019, the average monthly effect amounts to around 2.2 prevented fire events per village. This is a considerable effect. The paper concludes that fire prevention efforts, and potentially other environmental conservation efforts, could benefit significantly from support by religious institutions and stakeholders. The second paper investigates the role of information provision and training for the adoption of organic farming practices in Java, Indonesia. We use a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to identify the impact of a three-day hands-on training in organic farming for smallholder farmers. We find that the training intervention increased the adoption of organic inputs and had a positive and statistically significant effect on farmers' knowledge and perceptions of organic farming. Overall, our findings suggest that information constraints are a barrier to the adoption of organic farming, as information provision increased the use of organic farming practices. The third paper investigates whether urban and suburban Indonesian consumers are willing to pay a price premium for organic food. We use an incentive-compatible auction based on the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) approach to elicit consumers' WTP. We further study the effect of income and a randomised information treatment about the benefits of organic food on respondents' WTP. Estimates suggest that consumers are willing to pay a price premium for organic rice, on average 20 percent more than what they paid for conventional rice outside of our experiment. However, our results also indicate that raising consumers' WTP further is complex. Showing participants a video about the health or, alternatively, environmental benefits of organic food was not effective in further raising WTP. Exposure to the environmental benefits video was, however, effective in raising stated organic food consumption intentions.}, subject = {Landwirtschaft}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alshawish2021, author = {Alshawish, Ali}, title = {Risk-based Security Management in Critical Infrastructure Organizations}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10026}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xii, 181 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Critical infrastructure and contemporary business organizations are experiencing an ongoing paradigm shift of business towards more collaboration and agility. On the one hand, this shift seeks to enhance business efficiency, coordinate large-scale distribution operations, and manage complex supply chains. But, on the other hand, it makes traditional security practices such as firewalls and other perimeter defenses insufficient. Therefore, concerns over risks like terrorism, crime, and business revenue loss increasingly impose the need for enhancing and managing security within the boundaries of these systems so that unwanted incidents (e.g., potential intrusions) can still be detected with higher probabilities. To this end, critical infrastructure organizations step up their efforts to investigate new possibilities for actively engaging in situational awareness practices to ensure a high level of persistent monitoring as well as on-site observation. Compliance with security standards is necessary to ensure that organizations meet regulatory requirements mostly shaped by a set of best practices. Nevertheless, it does not necessarily result in a coherent security strategy that considers the different aims and practical constraints of each organization. In this regard, there is an increasingly growing demand for risk-based security management approaches that enable critical infrastructures to focus their efforts on mitigating the risks to which they are exposed. Broadly speaking, security management involves the identification, assessment, and evaluation of long-term (or overall) objectives and interests as well as the means of achieving them. Due to the critical role of such systems, their decision-makers tend to enhance the system resilience against very unpleasant outcomes and severe consequences. That is, they seek to avoid decision options associated with likely extreme risks in the first place. Practically speaking, this risk attitude can significantly influence the decision-making process in such critical organizations. Towards incorporating the aversion to extreme risks into security management decisions, this thesis investigates thoroughly the capabilities of a recently emerged theory of games with payoffs that are probability distributions. Unlike traditional optimization techniques, this theory provides an alternative decision technique that is more robust to extreme risks and uncertainty. Furthermore, this thesis proposes a new method that gives a decision maker more control over the decision-making process through defining loss regions with different importance levels according to people's risk attitudes. In this way, the static decision analysis used in the distribution-valued games is transformed into a dynamic process to adapt to different subjective risk attitudes or account for future changes in the decision caused by a learning process or other changes in the context. Throughout their different parts, this thesis shows how theoretical models, simulation, and risk assessment models can be combined into practical solutions. In this context, it deals with three facets of security management: allocating limited security resources, prioritizing security actions, and tweaking decision making. Finally, the author discusses experiences and limitations distilled from this research and from investigating the new theory of games, which can be taken into account in future approaches.}, subject = {Spieltheorie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zierke2021, author = {Zierke, Oliver}, title = {Innovation and Competition in the Digital Economy: Implications for Internet Platforms, Telecommunications Networks and Data Sharing Initiatives}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-10006}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {iii, 104 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Governments around the world currently focus on shaping the digital economy. Particular attention is paid to Internet platforms, Internet infrastructure and data as essential components of the digital economy. The three studies in this thesis contribute to the understanding of the behavior of firms in each of these domains and derive insights for future regulations and business projects. The first study deals with the ranking of content on Internet platforms and how it affects the incentives of content providers to invest in content quality. The focus of the study is on sponsored ranking and organic ranking, but the case that a vertically integrated content provider is favored by an Internet platform is also taken into account. Using a game theoretic model, it is shown that there is no ranking design that strictly leads to more investment compared to the other designs. It is also shown that the Internet platform usually chooses the type of ranking that, from the perspective of the Internet platform and consumers, yields the best expected overall content quality. The second study deals with the incentive of Internet service providers to throttle specific Internet content. The key finding is that Internet service providers use this instrument to utilize the capacity of their telecommunications network more efficiently. This leads not only to more benefits for Internet users, but also to a higher incentive to invest in network capacity due to better monetization. The third study examines the circumstances under which firms are willing to share data with other firms. By means of an economic laboratory experiment, it is shown that more data is shared if the firms have control over who exactly they share data with. Thus, for example, data pools that grant unrestricted data access to all participating firms can be expected to perform worse than data pools that give their participating firms control over with whom their uploaded data is shared. In addition, the third study finds that established relationships are characterized by more data sharing and less volatility in the amount of shared data than new relationships. The study concludes that data sharing projects should not be expected to work optimally right away. In summary, the studies in this thesis identify a number of costs that may arise when digital firms' choice is restricted by regulation or design. The ability of Internet service providers to throttle certain content and the ability of Internet platforms to choose the ranking design are usually used in the best interests of consumers. Data sharing also works best when firms are free to decide who gets their data.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Niedermeier2020, author = {Niedermeier, Florian}, title = {Power-Adaptive Computing in Future Energy Networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9993}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvi, 204 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The current electricity grid is undergoing major changes. There is increasing pressure to move away from power generation from fossil fuels, both due to ecological concerns and fear of dependencies on scarce natural resources. Increasing the share of decentralized generation from renewable sources is a widely accepted way to a more sustainable power infrastructure. However, this comes at the price of new challenges: generation from solar or wind power is not controllable and only forecastable with limited accuracy. To compensate for the increasing volatility in power generation, exerting control on the demand side is a promising approach. By providing flexibility on demand side, imbalances between power generation and demand may be mitigated. This work is concerned with developing methods to provide grid support on demand side while limiting the associated costs. This is done in four major steps: first, the target power curve to follow is derived taking both goals of a grid authority and costs of the respective load into account. In the following, the special case of data centers as an instance of significant loads inside a power grid are focused on more closely. Data center services are adapted in a way such as to achieve the previously derived power curve. By means of hardware power demand models, the required adaptation of hardware utilization can be derived. The possibilities of adapting software services are investigated for the special use case of live video encoding. A method to minimize quality of experience loss while reducing power demand is presented. Finally, the possibility of applying probabilistic model checking to a continuous demand-response scenario is demonstrated.}, subject = {Energieversorgung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Csizmadia2021, author = {Csizmadia, Bence}, title = {The EUrope of Differentiated Territorial Integration? Regional Cross-Border Governance in the Multi-Level Governance System of the EU. A Case Study of the EUSALP and the EUSDR}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9959}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {450 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Netzwerke der Regional Cross-Border Governance haben in der EU insbesondere in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten einen sp{\"u}rbaren Bedeutungszuwachs erfahren. Sie stellen hochkomplexe Governancestrukturen dar und bieten f{\"u}r beteiligte Akteure einen großen Mehrwert. Die EUSDR und EUSALP sind eine weitere Fortentwicklung von RCBG und k{\"o}nnen in verschiedenen Bereichen nachweisbare Erfolge vorweisen, werden jedoch der hohen im Vorfeld postulierten Erwartungshaltung nicht gerecht. RCBG-Netzwerke und insbesondere die Makroregionalen Strategien tragen in gewisser Weise zu einer territorialen Differenzierung der EU bei, diese sind jedoch noch weit davon entfernt, dass die zum Teil postulierte Erwartungshaltung bez{\"u}glich einer „(Makro-)Regionalisierung der EU" erf{\"u}llt wird.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alyousef2021, author = {Alyousef, Ammar}, title = {E-Mobility Management: Towards a Grid-friendly Smart Charging Solution}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9302}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xvii, 159 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Replacing fossil-fueled vehicles with Electric Vehicles (EVs) poses new challenges for power distribution networks. Specifically speaking, the electrification of the mobility sector relies on the ability to process and analyze information on when, where, for how long, or how fast charging processes will take place. Nevertheless, such kind of information is typically difficult to acquire or insufficiently predictable due to the dynamic nature of the system. Also, the increasing adoption rate of the renewable energy sources, specifically the domestic Photovoltaic (PV) systems, and the potentially associated grid defection scenarios will significantly impact the cost and efforts required to operate the grid in terms of power quality and demand-supply aspects. However, such emerging requirements have arguably not been taken into account when the distribution grid was built originally. Besides, expanding the distribution and transmission capacity is a very costly and lengthy process. Therefore, any proposed solution should be cost-effective as well as environment-, grid- and user-friendly. To this end, the advancements in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) are increasingly adopted and applied. This thesis addresses the rapidly growing EV sector and deals with the problems to overcome potential power quality degradation caused by the challenges mentioned above. Since time switch and radio ripple control as existing solutions in Germany are costly and neither very effective nor scalable as it requires hardware retrofitting of existing public Charging Stations (CSs), the primary focus of this work is the development of an appropriate, standards-based, scalable, and smart charging solution of EVs. Such a solution can, in turn, boost the usage of renewable energy by ensuring that the existing grid infrastructure can operate within its permissible limits while maintaining acceptable levels of power quality. This work introduces a new definition of the concept, "grid-friendly EV charging", where the power demand of a CS is adjusted depending on the real-time status of a power grid. In this regard, the conflicting concerns of stakeholders in an EV ecosystem are considered. For example, a Distribution System Operator (DSO) does not want to reveal a lot of technical details about the power grid or its status. Similarly, a Charging Service Provider (CSP) wants to keep its clients happy without sharing the details of its business model with others, namely, DSOs. For that sake, a distributed smart charging architecture is proposed in this thesis. It is event-driven and responds in nearly real-time to unforeseen and critical grid situations such as high/low voltage, congestion, phase unbalance, and harmonics. In that regard, the publish/subscribe messaging pattern, used as a part of the architecture, enables an efficient and well-performing communication scheme among the different components. Moreover, an indication mechanism about the different issues in a power grid is developed; it adopts the traffic light model. It works as a black box to separate smart controllers for each CS and configured only by the CSP. Smart chargers enable a smooth adjustment of the charging power to avoid drastic changes in the grid state. To that end, two types of intelligent controllers are developed and tested. While the first controller is inspired by the fuzzy logic, the second one is inspired by the slow-start mechanism used in TCP to control congestion in computer networks. A simulative approach is applied to evaluate the solution, thereby, a topology of a real low voltage grid with realistic load and generation profiles is used. Furthermore, a set of metrics is defined regarding the main concerns of stakeholders: voltage, overloading, fairness, the satisfaction of EV users and grid operator, as well as the grid-friendly behavior of a CS/ EV user. The evaluation shows that the solution is able to guarantee a safe operation of the grid. The proposed system can ensure a grid-friendly charging by sacrificing of a small portion of user satisfaction, that sacrifice of a user is awarded via a points-based reward system. Last but not least, the proposed distributed controllers are compared to two other controllers: (1) a decentralized controller based only on sensing the local voltage and (2) a very strict centralized controller focusing on grid-friendliness. The latter ensures proportional fairness among users regarding the objective function of the optimization problem solved in each simulation step. The distributed controllers are superior to the decentralized controller in terms of grid friendly and fairness and converge in general to the centralized one.}, subject = {Elektromobilit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{FuchsAuer2019, author = {Fuchs-Auer, Elisabeth}, title = {Bilingualer Unterricht: Anders als gedacht. Religion verstehen durch fremde Sprache}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9904}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {307 Seiten}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Bilingualer Sachfachunterricht gilt wohl als eine der bedeutsamsten Ver{\"a}nderungen im deutschen Schulsystem. Vor allem weiterf{\"u}hrende Schulen wie Gymnasien und Realschulen nutzen diese didaktischen Neuerungen zur Weiterentwicklung ihres Schulprofils sowie zur sprachlichen und kognitiven F{\"o}rderung ihrer Sch{\"u}lerschaft. Aber auch an der Mittelschule insbesondere im M-Zug, kann diese Form des Unterrichts durchaus einen Mehrwert bieten. Mit dieser Arbeit soll die didaktische Wirksamkeit des bilingualen Religionsunterrichts wissenschaftlich erforscht und weiterentwickelt werden. Mittels der praktischen Umsetzung religionsp{\"a}dagogischer und religionsdidaktischer sowie bilingualer Theorien, soll ein Prototyp des bilingualen Religionsunterrichts geschaffen werden, welcher die Fremdsprache Religion zu entschl{\"u}sseln vermag. In der iterativen Durchf{\"u}hrung bilingualer Religionsunterrichtseinheiten gilt es sodann herauszufinden, inwieweit der Einsatz einer fremden Sprache die M{\"o}glichkeit einer kognitiven Durchdringung und Erschließung von Glaubenswissen bieten kann. Zielf{\"u}hrend dabei ist jedoch nicht die Erstellung einer empirischen Studie. Vielmehr soll die vorliegende Feldstudie dazu dienen, Hypothesen und Theorien aufzustellen, die dann in einem n{\"a}chsten Schritt einer empirischen {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung unterzogen werden k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Lang2021, author = {Lang, Thomas}, title = {AI-Supported Interactive Segmentation of 3D Volumes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9221}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {184 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The segmentation of volumetric datasets, i.e., the partitioning of the data into disjoint sub-volumes with the goal to extract information about these regions,is a difficult problem and has been discussed in medical imaging for decades. Due to the ever-increasing imaging capabilities, in particular in X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging, segmentation in industrial applications also gains interest. Especially in industrial applications the generated datasets increase in size. Hence, most applications apply well-known techniques in a 2+1-dimensional manner,i.e., they apply image segmentation procedures on each slice separately and track the progress along the axis of the volume in which the slices are stacked on. This discards the information on preceding or subsequent slices, which is often assumed to be nearly identical. However, in the industrial context this might prove wrong since industrial parts might change their appearance significantly over the course of even a few slices. Moreover, artifacts can further distort the content of the slices. Therefore, three-dimensional processing of voxel volumes has to be preferred, which induces constraints upon the segmentation procedures. For example, they must not consider global information as it is usually not feasible in big scans to compute them efficiently. Yet another frequent problem is that applications focus on individual parts only and algorithms are tailored to that case. Most prominent medical segmentation procedures do so by applying methods to specifically find the liver and only the liver of a patient, for example. The implication is that the same method then cannot be applied to find other parts of the scan and such methods have to be designed individually for any object to be segmented. Flexible segmentation methods are needed too specifically when partitioning unique scans. We define a unique scan to be a voxel dataset for which no comparable volume exists. Classical examples include the use case of cultural heritage where not only the objects themselves are unique but also scan parameters are optimized to obtain the best image quality possible for that specific scan. This thesis aims at introducing novel methods for voxelwise classifications based on local geometric features. The latter are computed from local environments around each voxel and extract information in similar ways as humans do, namely by observing their similarity to geometric or textural primitives. These features serve as the foundation to learning the proposed voxelwise classifiers and to discriminate between segmented and unsegmented voxels. On the one hand, they perform fully automated clustering of volumes for which a representative random sample is extracted first. On the other hand, a set of segmenting classifiers can be trained from few seed voxels, i.e., volume elements for which a domain expert marked if they belong to the components that shall be segmented. The interactive selection offers the advantage that no completely labeled voxel volumes are necessary and hence that unique scans of objects can be segmented for which no comparable scans exist. Overall, it will be shown that all proposed segmentation methods are effectively of linear runtime with respect to the number of voxels in the volume. Thus, voxel volumes without size restrictions can be segmented in an efficient linear pass through the volume. Finally, the segmentation performance is evaluated on selected datasets which shows that the introduced methods can achieve good results on scans from a broad variety of domains for both small and big voxel volumes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{SalehiRizi2021, author = {Salehi Rizi, Fatemeh}, title = {Graph Representation Learning for Social Networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9211}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {ix, 130 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Online social networks provide a rich source of information about millions of users worldwide. However, due to sparsity and complex structure, analyzing these networks is quite challenging and expensive. Recently, graph embedding emerged to map networked data into low-dimensional representations, i.e. vector embeddings. These representations are fed into off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms to simplify and speed up graph analytic tasks. Given the immense importance of social network analysis, in this thesis, we aim to study graph embedding for social networks in three directions. Firstly, we focus on social networks at microscopic level to primarily encode the structural characteristic of users' personal networks so-called ego networks. These representations are utilized in evaluation tasks whose performance depends on relational information from direct neighbors. For example, social circle prediction and event attendance inference both need structural information from neighbors in social networks. Secondly, we explore assessing the content of vector embeddings in terms of topological properties. This could be explained via two proposed approaches: 1) a learning to rank algorithm in which the model weights reveal the importance of properties at subgraph level (ego networks), 2) a regression model for direct approximation of network statistical properties at vertex level. Thirdly, we propose extensions of graph embedding to capture sign or additional content of social networks. Users in social media often express their feelings and attitudes towards others which forms sentiment links besides social links. We design a joint objective function whose terms capture semantics of both social and sentiment links simultaneously. We also propose a multi-task learning framework for networks with attributes and labels by stacking autoencoders. The weights of the learning tasks are automatically assigned via an adaptive loss weighting layer.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Czech2021, author = {Czech, Susanne}, title = {Clarence Streit's Union Now and the Idea of an Anglo-American Union: A Movement Away From Imperialism to a World State?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9202}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 402 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This thesis is concerned with proposals that aimed at transforming or reforming the English-speaking world so that it could continue to dominate the world in the future. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, these ideas emerged from the discourse of Anglo-Saxonism that represented the Anglo-Saxon 'race' as the most developed 'race' in the world which could, therefore, 'legitimately' rule the world. In the later 20th century, an Atlantic discourse developed, which appeared to address further nations in the group of world leaders. However, it seems to rely on similar discursive elements as Anglo-Saxonism, which only includes the English-speaking world. The construction of the respective discourses is examined in late 19th/early 20th century writings by authors broadly associated with the British Empire as well as in Union Now, a 1939 book by U.S.-American Clarence K. Streit. The latter part presents the focus of this thesis. Streit developed a new concept of a world order in which a world state - the Atlantic Union - was to be established. In a first step, it should only be founded by a nucleus of the 15 'leading' democracies in the world and should subsequently be expanded. In addition to the connection between Anglo-Saxonism and Atlanticism which is investigated in Streit's writings, his network and prominence are analyzed, as are the resolutions Streit's supporters introduced into the U.S. Congress and Streit's stance on imperialism.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bongers2020, author = {Bongers, Franziska Maria}, title = {Three essays on digital and non-digital transformations in business-to-business markets}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9149}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {XVI, 231 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Fundamental changes in business-to-business (B2B) buying behavior confront B2B supplier firms with unprecedented challenges. On the one hand, a rising share of industrial buyers demands digitalized offerings and processes from suppliers. Consequently, suppliers are urged to implement digital transformations by expanding the range of both digital offerings and processes. On the other hand, B2B buyers increasingly expect suppliers to provide individually tailored solutions to their idiosyncratic needs. Hence, suppliers are also required to implement non-digital transformations by providing offerings and processes that are customized to each customers' specific requirements. The rise of these digital and non-digital transformations calls established knowledge into question. Thus, B2B marketing research and practice are urged to create a comprehensive understanding of digital and non-digital transformations by means of novel and empirically grounded insights and derive actionable response strategies. In respond, my dissertation addresses the overall research question of how B2B supplier firms can successfully implement both digital and non-digital transformations in three individual essays. In Essay 1, I offer a broader perspective on both digital and non-digital transformations by investigating digital service customization (i.e., the tailoring of digital B2B services to customers' individual needs). Through a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, I outline a comprehensive set of factors that favor the application of distinct digital service customization strategies. Essay 2 represents a deep dive into digital transformations of sales processes. By making use of two rich sets of qualitative interview material from supplier and buyer firms, I identify the challenges resulting for B2B salespeople from the introduction of digital sales channels into personal selling. Moreover, I uncover facilitating mechanisms that sales managers can employ to support salespeople in coping with digital sales channels. Finally, Essay 3 constitutes a deep dive into non-digital transformations. Based on qualitative interview material and survey data from matched sales manager-salesperson dyads, the essay explores how configurations of individual salespeople's personal and procedural competencies facilitate success at selling customer solutions (i.e., highly customized, performance-oriented offerings comprising products and/or services). The essay shows that successfully selling customized offerings like solutions hinges on salespeople's unique configurations of present and absent competencies. In a nutshell, these essays provide three major insights on how B2B suppliers can successfully implement digital and non-digital transformations. First, they underscore that a comprehensive understanding of the origins and spillover effects of transformations is a key prerequisite to successfully implementing them. Second, they unveil that digital and non-digital transformations impact on multiple organizational levels. Third, they point out important resources and capabilities that help suppliers to successfully implement transformations, be they digital or non-digital. With this dissertation, I make substantial contributions to the broader literature on digital and non-digital transformations in B2B contexts. At the same time, my dissertation provides hands-on implications for managers in B2B supplier firms that are facing fundamental transformations in the marketplace—both digital and non-digital in nature.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dause2021, author = {Dause, Marina}, title = {Turkestan als Raum des M{\"o}glichen. Die Auswanderung der russisch-ukrainischen und deutsch-mennonitischen Bauern nach Mittelasien im Russl{\"a}ndischen Reich zwischen 1867 und 1916. Eine kulturhistorische Perspektive}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9102}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {364 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Als Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts die ersten Bauernsiedler nach Mittelasien, in Russlands neu erobertes Gebiet kamen, darunter pr{\"a}gend viele deutsche Mennoniten, bestimmten sie von nun an die weitere Entwicklung der Region entscheidend mit. Nichtsdestotrotz sind sie im Schatten der Erfolge der milit{\"a}rischen Eroberung und im Schatten der sowjetischen Periode zu den „toten Seelen" der Kolonisationsgeschichte schlechthin geworden. Betrachtet als ein mehrdimensionales soziales Ph{\"a}nomen offenbart die Migration nach Turkestan ein kultur{\"u}bergreifendes Ziel der b{\"a}uerlichen Gemeinschaftsbildung, in dem kulturspezifische Deutungs- und Sinnbildungsprozesse vonstatten gingen. Zahlreiche b{\"a}uerliche Projektionen des als richtig angesehenen Lebens im Rahmen der angestrebten Beheimatung liefen zum b{\"a}uerlichen Imaginationsraum zusammen. Die bisher in der Literatur einseitig mit religi{\"o}sen Motiven erkl{\"a}rte Mennoniten-Auswanderung ist ebenfalls die Folge dieser Erscheinungen. Die b{\"a}uerlichen Erwartungen konnten sich keinesfalls alle erf{\"u}llen, aber sie {\"u}bten eine reale Wirkung auf die neue Heimat aus: sie bildeten durchaus einen Hintergrund f{\"u}r den Aufstand der indigenen Bev{\"o}lkerung von 1916, machten aber gleichwohl Turkestan zum Raum des M{\"o}glichen, einem stabilen Narrativ, das noch bis in die 30er Jahre der Sowjetzeiten hineinwirkte.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ansah2021, author = {Ansah, Frimpong}, title = {Performance and optimization technologies for software defined industrial networks}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, address = {Passau}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-9002}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xxi, 173 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The concept of programmable networks is radically changing the way communication infrastructures are designed, integrated, and operated. Currently, the topic is spearheaded by concepts such as software-defined networking, forwarding and control element separation, and network function virtualization. Notably, software-defined networking has attracted significant attention in telecommunication and data centers and thus already in some production-grade networks. Despite the prevalence of software-defined networking in these domains, industrial networks are yet to see its benefits to encourage adoption. However, the misconceptions around the concept itself, the role of virtualization, and algorithms pose a significant obstacle. Furthermore, the desire to accommodate new services in the automation industry results in a pattern of constantly increasing complexity of industrial networks, which is compounded by the requirement to provide stringent deterministic service guarantees considering characteristically different applications and thus posing a significant challenge for management, configuration, and maintenance as existing solutions are architecturally inflexible. Therefore, the first contribution of this thesis addresses the misconceptions around software-defined networking by providing a comparative analysis of programmable network concepts, detailing where software-defined networks compare with other concepts and how its principles can be leveraged to evolve industrial networks. Armed with the fundamental principles of programmable networks, the second contribution identifies virtualization technologies and proposes novel algorithms to provide varied quality of service guarantees on converged time-sensitive Ethernet networks using software-defined networking concepts. Finally, a performance analysis of a software-defined hybrid deployment solution for control and management of time-sensitive Ethernet networks that integrates proposed novel algorithms is presented as an industrial use-case that enables industrial operators to harness the full potential of time-sensitive networks.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kasinathan2021, author = {Kasinathan, Prabhakaran}, title = {Workflow-aware access control for the Internet of Things}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8915}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {xxiii, 214 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {IoT is defined as a paradigm where "things" have sensing, actuating, communicating, and self-configuring abilities, and are connected to each other and to the Internet. Recent advancements in the manufacturing industry have helped to produce embedded devices with various sensors and actuators in mass numbers at a reduced cost. As part of the IoT revolution, everyday devices such as television, refrigerator, cars, even industrial machines are now connected IoT devices. Recent studies have predicted that by 2025 there will be over 75 billion of such IoT devices connected to the Internet. The providers of IoT based services want to integrate their services to satisfy customer requirements. For example, in the mobility scenario, different mobility solution providers want to offer a multi-modal ticket to their customers jointly. In such a distributed and loosely coupled environment, each owner and stakeholder wants to secure his/her own integrity, confidentiality, and functionality goals. This means that distributed rules and conditions defined by the individual owners must be enforced on the participating entities (e.g., customers or partners using their services). The owners and stakeholders may not necessarily trust each other's actions. Therefore, a mechanism is required that guarantees the rules and conditions specified by the different owners. Attacks on IoT devices and similar computing systems are increasing and getting more advanced. IoT devices are often constrained, i.e., they have limited processing power, memory, and energy. Security mechanisms designed for traditional computing systems, e.g., computers, servers, or mobile computing devices such as smartphones, may not fit in those constrained IoT devices. Weak security mechanisms and unenforced security measures were one of the main reasons for recent successful attacks on IoT devices and services. As IoT is now used in many sensitive places, including critical infrastructures, securing them becomes more critical than ever. This thesis focuses on developing mechanisms that secure IoT devices and services and enforcing the rules and conditions specified by the owners on entities that want to access owners' resources. In classical computer systems, security automata are used for specifying security policies and monitoring mechanisms are used for enforcing such policies. For instance, a reference monitor observes and stops the execution when the security policies are about to be violated, thus, the security policies are enforced. To restrict the adversary from using protected IoT devices or services for malicious purposes, it is required to ensure that a workflow must be followed to access the protected resource. In distributed IoT systems where the policies are governed by different owners, each owner would like to specify their rules and conditions in their workflows. The workflows contain tasks that must be performed in a particular order. The goal of this thesis is to develop mechanisms to specify and enforce these workflows in the distributed IoT environment. This thesis introduces a distributed WFAC framework that restricts the entities to do only what they are allowed to do in a collaborative environment. To gain access to a service protected by the WFAC framework, every workflow participant must prove that he/she is in a particular state of an authorized workflow. Authorized means two things: (a) the owner has authorized the workflow to be executed; (b) the workflow participant is authorized to execute it. This restricts the adversary's access to the devices and its services. The security policies defined by different owners are modeled as workflows and specified using Petri Nets. The policies are then enforced with the help of the WFAC framework which supports error-handling, accountability, integration of practitioner-friendly tools, and interoperability with existing security mechanisms such as OAuth. Thus, the WFAC guarantees the integrity of workflows in a distributed environment.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Holeczek2021, author = {Holeczek, Nikolai}, title = {The hazardous materials vehicle routing problem}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8927}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 115, xlix Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Hazardous materials (hazmat) have become important goods for satisfying the industrial and customer demand in our modern society. The transportation of these materials is always associated with safety, security and environmental concerns due to the dangerous nature of the cargo. To improve the safety of the transportation process hazmat transportation problems have become a popular research topic in the field of operations research. This thesis contributes to the ongoing research on the hazmat transportation problem. It provides an extensive overview of the existing literature on the hazardous materials transportation problem and offers a new classification extending the existing ones. With particular focus on the hazardous materials vehicle routing problem (HMVRP), this thesis compares different risk models and analyses their influence on the problem outcomes. Additionally, heuristic and meta-heuristic solution procedures are proposed for handling the NP-hard nature of the problem. For this purpose, four different studies are conducted. Study 1 presents a state of the art literature review including over 300 contributions to the hazmat transportation problem. The historical development of the research field is analyzed and the most important journals are identified. A detailed classification focusing on hazmat transportation on public roads is provided. Furthermore, the study identifies research gaps and presents new research opportunities. Study 2 and 3 investigate the effects of path generation in a realistic urban network on the outcomes of the HMVRP. Additionally, different risk models for the HMVRP are compared and their influence on the problem solutions is analyzed. Study 2 proposes a simple but effective heuristic algorithm to solve the HMVRP with load-independent risk models. Study 3 extends the focus and includes load-dependent risk models. The influence of six different risk models on the solution outcomes of the HMVRP is compared and the tradeoff between risk minimization and the minimization of traveled distance is investigated. For this purpose, more than 1,700 problem instances are solved to optimality using CPLEX. In study 4 a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) for solving the HMVRP with a load-depending risk model is proposed. The HGA aims to find pareto-optimal solutions for the bi-objective HMVRP when risk and travel distance are addressed simultaneously. The structure of the HGA is explained and experimental findings are presented. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to an improved understanding of the general development in the research field of hazmat logistics and the influence of different risk models on the solution outcomes of the HMVRP. Additionally, heuristic solution methods are proposed and tested for finding compromise solutions when the bi-objective case of risk and distance minimization is addressed. Furthermore, this thesis helps new researchers the access to the field of hazmat logistics as it provides a structured overview of the research field while pointing out research gaps. To address some of the identified research gaps, the thesis provides an extensive analysis of the risk modelling approaches. Thereby, it provides new insights to the basic research on risk modelling for the HMVRP. Finally, to overcome the long computation times of large problem instances heuristic solution approaches are proposed.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Herbrig2021, author = {Herbrig, Beate}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Politik des Cn. Pompeius Magnus in den Jahren 54 bis 49 v. Chr.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8938}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {358 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Obwohl Pompeius dreimal mit dem Konsulat das h{\"o}chste Amt in Rom innehatte, haftet ihm seit Mommsen das Image eines {\"a}ußerst erfolgreichen Feldherrn und Organisators, jedoch m{\"a}ßig begabten, ja unf{\"a}higen Politikers an. So hat das politische Handeln des Machthabers bisher nur wenig Beachtung gefunden. In dieser Arbeit werden im Detail die politischen Prozesse der Jahre 54 bis 49 beleuchtet, einem Zeitraum, in dem Pompeius in seinem dritten Konsulat, das er ohne Kollegen aus{\"u}bte {\"u}ber gr{\"o}ßten Handlungs- und Gestaltungsspielraum verf{\"u}gte. Es wird nach seinen politischen Zielen, deren Umsetzung, Kommunikation sowie Reaktionen in der F{\"u}hrungsschicht Roms auf seine Maßnahmen gefragt. Seine Politik im Jahre 52 l{\"a}sst ein klares politisches Konzept erkennen: Die aufeinander abgestimmten und ineinandergreifenden Maßnahmen zielten auf eine Stabilisierung des bestehenden politischen Systems und die St{\"a}rkung der Macht der H{\"a}upter des Senats, der Erben der von Sulla eingesetzten Elite. Er vermied dabei die Probleme der Reformen Sullas, indem er die Kollateralsch{\"a}den seiner Maßnahmen gering hielt und nicht darauf bestand, f{\"u}r sich eine {\"u}berragende Machtstellung institutionell zu verankern. Diese beabsichtigte er stattdessen in Form von legitimen Leistungsbeziehungen zu Senat und Volk zu etablieren. Dabei st{\"u}tzte er sich auf seine eigenen, unbestreitbar {\"u}berragenden Leistungen f{\"u}r die res publica, die Senat und Volk nach dem Herkommen zu Gegenleistungen und damit auch zur Anerkennung einer entsprechenden Machtstellung verpflichteten. Die Untersuchung von Konkurrenzverh{\"a}ltnissen zeigt, dass Pompeius {\"u}berdies darauf abzielte, mit der Bew{\"a}ltigung innerer Krisen k{\"u}nftige Leistungen f{\"u}r Rom auf seine Person zu monopolisieren. Hierf{\"u}r garantierte ihm sein f{\"u}nfj{\"a}hriges außerordentliches Imperium den Zugriff auf die erforderlichen Machtmittel: Pompeius beabsichtigte durch das kontinuierliche Erbringen von Leistungen als der Patron Roms anerkannt zu werden. Durch Agieren {\"u}ber loyale Magistrate, geschicktes Ausnutzen monarchischer Tendenzen innerhalb der F{\"u}hrungsschicht, mit Hilfe Caesars als starkes Gegengewicht und schließlich mit einem erfolgreichen Krisenmanagement verstand er es immer wieder, den entschlossenen Widerstand f{\"u}hrender Senatoren zu brechen, die sich gegen jegliche Entwicklung zur Alleinherrschaft wehrten, sodass er bis zum Fr{\"u}hjahr 50 seiner angestrebten Machtstellung schon sehr nahe kam. Wie instabil diese jedoch war, zeigt sich, als Pompeius f{\"u}r wenige Monate der stadtr{\"o}mischen Politik fernbleiben musste. Im Machtvakuum, das daraufhin entstand, {\"a}nderten sich die Konstellationen. Pompeius geriet dadurch in eine anhaltende politische Schw{\"a}chephase, aus der er sich nach seiner R{\"u}ckkehr bis zum Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums nicht mehr befreien konnte.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kim2021, author = {Kim, Dohwan}, title = {Die außerordentliche K{\"u}ndigung wegen Verm{\"o}gensdelikten - unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Entwendung von Gegenst{\"a}nden von geringf{\"u}gigem Wert}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8844}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {VIII, 145 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {\S 626 Abs. 1 BGB verlangt zwei Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r die außerordentliche K{\"u}ndigung: die Eignung des Sachverhaltes als wichtigen Grund und die umfassende Interessenabw{\"a}gung im Einzelfall. Die Verletzung der Nebenleistungspflicht im Arbeitsverh{\"a}ltnis ist je nach ihrer Bedeutung und Qualit{\"a}t als wichtiger Grund nach \S 626 Abs. 1 BGB anzusehen. Das Verm{\"o}gensdelikt ist eine Verletzung der Nebenleistungspflicht. Somit ist das Verm{\"o}gensdelikt an sich nach seiner Bedeutung und Qualit{\"a}t im Einzelfall auch als wichtiger Grund zur außerordentlichen K{\"u}ndigung anzusehen.Im Rahmen der Interessenabw{\"a}gung in \S 626 Abs. 1 BGB ergibt sich, ab welchem Grad des Vertrauensverlusts eine fristlose K{\"u}ndigung gerechtfertigt wird. Die H{\"o}he des Schadens wird bei dem Vertrauensverlust zur fristlosen K{\"u}ndigung ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Die Analyse der Rechtsprechung des BAG hat gezeigt, dass nur manche Entscheidungen nach dem Fall "Emmely" die Dauer der Betriebszugeh{\"o}rigkeit als Kriterium in der Interessenabw{\"a}gung in \S 626 Abs. 1 BGB ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Aber in den meisten F{\"a}llen ist das BAG von seiner bisherigen Rechtsprechung abger{\"u}ckt: Die fristlose K{\"u}ndigung war weiterhin bei Verm{\"o}gensdelikten wirksam, ohne die Interessen angemessen gegeneinander abzuw{\"a}gen und ohne mildere Mittel zu ber{\"u}cksichtigen. Das BAG sollte aus diesen Gr{\"u}nden seine Auffassung dahingehend revidieren, die Kriterien der Interessen gezielt auszuw{\"a}hlen und gegeneinander abzuw{\"a}gen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Abel2020, author = {Abel, Johannes}, title = {Politischer Radikalismus innerhalb des Social Web. Eine Analyse g{\"a}ngiger Narrative und diskursiver Strategien rechter Akteure}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8803}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {177, XXXIII Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Narrative und diskursive Strategien von politisch rechten Akteuren zu erforschen und aus einer p{\"a}dagogischen Sicht zu bewerten. Der Fokus der Untersuchung wird hierbei auf Kommunikation innerhalb des Social Web gelegt. Zur Bew{\"a}ltigung des Forschungsvorhabens wird als Methode eine Diskursanalyse angewendet. Die Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sowohl die erzeugten Narrative als auch die verwendeten diskursiven Strategien in allen untersuchten diskursiven Arenen starke {\"A}hnlichkeiten aufweisen - unabh{\"a}ngig davon, ob die Arena vorrangig rechtsextreme, rechtsradikale oder rechtspopulistische Tendenzen besitzt. Dies legt den Verdacht nahe, dass ein Großteil der politisch rechte Akteure immer wiederkehrende Narrative verbreiten und diese mit den stets gleichen diskursiven Strategien untermauern, eine klare diskursive Grenze zwischen Rechtsextremismus, Rechtsradikalismus und Rechtspopulismus scheint es nicht zu geben. Dadurch besteht die Gefahr, dass Rechtsextreme Gedanken zunehmend in die Mitte der Gesellschaft vordringen k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Koop2021, author = {Koop, Martin}, title = {Preventing the Leakage of Privacy Sensitive User Data on the Web}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8717}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {137 Seiten}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Das Aufzeichnen der Internetaktivit{\"a}t ist mit der Verkn{\"u}pfung pers{\"o}nlicher Daten zu einer Schl{\"u}sselressource f{\"u}r viele kostenpflichtige und kostenfreie Dienste im Web geworden. Diese Dienste sind zum einen Webanwendungen, wie beispielsweise die von Google bereitgestellten Karten/Navigation oder Websuche, die t{\"a}glich kostenlos verwendet werden. Zum anderen sind es alle Webseiten, die meist kostenlos Nachrichten oder allgemeine Informationen zu verschiedenen Themen bereitstellen. Durch das Aufrufen und die Nutzung dieser Webdienste werden alle Informationen, die im Webdienst verarbeitet werden, an den Dienstanbieter weitergeben. Dies umfasst nicht nur die im Benutzerkonto des Webdienstes gespeicherte Profildaten wie Name oder Adresse, sondern auch die Aktivit{\"a}t mit dem Webdienst wie das anklicken von Links oder die Verweildauer. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus gibt es jedoch auch unz{\"a}hlige Drittparteien, welche zumeist im Hintergrund in die Webdienste eingebunden sind und das Benutzerverhalten der kompletten Webaktivit{\"a}t - Webseiten {\"u}bergreifend - mitspeichern sowie auswerten. Der Einsatz verschiedener, in der Regel f{\"u}r den Benutzer verborgener Techniken, dient dazu das Online-Verhalten der Benutzer genau zu verfolgen und viele sensible Daten zu sammeln. Dieses Verhalten wird als Web-Tracking bezeichnet und wird haupts{\"a}chlich von Werbeunternehmen genutzt. Die gesammelten Daten sind oft personenbezogen und eine wertvolle Ressourcen der Unternehmen, um Beispielsweise passend zum Benutzerprofil personalisierte Werbung schalten zu k{\"o}nnen. Mit der Nutzung dieser personenbezogenen Daten entstehen aber auch weitreichendere Auswirkungen, welche sich unter anderem in Preisanpassungen f{\"u}r Benutzer mit speziellen Profilattributen, wie der Nutzung von teuren Endger{\"a}ten, widerspiegeln. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es die Privatsph{\"a}re der Nutzer im Internet zu steigern und die Nutzerverfolgung von Web-Tracking signifikant zu reduzieren. Dabei stellen sich vier Herausforderungen, die jeweils einen Forschungsschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bilden: (1) Systematische Analyse und Einordnung eingesetzter Tracking-Techniken, (2) Untersuchung vorhandener Schutzmechanismen und deren Schwachstellen,(3) Konzeption einer Referenzarchitektur zum Schutz vor Web-Tracking und (4) Entwurf einer automatisierten Testumgebungen unter Realbedingungen, um die Reduzierung von Web-Tracking in den entwickelten Schutzmaßnahmen zu untersuchen. Jeder dieser Forschungsschwerpunkte stellt neue Beitr{\"a}ge bereit, um einheitlich das {\"u}bergeordnete Ziel zu erreichen: der Entwicklung von Schutzmaßnahmen gegen die Preisgabe sensibler Benutzerdaten im Internet. Der erste wissenschaftliche Beitrag dieser Dissertation ist eine umfassende Evaluation eingesetzter Web-Tracking Techniken und Methoden, sowie deren Gefahren, Risiken und Implikationen f{\"u}r die Privatsph{\"a}re der Internetnutzer. Die Evaluation beinhaltet zus{\"a}tzlich die Untersuchung vorhandener Tracking-Schutzmechanismen und deren Schwachstellen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind maßgeblich f{\"u}r die in dieser Arbeit neu entwickelten Ans{\"a}tze und verbessern den bisherigen nicht hinreichend gew{\"a}hrleisteten Schutz vor Web-Tracking. Der zweite wissenschaftliche Beitrag ist die Entwicklung einer robusten Klassifizierung von Web-Tracking, der Entwurf einer effizienten Architektur zur Langzeituntersuchung von Web-Tracking sowie einer interaktiven Visualisierung des Auftreten von Web-Tracking im Internet. Dabei basiert der neue Klassifizierungsansatz, um Tracking zu identifizieren, auf der Entropie Messung des Informationsgehalts von Cookies. Die Resultate der Web-Tracking Langzeitstudien sind unter anderem 1.209 identifizierte Tracking-Domains auf den meistbesuchten Webseiten in Deutschland. Hierbei wurden innerhalb der Top 25 Webseiten im Durchschnitt 45 Tracking-Elemente pro Webseite gefunden. Der Tracker mit dem h{\"o}chsten Potenzial zum Erstellen eines Benutzerprofils war doubleclick.com, da er 90\% der Webseiten {\"u}berwacht. Die Auswertung des untersuchten Tracking-Netzwerks ergab weiterhin einen detaillierten Einblick in die Tracking-Technik mithilfe von Weiterleitungslinks. Dabei haben wir 1,2 Millionen HTTP-Traces von monatelangen Crawls der 50.000 international meistbesuchten Webseiten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass 11,6\% dieser Webseiten HTTP-Redirects, verborgen in Webseiten-Links, zum Tracken verwenden. Dies wird eingesetzt, um den Webseitenverlauf des Benutzers nach dem Klick durch eine Kette von (Tracking-)Servern umzuleiten, welche in der Regel nicht sichtbar sind, bevor das beabsichtigte Link-Ziel geladen wird. In diesem Szenario erfasst der Tracker wertvolle Verbindungs-Metadaten zu Inhalt, Thema oder Benutzerinteressen der Website. Die Visualisierung des Tracking {\"O}kosystem stellen wir in einem interaktiven Open-Source Web-Tool bereit. Der dritte wissenschaftliche Beitrag dieser Dissertation ist die Konzeption von zwei neuartigen Schutzmechanismen gegen Web-Tracking und der Aufbau einer automatisierten Simulationsumgebung unter Realbedingungen, um die Effektivit{\"a}t der Umsetzungen zu verifizieren. Der Fokus liegt auf den beiden meist verwendeten Tracking-Verfahren: Cookies (hierbei wird eine eindeutigen ID auf dem Ger{\"a}t des Benutzers gespeichert), sowie Browser-Fingerprinting. Letzteres beschreibt eine Methode zum Sammeln einer Vielzahl an Ger{\"a}teeigenschaften, um den Benutzer eindeutig zu (re- )identifizieren, ohne eine eindeutige ID auf dem Ger{\"a}t zu speichern. Um die Effektivit{\"a}t der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Schutzmechanismen vor Web-Tracking zu untersuchen, implementierten und evaluierten wir die Schutzkonzepte direkt im Chromium Browser. Das Ergebnis zeigt eine erfolgreiche Reduzierung von Web-Tracking um 44\%. Zus{\"a}tzlich verbessert das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Konzept "Site Isolation" den Datenschutz des privaten Browsing-Modus, erm{\"o}glicht das Setzen eines manuellen Speicher-Zeitlimits von Cookies und sch{\"u}tzt den Browser gegen verschiedene Bedrohungen wie CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) oder CORS (Cross-Origin Ressource Sharing). Site Isolation speichert dabei den Status der lokalen Website in separaten Containern und kann dadurch diverse Tracking-Methoden wie Cookies, lokalStorage oder redirect tracking verhindern. Bei der Auswertung von 1,6 Millionen Webseiten haben wir gezeigt, dass der Tracker doubleclick.com das h{\"o}chste Potenzial besitzt, den Nutzer zu verfolgen und auf 25\% der 40.000 international meistbesuchten Webseiten vertreten ist. Schließlich demonstrieren wir in unserem erweiterten Chromium-Browser einen robusten Browser-Fingerprinting-Schutz. Der Test unseres Prototyps mittels 70.000 Browsersitzungen zeigt, dass unser Browser den Nutzer vor sogenanntem Browser-Fingerprinting Tracking sch{\"u}tzt. Im Vergleich zu f{\"u}nf anderen Browser-Fingerprint-Tools erzielte unser Prototyp die besten Ergebnisse und ist der erste Schutzmechanismus gegen Flash sowie Canvas Fingerprinting.}, subject = {Datenschutz}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Garchery2020, author = {Garchery, Mathieu}, title = {User-centered intrusion detection using heterogeneous data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8704}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {vii, 119 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {With the frequency and impact of data breaches raising, it has become essential for organizations to automate intrusion detection via machine learning solutions. This generally comes with numerous challenges, among others high class imbalance, changing target concepts and difficulties to conduct sound evaluation. In this thesis, we adopt a user-centered anomaly detection perspective to address selected challenges of intrusion detection, through a real-world use case in the identity and access management (IAM) domain. In addition to the previous challenges, salient properties of this particular problem are high relevance of categorical data, limited feature availability and total absence of ground truth. First, we ask how to apply anomaly detection to IAM audit logs containing a restricted set of mixed (i.e. numeric and categorical) attributes. Then, we inquire how anomalous user behavior can be separated from normality, and this separation evaluated without ground truth. Finally, we examine how the lack of audit data can be alleviated in two complementary settings. On the one hand, we ask how to cope with users without relevant activity history ("cold start" problem). On the other hand, we seek how to extend audit data collection with heterogeneous attributes (i.e. categorical, graph and text) to improve insider threat detection. After aggregating IAM audit data into sessions, we introduce and compare general anomaly detection methods for mixed data to a user identification approach, designed to learn the distinction between normal and malicious user behavior. We find that user identification outperforms general anomaly detection and is effective against masquerades. An additional clustering step allows to reduce false positives among similar users. However, user identification is not effective against insider threats. Furthermore, results suggest that the current scope of our audit data collection should be extended. In order to tackle the "cold start" problem, we adopt a zero-shot learning approach. Focusing on the CERT insider threat use case, we extend an intrusion detection system by integrating user relations to organizational entities (like assignments to projects or teams) in order to better estimate user behavior and improve intrusion detection performance. Results show that this approach is effective in two realistic scenarios. Finally, to support additional sources of audit data for insider threat detection, we propose a method representing audit events as graph edges with heterogeneous attributes. By performing detection at fine-grained level, this approach advantageously improves anomaly traceability while reducing the need for aggregation and feature engineering. Our results show that this method is effective to find intrusions in authentication and email logs. Overall, our work suggests that masquerades and insider threats call for different detection methods. For masquerades, user identification is a promising approach. To find malicious insiders, graph features representing user context and relations to other entities can be informative. This opens the door for tighter coupling of intrusion detection with user identities, roles and privileges used in IAM solutions.}, subject = {Anomalie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mathyl2018, author = {Mathyl, Markus Lorenz}, title = {Entgrenzung neoimperial: Studien zum russischen Nationalismus im 21. Jahrhundert}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8724}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {92 Seiten, 43 verschieden gez{\"a}hlte Seiten}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Publikationsbasierte Dissertation zu Entgrenzungsph{\"a}nomenen und -dynamiken eines neoimperialen Nationalismus in Russland zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Ihl2020, author = {Ihl, Andreas}, title = {Four investigations of arising phenomena in contemporary work settings: the cases of mindfulness practices and crowdworking online platforms}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8696}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {148 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {New arising phenomena in the occupational realm strongly shape contemporary work settings. These developments heavily affect how individuals work within and beyond organizational boundaries. Two phenomena associated with the changing nature of work have been especially prevalent in work settings and intensively discussed in public debates. First, organizations started to introduce mindfulness practices to their workforce. Rooted in spirituality and formerly used in clinical therapy, mindfulness is applied as a human resource development practice to train employees and managers to cope with the increased work intensification. Second, digitization and the importance of individualization opened up the path for work settings beyond organizational boundaries on crowdworking online platforms. On these online platforms, workers process tasks independently and remotely. Research just started to address the implications and meaning of mindfulness practices in organizations and the rise of crowdworking platforms. Several questions remain unanswered. This dissertation addresses unanswered but pressing questions related to these two phenomena shaping contemporary work settings. Structured in four essays the first two essays address the application and meaning of mindfulness practices. The first essay analyzes the meaning and interpretations of these new practices within organizations. The second essay takes contextual factors of the organizational environment into account and investigates their relevance for the successful implementation of mindfulness practices. The second two essays are dedicated to work attitudes and behavior on crowdworking online platform. Essay three captures individuals' motivation for working on such platforms and their effects for workers' work performance. The last essay deals with the role of professional crowdworking online communities in the work experience and asses the effects of social support in these communities on occupational identification, work meaningfulness and finally on work engagement. Each essay in this dissertation generates new insights on arising phenomena in contemporary work settings. They address several timely yet unanswered research questions for these rising phenomena and thereby offer a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the role mindfulness practices and crowdworking online platforms play in the context of the future of work.}, subject = {Organisation}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Neun2020, author = {Neun, Patrick}, title = {Die kontempor{\"a}re universit{\"a}re Lehramtsausbildung f{\"u}r das Fach Sport in Deutschland und den USA - Eine explorative, melioristisch motivierte Vergleichsuntersuchung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-8645}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Passau}, pages = {358 Seiten}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Die vergleichende Sportp{\"a}dagogik als Teildisziplin und zugleich Schnittmenge der vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft und der allgemeinen Sportp{\"a}dagogik macht es sich zur Aufgabe, sportbezogene Charakteristika zweier oder mehrerer L{\"a}nder oder Kulturen miteinander zu vergleichen und den dadurch entstandenen Erkenntnisgewinn in verschiedensten Sph{\"a}ren nutzbar zu machen - eine Wissenschaftsdisziplin, wie auch Forschungsmethode, deren M{\"o}glichkeiten nicht nur f{\"u}r den Sportunterricht per se, sondern auch f{\"u}r die (universit{\"a}re) Ausbildung der zuk{\"u}nftigen Arrangeure des Sportunterrichts nutzbar gemacht werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Rahmen eines melioristisch motivierten Vergleichs macht es sich diese Forschungsarbeit zum Ziel, Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten der universit{\"a}ren Sportlehramtsausbildung in Deutschland und den USA zu eruieren, deren Ursachen zu analysieren und auf dieser Basis Potenziale, Entwicklungsperspektiven und Handlungsoptionen f{\"u}r den positiven Fortschritt beider universit{\"a}rer Ausbildungssysteme aufzuzeigen. Dabei werden sowohl außensystemische, wie auch innensystemische Untersuchungsaspekte ber{\"u}cksichtigt.}, language = {de} }