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This study analyzes interregional migration patterns associated with eight different non-overlapping life course events. Count-data regression models are applied to analyze the response of migration flows across life-event group to meso-regional push and pull factors, and results are used for migration profiling and as input for regional policy and planning. While interregional migration flow data related to life-events are generally not publicly available from statistical offices, we present a way to construct origin–destination migration flow matrices from Danish register data on migration, economic and social events at the household level. Our findings corroborate theoretical model predictions and prior evidence that migration across life-event groups responds heterogeneously to regional labor market conditions, with interregional migrants in the transition from job-qualifying education to work responding most strongly to local economic signals. Over the life cycle, interregional migration after family transitions such as forming a legally recognized partnership, childbearing, and the “empty nest” phase are comparably stronger influenced by regional housing market conditions, local population structures and public service provision or place-based amenities. We also show that estimates for mixed migration groups experiencing multiple simultaneous events typically fail to detect associations between migration and regional context conditions, which highlights the methodological advantage of utilizing non-overlapping event group migration data for theory testing, demographic modeling and informing regional policies.
Offshoring and backshoring are essential components of firms’ internationalization strategies and influence the spatial organization of global value chains (GVCs). This paper examines how such strategies affect the wage development of incumbent workers in multinational firms across urban and rural labor markets. First, we develop a theoretical framework that extends standard urban wage models by incorporating GVC-induced productivity and cost effects, yielding spatially differentiated wage responses to firms’ strategic choices. Second, we empirically estimate the relationship between wage dynamics and GVC reorganization combining data on offshoring and backshoring activities by Danish firms with linked employer-employee register data for the period 2001–2016. Methodically, we apply a difference-in-difference type treatment model with internationalization strategies as treatment variables. The results show GVC-related wage growth heterogeneity across space. Offshoring raises wage growth by 2.4 % in urban areas but by roughly 30 % in rural areas relative to average wage growth of incumbent workers in non-internationalizing firms. In contrast, backshoring increases wage growth vis-à-vis comparison workers by 10 % in urban areas compared to 1.5 % in rural areas. Together with the theoretical model predictions, these findings indicate that cost-driven gains from offshoring accrue disproportionately to peripheral regions, while productivity gains from recombining production stages through backshoring are concentrated in dense urban environments, where agglomeration economies and knowledge spillovers amplify returns.
