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Introduction
Following their first meeting in Düsseldorf in 1961, Joseph Beuys and Nam June Paik began their lifelong series of artistic collaborations so-called EURASIA. Sharing a common interest in Europe and Asia, they started to consider Europe (=West) and Asia (=East) as one continental culture, and tried to connect them as EURASIA.
Containing Europe and Asia, Eurasia is one continuous mass of land. Europe and Asia, or West and East are merely imaginary divisions, but once they are named Europe and Asia or West and East, this fixed division makes it difficult to understand that these two areas are in fact one continent with common roots, and that they developed through mutual influence. To realize the continuity of Europe and Asia and understand how to connect these two regions is becoming an urgent question.
In our globalized world, it is becoming impossible to uphold protection through the entity of the nation-state, which defines the enemy as being outside the nation. In order to find an alternative to the nation-state, we need to look back in history and restructure the world on a more abstract level; in other words, the sublation of Westphalian sovereignty which developed after the Thirty Years’ War is now required.
Also if Asia becomes one political entity, just as Europe is becoming one political entity, the tension between Europe and Asia will be intense; it will be no different from that between nations, which caused two World Wars. As Asia, a large part of which was once colonized by Europe, begins to gain political and economical power, it becomes necessary to prepare a plan to reconcile Europe and Asia. Meanwhile, if Eurasia is united as an expansion of the nation-state, the result may be regional hegemony with a one-sided national perspective, similar to that of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere led by the Empire of Japan. The Eurasian Economic Union led by Vladimir Putin’s Russian Federation threatens to make the same mistake. Bearing in mind the fact that the bloc economy triggered World War II, to connect Europe and Asia while eschewing regional hegemony will be crucial for our co-existence in the 21st century.
Having endured World War II, both Joseph Beuys and Nam June Paik were aware of the contradictions of modernity and the nation-state which originated in Europe. They reflected on how to overcome divisions such as those between nations, between Europe and Asia in colonial history, and between East and West during the Cold War at that time. Eliminating borders, Beuys and Paik’s utopian vision of EURASIA is an abstract and archetypical metaphor for connecting Europe and Asia, West and East, or two opposite things into one, and it will give us a hint on how to overcome the divisions caused by modernity.
Als Ergebnis der internationalen Tagung „Artistic Needs and Institutional Desires“ im November 2015 im Haus der Kulturen der Welt erscheint nun eine überarbeitete Version des Arbeitspapiers zur Veranstaltung.
Der erste Teil der Publikation beherbergt eine Zusammenfassung der geführten Diskussionen und ihrer Ergebnisse, die in den vier Arbeitsgruppen, die sich zu der Tagung in Berlin zusammenfanden, erarbeitet wurden. Im zweiten Teil folgt das vollständige Arbeitspapier, das vor Beginn der Tagung an alle Teilnehmer ausgehändigt wurde, inklusive kleiner Einführungen in die beteiligten Programme sowie thematischer Vorlagen für die vier Arbeitsgruppen.
Die Publikation ist eine in der Form einzigartige Zusammenfassung künstlerischer Drittzyklus-Programme und dokumentiert die vielschichtigen Diskussionen und Reflektionen, die die Begegnung im Haus der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin hervorgerufen hat.
This thesis investigates and describes the design and structural behaviour of elastic gridshells. Elastic gridshells are shell structures composed of a single- or multi-layer grid of continuous profiles, which are initially straight and will be progressively bent until achieving an architecturally and structurally satisfactory geometry. Usually used as medium to large span surface structures, elastic gridshells present a wide variety in their surface geometry, grid configuration and materiality. One important structural criterion of elastic gridshells is the high residual stress to which they are subjected after the bending process. Using materials with high limit strain, the residual utilisation rate can be reduced. In the first part of the work, the structural aspects to be considered on the design procedure of elastic gridshells are described and identified on existing design approaches. Then, the mechanical properties of available materials, suitable for elastic gridshells, have been compared and application examples have been presented and illustrated.
Elastic gridshells offer significant cost and time advantages during the production, transport and construction processes. Nevertheless, the shaping of the initially flat grid also generates important bending stresses on the structures, reducing therewith their bearing capacity against external loads. In order to diminish the initial stresses, profiles with low sections and materials with low modulus of elasticity are usually chosen. However, this leads to a reduction of the global stiffness of the gridshell which can result in stability problems. With an optimisation of the grid pattern - orientation and arrangement of the grid profiles - a minimisation of the profiles’ curvature can be obtained and the load-bearing capacity of the gridshells improved. In the second part of the thesis, an optimisation method based on variational principles for regular and irregular gridshells is proposed and different case studies presented. The aim of using variational principles is to establish extremal functions which minimize the value of quantities related to particular grid properties. These properties are: the curvature of the profiles, the distance to a target surface geometry and the deviation of the edge lengths from a desired mesh size. The advantage of this method is that weighting factors can be applied to the grid parameters to be minimised, so that a variety of grid configurations can be established responding to different specific requirements.
The bending process and load-bearing behaviour of elastic gridshells can be analysed using three-dimensional finite element models. During the shaping of the profiles, internal forces are induced on the structure, so that the final equilibrium shape of the gridshell will be attained once its edges have been fixed, the bracing elements have been assembled and the external shaping forces have been removed. The goal of the numerical analysis is to quantitatively evaluate the geometry and material stresses resulting from the shaping process and the load-bearing capacity of the gridshell under external loading. In the third part of the thesis, the influence of the orientation and arrangement of the grid profiles on the residual stresses after erection process and on the distribution of forces and deformability of the gridshell under external loading are analysed on three regular anticlastic gridshells with varying grid pattern. Moreover, the potential and limitations of using tensile membranes as restraining and at the same time covering element of elastic gridshells are studied on a hemispheric regular elastic gridshell.
Numerical techniques are commonly used for the calculation of stress distributions and displacements of complex indeterminate bearing structures. Nevertheless, to model the elements they are composed of and the connection properties between them, simplifications and approximations are done. The purpose of the fourth and last part of the work is to analyse the influence of these simplifications on the results of the simulation and thereby recalibrate and benchmark the numerical models with physical prototypes. Two gridshells composed of GFRP profiles have been built: an irregular hemisphere of 10 m diameter, braced with a third layer of profiles, and a regular hemisphere of 5 m diameter, restraint with a tensile membrane. The prototypes have been loaded symmetrically and asymmetrically applying point loads at the grid nodes and the resulting nodal displacements have been compared to those calculated with the numerical models.
My doctoral thesis with the title „Rebuilt Rubble - Community Gardens in the South Bronx from 1970s to the 21st century: Common land use in the inner city from a socio-economic open space planning perspective” is focused on the assumption that people are longing for and are committed to a common urban open space land use form in the inner city – a hypothesis that I investigated by analyzing the development of community gardens in the study area South Bronx from the 1970s to the 21st century.
My thesis is contextualized in the research fields of social open space planning and urban design. The analysis is based on qualitative data collection that encompasses census data, plans, open interviews and participatory observation and includes the discussion of secondary literature regarding community gardens and urban open space development in the South Bronx.
Since the urbanization and industrialization at the end of the nineteenth century residential space in densely build-up inner cities, and especially in low-income neighborhoods, has been reduced often to a minimum, and privately usable open space is absent in many cases. Starting with the global economic recession of the 1970s in the urban centers of North American cities such as New York City there have been privately, but collectively used gardens created on public open land. These so called community gardens were started by low-income residents on vacant property lots in the vicinity of their apartments in order to improve their quality of life and in answer to the “neglect” of their neighborhoods by the government and municipality. Today there are about 600 community gardens in the metropolitan area of New York City and 44 gardens alone in the area called South Bronx, the study area of my thesis.
I analyze in my thesis the development of this common land use in the study area South Bronx from a social-economic and open planning perspective. The case study of my research is focused on community gardening and the “casita”, the small hut that low-income residents with Latin American and Caribbean cultural background build themselves out of found and recycled materials in many community gardens in the South Bronx.
My thesis researches the development of community gardens in the South Bronx since the 1970s influenced by often conflicting interests of various land use groups, residents and city planning agendas until today. It is a document of the humans’ need for common urban open space land use and of their commitment to the community garden land use form in the inner city.
Encountering the Digital: Representational and Experiential Embodiment in Tangible User Interfaces
(2014)
This dissertation is concerned with the concept of »embodiment« in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). It investigates the issue by the means of Research Through Design
(RTD).
The notion of »embodiment« has many meanings in HCI. It is therefore the aim of this work to contribute to its clarification. I propose a distinction between two major meanings: »embodiment« in the sense of »representation« and »embodiment« in the sense of how the experience of one’s socio-physical world is fundamentally grounded in having a living body. I propose to name these two meanings »representational embodiment« and »experiential embodiment«.
Having separated the two meanings, I then look at those moments in which they encounter: I investigate moments in which »embodied« users face »embodiments« of digital information. These moments of encounter appear to be a central aspect of Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs), which are often concerned with making digital information graspable. Therefore, I focus on TUIs, pursuing the question of how the design of the »representational embodiments« of digital information affects the user’s experience of the interaction.
RTD is a research concept that promises to offer a new, »designerly« perspective on a subject matter. There are different approaches to RTD, of which I have chosen Findeli’s model of Project-Grounded Research (PGR). I introduce RTD and PGR, contextualising them in their historical context. I underline the central roles of the prototype and the »project« in PGR. I also relate RTD to its academic reference points: action research and grounded theory. Afterwards, I transform my research question into a design question, namely how the »embodiments« of digital information could be designed in a way that is oriented to the users’ »embodiment«.
In everyday language, physical (e. g. »disk size«, »data mining«) and social metaphors (»smart phone«, »battery life«) are often used to describe concepts of interacting with digital information. These metaphors form the starting point of my investigation into TUIs that make digital information graspable through socio-physical manifestations – through shape change, weight shift, and life-like signals. I describe the prototypes and report several previous studies that were conducted with them. These assess, for example, the accuracy at which users could feel the shifted weight on the phone’s inside, or the experiences of users carrying the »living mobile« for a weekend.
I then report a comparative study of the three prototypes and three vibration-based comparison prototypes. In this study, I make use of the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT). RGT is based on so-called »personal constructs«, which the users name themselves, as to describe the prototypes (e. g. »knowledge required – easy to understand«, »biological – technical«, »exciting – boring«). The users then use their own personal constructs to rate the prototypes. The findings of the RGT study indicate that the interaction with the Shape-Changing Mobile, Weight-Shifting Mobile, and Ambient Life prototypes was experienced by the users as novel and interesting, but at times also as irritating, and even annoying. The mixed results from this study can be described as three »two-sided coins«: the interaction with the prototypes was rated as rich in associations, but requiring prior knowledge and, at times, disappointing. It was rated as permanent, but at times annoying. Lastly, it was described as cute, but sometimes creepy.
I conclude that the encounter of »representational embodiment« and »experiential embodiment« can open a conceptual space for interaction design that is rich in opportunities, but also rich in challenges. It is this space that I set out to explore with this dissertation.
In summary, the main contributions of this dissertation are a separation of different meanings of »embodiment« in HCI and a study of TUI prototypes that explore the encounter of these meanings.