TY - JOUR A1 - Egerer, Jonas A1 - Grimm, Veronika A1 - Niazmand, Kiana A1 - Runge, Philipp T1 - The economics of global green ammonia trade – "Shipping Australian wind and sunshine to Germany" JF - Applied Energy N2 - This paper contributes to understanding the transformation of global energy trade to green energy carriers, focusing on green ammonia as the foreseeable first green hydrogen carrier. We provide a comprehensive overview of today's ammonia trade and assess scaling options for the trade of green ammonia. To that aim, we develop an optimization model for the integrated assessment of the green ammonia value chain that covers all steps from green ammonia production in an exporting country, up to delivery to a harbor in an importing country. The model endogenously chooses among different technology options and determines cost minimal operation. In a case study, we apply the model to the large-scale import of ammonia from Australia to Germany in a scenario for 2030. The results show that green ammonia can reach cost parity with gray ammonia even for moderate gas prices (but not necessarily with blue ammonia) if CO2 prices are high enough. We also provide a sensitivity analysis with respect to the interest rate and other key technical and economic parameters and show that cracking ammonia to provide pure hydrogen comes at a 45 % cost markup per MWh at the destination. KW - green ammonia KW - ammonia trade KW - optimization model KW - case study Australia to Germany Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120662 VL - 334 ER -