@unpublished{RungeSoelchAlbertetal.2020, author = {Runge, Philipp and S{\"o}lch, Christian and Albert, Jakob and Wasserscheid, Peter and Z{\"o}ttl, Gregor and Grimm, Veronika}, title = {Economic comparison of electric fuels produced at excellent locations for renewable energies: A Scenario for 2035}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The use of electric fuels (e-fuels) enables CO2-neutral mobility and opens therefore an alternative to fossil-fuel-fired engines or battery-powered electric motors. This paper compares the cost-effectiveness of Fischer-Tropsch diesel, methanol, and hydrogen stored as cryogenic liquid (LH2) or in form of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). The production cost of those fuels are to a large extent driven by the energy-intensive electrolytic water splitting. The option of producing e-fuels in Germany competes with international locations with excellent conditions for renewable energy harvesting and thus very low levelized cost of electricity. We developed a mathematical model that covers the entire process chain. Starting with the production of the required resources such as fresh water, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, electrical and thermal energy, the subsequent chemical synthesis, the transport to filling stations in Germany and finally the energetic utilization of the fuels in the vehicle. We found that the choice of production site can have a major impact on the mobility cost using the respective fuels. Especially in case of diesel production, the levelized cost of electricity driven by the full load hours of the applied renewable energy source have a huge impact. An LOHC-based system is shown to be less dependent on the kind of electricity source compared to other technologies due to its comparatively low electricity consumption and the low cost for the hydrogenation units. The length of the transportation route and the price of the filling station infrastructure, on the other hand, clearly increase mobility cost for LOHC and LH2.}, language = {en} } @article{RungeSoelchAlbertetal.2019, author = {Runge, Philipp and S{\"o}lch, Christian and Albert, Jakob and Wasserscheid, Peter and Z{\"o}ttl, Gregor and Grimm, Veronika}, title = {Economic comparison of different electric fuels for energy scenarios in 2035}, series = {Applied Energy}, journal = {Applied Energy}, number = {233-234}, doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.023}, pages = {1078 -- 1093}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Electric fuels (e-fuels) enable CO2-neutral mobility and are therefore an alternative to battery-powered electric vehicles. This paper compares the cost-effectiveness of Fischer-Tropsch diesel, methanol and Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers. The production costs of those fuels are to a large part driven by the energy-intensive electrolytic hydrogen production. In this paper, we apply a multi-level electricity market model to calculate future hourly electricity prices for various electricity market designs in Germany for the year 2035. We then assess the economic efficiency of the different fuels under various future market conditions. In particular, we use the electricity price vectors derived from an electricity market model calibrated for 2035 as an input for a mathematical model of the entire process chain from hydrogen production and chemical bonding to the energetic utilization of the fuels in a vehicle. Within this model, we perform a sensitivity analysis, which quantifies the impact of various parameters on the fuel production cost. Most importantly, we consider prices resulting from own model calculations for different energy market designs, the investment cost for the electrolysis systems and the carbon dioxide purchase price. The results suggest that the use of hydrogen, which is temporarily bound to Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers, is a favorable alternative to the more widely discussed synthetic diesel and methanol.}, language = {en} } @article{EgererGrimmNiazmandetal.2023, author = {Egerer, Jonas and Grimm, Veronika and Niazmand, Kiana and Runge, Philipp}, title = {The economics of global green ammonia trade - "Shipping Australian wind and sunshine to Germany"}, series = {Applied Energy}, volume = {334}, journal = {Applied Energy}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120662}, pages = {15}, year = {2023}, abstract = {This paper contributes to understanding the transformation of global energy trade to green energy carriers, focusing on green ammonia as the foreseeable first green hydrogen carrier. We provide a comprehensive overview of today's ammonia trade and assess scaling options for the trade of green ammonia. To that aim, we develop an optimization model for the integrated assessment of the green ammonia value chain that covers all steps from green ammonia production in an exporting country, up to delivery to a harbor in an importing country. The model endogenously chooses among different technology options and determines cost minimal operation. In a case study, we apply the model to the large-scale import of ammonia from Australia to Germany in a scenario for 2030. The results show that green ammonia can reach cost parity with gray ammonia even for moderate gas prices (but not necessarily with blue ammonia) if CO2 prices are high enough. We also provide a sensitivity analysis with respect to the interest rate and other key technical and economic parameters and show that cracking ammonia to provide pure hydrogen comes at a 45 \% cost markup per MWh at the destination.}, language = {en} }