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Quantum dots allow the generation of charge carriers upon illumination. When these particles are attached to an electrode a photocurrent can be generated. This allows their use as a light-switchable layer on the surface. The QDs can not only exchange electronics with the electrode, but can also interact with donor or acceptor compounds in solution providing access to the construction of signal chains starting from an analytic molecule. The magnitude and the direction of the photocurrent depend on several factors such as electrode polarization, solution pH and composition. These defined dependencies have been evaluated with respect to the combination of QD-electrodes with enzyme reactions for sensorial purpose. CdSe/ZnS-QD-modified electrodes can be used to follow enzymatic reactions in solution based on the oxygen sensitivity. In order to develop a photoelectrochemical biosensor, e.g. glucose oxidase is immobilized on the CdSe/ZnS-electrode. One immobilization strategy applies the layer-by-layer-technique of GOD and a polyelectrolyte. Photocurrent measurements of such a sensor show a clear concentration dependent behavior. The principle of combing QD oxidase. The sensitivity of quantum dot electrodes can be influenced by additional nanoparticles, but also by multiple layers of the QDs. In another direction of research it can be influenced by additional nanoparticles, but also by multiple layers of the QDs. In another direction of research it can be demonstrated that direct electron transfer from excited quantum dots can be achieved with the redox protein cytochrome c. This allows the detection of the protein, but also interaction partners such as a enzymes or superoxide.
The formation of periodical nanostructures with femtosecond laser pulses was used to create highly efficient substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). We report about the structuring of silver and copper substrates and their application to the SERS of DNA (herring sperm) and protein molecules (egg albumen). The maximum enhancement factors were found on Ag substrates processed with the second harmonic generation (SHG) of a 1-kHz Ti:sapphire laser and structure periods near the SHG wavelength. In the case of copper, however, the highest enhancement was obtained with long-period ripples induced with at fundamental wavelength. This is explained by an additional significant influence of nanoparticles on the surface. Nanostructured areas in the range of 1.25 mm2 were obtained in 10 s. The surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fast Fourier Transform and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the role of the chemical modification of the metal structures is addressed. Thin oxide layers resulting from working in atmosphere which improve the biocompatibility were indicated by vibration spectra. It is expected that the detailed study of the mechanisms of laser-induced nanostructure formation will stimulate further applications of functionalized surfaces like photocatalysis, selective chemistry and nano-biology.
V2V communication enables a plethora of cooperative applications aimed at reducing road hazard situations as well as enhancing traffic efficiency and individual driving comfort, expanding therewith the boundaries of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). These applications will be supported by IEEE 802.11p, a standard operating in the 5.9 GHz frequency band and adapted for the highly dynamic vehicular environment.
The focus of this work is V2V safety applications, which have already gained a major attention from the industry, academia, as well as standardization bodies. Being a subject of wireless communication the performance of V2V applications directly depends on the communication link quality and the packet distribution pattern. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to develop an effective communication link reliability assessment method and analyze to what extent V2V communication is feasible to satisfy the reliability requirements of safety applications. Furthermore, we investigate the effectiveness of the proposed assessment method when applied for real-time communication link reliability prediction.
In particular, in this work we establish the link between classical network performance metrics and specific application reliability requirements and derive a set of advanced assessment metrics. Afterwards, we investigate through these metrics how different environmental factors affect application reliability based on the measurement data, which was obtained in elaborated real-world measurement campaigns and in different non-line-of-sight scenarios. Using the suggested metrics further in this work
we additionally analyze the achievable application reliability of the V2V safety applications in congested network scenarios through the simulation study. Based on these results we also define the most favorable combinations of the network parameters to support reliable operation of these applications.
Finally, in this thesis we examine to what extent the suggested metrics are suitable for applications while operating in real time. We develop and implement two frameworks for prediction of the communication link reliability, based on the data that was obtained over the 4.5 months of the simTD project field trials. Furthermore, we apply both frameworks to other measurement data, which was obtained outside the simTD project and assess the effectiveness of both frameworks under independent realistic
conditions.
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are reported for more than 1,000 plant species worldwide. Only a few genome sequences are available in contrast to the economical importance of these bacterial pathogens. A new strategy was used to retrieve phytoplasma strain-specific genome data. Multiple displacement amplification was performed on DNA obtained from <3 g of plant tissue from tobacco and parsley samples infected with ‘stolbur' strains. Random hexamers and Phi29 polymerase were evaluated with and without supplementation by group-assigned oligonucleotides providing templates for Illumina's sequencing approach. Metagenomic drafts derived from individual and pooled strain-specific de novo assemblies were analyzed. Supplementation of the Phi29 reaction with the group-assigned oligonucleotides resulted in an about 2-fold enrichment of the percentage of phytoplasma-assigned reads and thereby improved assembly results. The obtained genomic drafts represent the largest datasets available from ‘stolbur' phytoplasmas. Sequences of the two strains (558 kb, 448 proteins and 516 kb, 346 proteins, respectively) were annotated allowing the identification of prominent membrane proteins and reconstruction of core pathways. Analysis of a putative truncated sucrose phosphorylase provides hints on sugar degradation. Furthermore, it is shown that drafts obtained from repetitive-rich genomes allow only limited analysis on multicopy regions and genome completeness.
Vacancy-type defects created by helium implantation in tungsten and their impact on the nano-hardness characteristics were investigated by correlating the results from the positron annihilation spectroscopy and the nano-indentation technique. Helium implantation was performed at room temperature (RT) and at an elevated temperate of 600 °C. Also, the effect of post-annealing of the RT implanted sample was studied. The S parameter characterizing the open volume in the material was found to increase after helium irradiation and is significantly enhanced for the samples thermally treated at 600 °C either by irradiation at high temperature or by post-annealing. Two types of helium-vacancy defects were detected after helium irradiation; small defects with high helium-to-vacancy ratio (low S parameter) for RT irradiation and large defects with low helium-to-vacancy ratio (high S parameter) for thermally treated tungsten. The hardness of the heat treated tungsten coincides with the S parameter, and hence is controlled by the large helium-vacancy defects. The hardness of tungsten irradiated at RT without thermal treatment is dominated by manufacturing related defects such as dislocation loops and impurity clusters and additionally by trapped He atoms from irradiation effects, which enhance hardness. He-stabilized dislocation loops mainly cause the very high hardness values in RT irradiated samples without post-annealing.
Wenn nur noch Zahlen zählen
(2014)
Drittmittel sind beispielhaft dafür, wie im New Public Management wissenschaftliche Leistung losgelöst von inhaltlichem Verständnis mittels Kennzahlen „gemessen” wird und zu welchen Nebenwirkungen die Steuerung der Hochschulen nach solchen Zahlen führt. Der Laie staunt, den Naturwissenschaftler schüttelt es, aber Politiker und Betriebswirte finden es prima, denn Zahlen wirken objektiv und jeder kann mitreden.
City governments around the world have increasingly engaged in “smart city” initiatives. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are at the core of these initiatives. City governments appear to play impor-tant roles in making the urban spaces, in which they are embedded, more attractive, more competitive, more livable, and smarter. The authors interviewed City officials in Munich, Germany, and asked for the definitions of “smart city,” which they then compared to Munich’s smart city-related program. While the practitioners’ definitions differed in part from those in the academic literature, the smart city overhaul program at Munich city government had a direct relationship to the practitioners’ understanding of smartness. The authors por-tray and discuss the City of Munich institutional architecture overhaul and its expected and realized benefits, and compare the results to those of an earlier study on the City of Seattle. Both city governments evidently pursue different approaches, the effectiveness of which can more readily be assessed only at a future point of the smart city evolution.
This concept paper looks at the potential of open standards and web services as a basis for innovation. It illustrates the capabilities and characteristics of open data in a conceptual way, comparing hierarchies and heterarchies as coordination models. Moreover, it will seek to show that the Web 2.0 technologies basically follow the same principles and coordination structures as the social models of collaborative knowledge generation and innovation, using open data as a foundation. The point is to make clear to what extent and in what form open data, open standards, and distributed applications are effective as a starting point for ‘distributed knowledge work’.
In der elektronischen Kommunikationsumgebung von Bibliotheken existiert eine Vielfalt von Informationsressourcen in jeglicher Form, die hochaktuell und dank Discoverysystemen größtenteils inhaltlich vollständig durchsuchbar sind. Vor diesem informationstechnischen Hintergrund zeigt sich die erstaunliche Stärke von tradierten Erschließungsinstrumenten. Allerdings endet der Mehrwert dieser sacherschließenden Metadaten dort, wo bibliothekarische Daten aufhören. Die intellektuell basierte Verschlagwortung kann aufgrund der stetig anwachsenden Datenmenge aus unterschiedlichen Informationsräumen nicht mehr bewältigt werden. Für den Einsatz eines kontrollierten Vokabulars, welches semantische Kontextinformationen transportieren kann und automatisierte Verfahren dank entsprechender Datenmodellierung unterstützt, ist ein Thesaurus das Mittel der Wahl. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den Mehrwert von Thesauri in Discoverysystemen, beschreibt den Vorgang der Thesauruserstellung mit dem Schwerpunkt der Auswahl von Vokabularmanagementsystemen im Linked-Data-Kontext und stellt die verschiedenen Ansätze der Integration eines Thesaurus in das vor Ort verwendete Discoverysystem WILBERT vor.
The transport sector is one of the main emitters of greenhouse gas emissions. The awareness about this is increasing because of heightened environmental sensitivity among customers, politicians and the media. Studies dealing with sustainability in logistics have been inducted to show that companies around the world are keen to promote “green solutions” through the management of logistics. From now, it is difficult to gauge how far these efforts reflect true desire to help the environment as opposed to enhance public relations. The paper addresses an IT based attempt to evaluate and promote intermodal transport procedures in the corridor of Central and Southeast Europe. Through the assessment of the relative importance of intermodal transport nodes the described tool is a useful instrument to demonstrate the most important advantages for environmental friendly transport solutions. In combination with accessibility as well as network scenario attempts stakeholders have full information available when preparing several transport plans due to transparent strengths of rail and inland waterway transports.