660 Chemische Verfahrenstechnik
Refine
Document Type
- Article (12)
- Article in a Periodical of the TH Wildau (11)
- Preprint (1)
Year of publication
Institute
Has Fulltext
- yes (24)
Keywords
- CAD/CAM (1)
- CHO (1)
- DNA (1)
- HTS (1)
- NGS (1)
- adaptive evolution (1)
- annotation (1)
- bio application (1)
- biosensor (1)
- cell culture (1)
In-vitro cell culture offers the ability to grow individual cells and monitor their behaviour in a controlled environment over a certain time. During culture, different parameters have to be controlled to ensure a vital growth of cells. The most important parameters are temperature, pH-value, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels as well as the glucose concentration. All of these parameters influence the growth ability of the cell culture and should be monitored online. The online monitoring of glucose was achieved with a novel GOD based sensor which enabled a real-time measurement of glucose during cell culture. A first-time characterisation of the sensor was carried out in the culture medium DMEM. In addition, material properties of the culture system were investigated. At first to establish a baseline measurement, the sensor was placed in different glucose concentrations dissolved in Water-KCl mixture at 25 °C inside a batch chamber under constant stirring. Afterwards, the temperature was increased to 37 °C to simulate a cell culture environment. In addition, the system was transferred into a flow-through reaction chamber. The highest response signal and the most stable signal was achieved at 37 °C with DMEM during flow-through measurement. Based on these measurements online glucose monitoring in cell culture was possible to determine the glucose consumption for each cell which is important for future human-on-a-chip devices to prevent diabetic metabolisms.
Bioreactor systems for cultivating cells in Life Sciences have been widely used for decades. Recently, there is a trend towards miniaturization, disposables and even micro platforms that fulfill increasing demands strongly aiming for production and testing of novel pharmaceutical products. Miniaturized bioreactors allow low power consumption, portability and reduced space requirements and utilize smaller volumes of reagents and samples [1,2]. A recursive strategy is necessary for optimizing the design and the manufacture of such miniaturized bioreactors. For the fabrication of these prototypes utilized micro-milling. Micro milling is a mechanical process which is commonly applied to create micro-structures in metals, e.g. aluminum and steel, or polymers, e.g. poly carbonate substrates. The structures and geometries are generated by utilizing computer aided design. By means of computer-aided manufacturing, the machining operations are implemented and then transferred to the machine tool. The machine tool moves the cutting tools with certain speeds, feeds and traverse ranges to the substrate. Micro milling has the advantage that the materials are generally not degraded by chemical substances, heating procedures or electromagnetic radiation.
Modern cell culture as well as sophisticated bio-applications involve complex biochemical processes, which are required to induce growth, product development or material degradation. Tracking the reaction processes inside the application presents a major challenge due to its complexity. The development of new analysis and tracking mechanisms for such application presents a solution to fully understand the process. In addition, the applied sensors are required to monitor the reactions enable a live tracking of the process. Furthermore, this gives the opportunity to influence and manipulate reactions to further enhance the application of the process. Possible analytes for tracking during processes can be chemical origin such as glucose, cytokines, antibiotics and growth factors, which are included in the culture medium. Based on the complexity of the culture or bio-application the sensor tracking mechanism has to be adapted to ensure full process control. A variety of different approaches can be used for the tracking mechanism.
Three building blocks have been designed to chemically link to a gold surface and vertically self-assemble through thymine–adenine hydrogen bonds. Starting from these building blocks, two different films were engineered on gold surface. Film 1 consists of adenine linked to lipoic acid (Lipo–A) to covalently bind to the gold surface, and ZnTPP linked to a thymine (T–ZnTPP). Film 2 has an additional noncovalently linked layer: a helical undecapeptide analogue of the trichogin GA IV peptide, in which four glycines were replaced by four lysines to favor a helical conformation and reduce flexibility and the two extremities were functionalized with thymine and adenine to enable Lipo–A and T–ZnTPP binding, respectively. These films were characterized by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques, and were very stable over time and when in contact with solution. Under illumination, they could generate current with higher efficiency than similar previously described systems.
In this work, the fabrication and characterization of a simple, inexpensive, and effective microfluidic paper analytic device (µPAD) for monitoring DNA samples is reported. The glass microfiber-based chip has been fabricated by a new wax-based transfer-printing technique and an electrode printing process. It is capable of moving DNA effectively in a time-dependent fashion. The nucleic acid sample is not damaged by this process and is accumulated in front of the anode, but not directly on the electrode. Thus, further DNA processing is feasible. The system allows the DNA to be purified by separating it from other components in sample mixtures such as proteins. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that DNA can be moved through several layers of the glass fiber material. This proof of concept will provide the basis for the development of rapid test systems, e.g., for the detection of pathogens in water samples.
We report on a photobioelectrochemical fuel cell consisting of a glucose‐oxidase‐modified BiFeO3 photobiocathode and a quantum‐dot‐sensitized inverse opal TiO2 photobioanode linked to FAD glucose dehydrogenase via a redox polymer. Both photobioelectrodes are driven by enzymatic glucose conversion. Whereas the photobioanode can collect electrons from sugar oxidation at rather low potential, the photobiocathode shows reduction currents at rather high potential. The electrodes can be arranged in a sandwich‐like manner due to the semi‐transparent nature of BiFeO3, which also guarantees a simultaneous excitation of the photobioanode when illuminated via the cathode side. This tandem cell can generate electricity under illumination and in the presence of glucose and provides an exceptionally high OCV of about 1 V. The developed semi‐artificial system has significant implications for the integration of biocatalysts in photoactive entities for bioenergetic purposes, and it opens up a new path toward generation of electricity from sunlight and (bio)fuels.
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are reported for more than 1,000 plant species worldwide. Only a few genome sequences are available in contrast to the economical importance of these bacterial pathogens. A new strategy was used to retrieve phytoplasma strain-specific genome data. Multiple displacement amplification was performed on DNA obtained from <3 g of plant tissue from tobacco and parsley samples infected with ‘stolbur' strains. Random hexamers and Phi29 polymerase were evaluated with and without supplementation by group-assigned oligonucleotides providing templates for Illumina's sequencing approach. Metagenomic drafts derived from individual and pooled strain-specific de novo assemblies were analyzed. Supplementation of the Phi29 reaction with the group-assigned oligonucleotides resulted in an about 2-fold enrichment of the percentage of phytoplasma-assigned reads and thereby improved assembly results. The obtained genomic drafts represent the largest datasets available from ‘stolbur' phytoplasmas. Sequences of the two strains (558 kb, 448 proteins and 516 kb, 346 proteins, respectively) were annotated allowing the identification of prominent membrane proteins and reconstruction of core pathways. Analysis of a putative truncated sucrose phosphorylase provides hints on sugar degradation. Furthermore, it is shown that drafts obtained from repetitive-rich genomes allow only limited analysis on multicopy regions and genome completeness.
Xylose is a general component of O-glycans in mammals. Core-xylosylation of N-glycans is only found in plants and helminth. Consequently, xylosylated N-glycans cause immunological response in humans. We have used the F-protein of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the main causes of respiratory tract infection in infants and elderly, as a model protein for vaccination. The RSV-F protein was expressed in CHO-DG44 cells, which were further modified by co-expression of β1,2-xylosyltransferase from Nicotiana tabacum. Xylosylation of RSV-F N-glycans was shown by monosaccharide analysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In immunogenic studies with a human artificial lymph node model, the engineered RSV-F protein revealed improved vaccination efficacy.
Auf der Grundlage des Gesetzes zur Förderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der umweltverträglichen Beseitigung von Abfällen (KrW-/AbfG) fordert der Gesetzgeber eine zunehmende Verwertung von Abfällen und die auf Grund von Verordnungen oder freiwilligen Rücknahmeverptlichtungen der Industrie existierenden Verwertungsquoten einzuhalten. Eine Verordnung, die für dieses Thema von Bedeutung ist, ist die Verordnung über die Vermeidung von Verpackungsabfällen (VerpackV), eine weitere ist die freiwillige Rücknahmeverpflichtung der Industrie für Altkraftfahrzeuge.
Nach der VerpackV hat die Duales System Deutschland GmbH (DSD) als Garantiegeber zur Einhaltung der Verordnung für Kunststoffe aus der Sammlung eine Verwertungsquote von 72% garantiert. Das bedeutet, daß jährlich ca. 800.000 t Kunststoffe aus der Verpackung verwertet werden müssen. Da in zunehmendem Maße Kunststoffe eingesetzt werden, steigt diese Menge, insbesondere bei den Kunststoffflaschen. In diesem Kunststoffabfall sind alle Massenkunststoffe, dazu noch Verbundwerkstoffe und Gummi enthalten. Während die Polyolefine (Polypropylen und Polyethylen) durch Schwimm-Sink-Trennung weitestgehend abgetrennt werden können, gibt es derzeit für die restlichen Kunststoffe keine Verwertungsverfahren. In diesem Rest, jährlich ca. 135.000 t, sind jedoch wertvolle Materialien, vor allem Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) enthalten. Die PET-Menge macht hier mit ca. 65.000 t/a auch die größte Menge aus.
Farbstoffe aus den Wurzeln der Rubia tinctorum und anderer Krapp-Sorten zählten über Jahrtausende zu den wichtigsten Textilfarbstoffen. Sie wurden jedoch - bis auf einige Spezialanwendungen - von den preisgünstigeren synthetischen Farbstoffen verdrängt. Ein neues Umwelt- und Gesundheitsbewußtsein der Menschen führt neuerdings dazu, daß Pflanzenfarbstoffe seit einigen Jahren in besonderen Anwendungsbereichen der Textilienfärberei wieder zunehmend im industriellen Maßstab Interesse finden.