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To guarantee the safety of medical devices, including embedded systems, it is essential to consider both electronic components and the natural environment during validation and verification. In contrast to prior research, we present a hardware-in-the-loop environment that connects a real medical system to a biological model in real time for validation, including the modeling of the mechanical component of the heart valves in addition to the modeling of the electrical conduction and electrical stimulation of the heart chambers. Our model accounts for the dynamic adaptation of the temporal processes in the heart chambers to the pacing frequency of the individual chambers as a function of the action potential. This study investigates two additional risk factors affecting the heart under different conditions: pacemaker syndrome and electrical stimulation during the vulnerable phase. Both can be life-threatening to the patient if left untreated.
In implementing our concept on a physical pacemaker connected to our software-based model of the heart, we discovered that the test pacemaker was unable to generate the required heart rate in three of the scenarios we tested. Additionally, our tests revealed occurrences of pacemaker syndrome and stimulation in the vulnerable phase.
We are reporting on a project on duty rostering of a train operating company in Germany. There, in the past, rostering took place on a purely individual basis. As the goal of the project, the train drivers should work according to a set of 20 essentially fixed basic turni. These plans took into effect from January 2024 on.
In this extended abstract, we are focusing on a specific task that had to be resolved within the transition process. In particular, the fixed turni are intended to repeat periodically, most of them after 17 weeks. In particular, for that one turnus is equipped with train drivers in a balanced way, 17 employees have to be assigned to this turnus, each of them to one of the 17 different weeks of the turnus to start. To cover each day of the week, the weeks of the turnus typically differ in their number of working days.
Since the holidays of the train drivers had been already planned in advance, depending on the starting week, during the entire year, a smaller or larger number of working days of the turnus could be erased by the individual holidays. In order to preserve as many working days as necessary, a straightforward mixed-integer linear optimization problem has been designed and solved, to decide which train driver should start to work in which week of the turnus. The solution of this optimization run has been finally applied in practice.
This paper presents an integrated approach to explore human factors in the craft sector. The embedded use case consists of craft workshops being 3D-modelled and simulated so that different scheduling rules can be deployed. The connected VR visualization allows craft professionals to experience scheduling rules and their impact on different performance measurements in an environ-ment intuitively resembling their actual workshops. The lessons learned from the simulation modelling are collected and presented. A modular approach appears to be beneficial for simulation modelling, offering flexibility and pragmatism but detail when needed. Apart from this anecdotal evidence, the study is accompanied by interviews. These are analyzed based on abduction grounded theory which combines a strong focus on the actual corpus of qualitative data but considers theoretical foundations, when appropriate. This paper presents the study design, and how it interties with the research approach and the use case of simulation and virtual reality for carpentries.
The pattern of the activity of proteases is related to distinct physiological states of living organisms. Often activity changes of a certain protease can be assigned to a specific disease. Hence, they are useful biomarkers and a simple and fast determination method of their activity could be a valuable tool for the efficient monitoring of numerous diseases. Here, two different methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of protease activity are demonstrated using the model system of proteinase K. The first test system is based on a protein-modified and colored 3D silica structure that changes color when exposed to the enzyme. This method has also been used for the detection of matrix metallo-protease 2 (MMP2) with gelatine as protease substrate on the plates. The second detection system uses the decrease in the voltammetric signal of a cytochrome c/DNA multilayer electrode after incubation with a protease to quantitatively determine its proteolytic activity. While activities down to 0.15 U/ml can be detected with the first method, the second one provides detection limits of about 0.03 U/ml (for proteinase K.) The functionality of both systems can be demonstrated and ways for further enhancement of sensitivity have been elucidated.
In the field of neuroscience as well as in the clinical setting, the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is an analyte which is important for research as well as medical purposes. There are plenty of methods available to measure dopamine quantitatively, with voltammetric ones such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) being among the most convenient and simple ones. However, dopamine often occurs, either naturally or because of the requirements of involved enzymatic systems, alongside substances that can influence the signal it produces upon electrochemical conversion. An example for such substances is the magnesium ion, which itself is not electrochemically active in the potential range needed for DA oxidation, but influences the dopamine signal. We have characterized the properties of DPV signals subject to the interaction between DA and Mg2+ and show that, although these properties are changing in a nonlinear fashion when both concentrations are varying, relatively simple linear mathematical models can be used to determine dopamine concentrations quantitatively in the presence of magnesium ions. The focus of this study is thus, the mathematical treatment of experimental data in order to overcome an analytical problem and not the investigation of the chemical background of DA-Mg2+ interaction.
The objective of this paper, based on the characterization of Industry 5.0 and its implicit Education 5.0, is to deal with experiences with industrial engineers in training, in the Cuban university context, associated with the competencies to be developed in the process of "active learning", in the transition towards an industry 5.0 in Cuba. This Education 5.0 implies two aspects of competences: those of high cognition of technologies or work processes and those of organizational management. They will be developed through Education 5.0 associated with the enabling technologies of that evolved Industry 4.0 or 5.0. Observation was used as a method, covering both documentary analysis and the participant made by teachers and students in "active learning". As results of the investigation, the characteristics of this Industry with its Education 5.0 and the peculiarities that are evident in the training of industrial engineers are expressed.
Micro-Transfer printing (µTP) is a promising technique for hetero-integration of III-V materials into Si-based photonic platforms. To enhance the print yield by increasing the adhesion between the III-V material and Si or SiO2 surface, an adhesion promoter like Benzocyclobutene is typically used as interlayer. In this work, we demonstrate µTP of InP based coupons on SiO2 interlayer without any adhesive interlayer and investigate the mechanism of adhesive free bonding. Source coupons are InP-based coupon stacks on a sacrificial layer that is removed by a chemical wet etch with FeCl3. For the target we fabricated amorphous-Si waveguides on 8” wafer encapsulated by a High Density Plasma SiO2 which was planarized by a chemical mechanical polishing procedure. We used O2 plasma to activate both source and target to increase adhesion between coupon and substrate. To get a better understanding of the bonding mechanism we applied several surface characterization methods. Root mean square roughness of InP and SiO2 was measured by atomic force microscopy before and after plasma activation. The step height of the micro-transfer printed source coupon on the target wafer is estimated by optical step profiler. We used Raman peak position mappings of InP to analyze possible strain and contact angle measurements on SiO2, before and after plasma activation to observe a change in the hydrophilicity of the surface. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis was used to characterize the surface energy states of P2p, In3d, O1s for InP source and Si2p, O1s for SiO2 target. Our results demonstrate direct bonding of InP coupons by means of µTP without the need of a strain-compensation layer. In this way, a promising route towards Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor compatible use of µTP for the hetero-integration of InP is provided.
Implementing processes for traceability is required in various industries to assure product quality during manufacturing, provide evidence on required processing conditions or facilitate product recalls. Commonly, radio-frequency identification (RFID) or code recognition techniques (e.g. Data Matrix) are applied to track the flow of workpieces through a manufacturing system and link processing data accordingly. Although the analysis of tracking data is well-examined, we still see a gap in the research on the trade-off between data acquisition, data analytics and data quality. Here, we present a framework to increase the value of existing data by enabling data analytics while addressing common pitfalls and reducing the costs of data management.
The most common cause of incidents and accidents in aviation is linked to the category “Loss of Control Inflight” [1]. Remarkably in consequence this means that aircraft without any technical defect or such with manageable defects according to certification requirements are involved. The research project “Virtual Instructor for General Aviation” (VIGA) was aimed to validate an idea that addresses this problem by an entirely different approach. The idea can be best described by looking at the way a flight instructor takes decisions to intervene. A human pilot has an expectation of the maneuvers and the corresponding trajectories that can be flown in the future based on the present flight conditions. Decision making is based on the analysis of the consequences of the expectations. This approach is one of the key principles of the project, and is completely different to any known AFCS system.
Yet technical implementation requires considerable effort. Essentially it comprises a faster than real time simulation with an adequately accurate aerodynamic model of the particular aircraft in combination with a module to evaluate the results of the simulated exit trajectories. In consequence this idea requires an autopilot module capable of tracking the calculated three-dimensional trajectories which then resulted in the need to design and develop a completely new type of autopilot algorithm.
The objective of this project was to test and demonstrate principle functionality thereby also finding pathways determining future developments as well as to analyze system behavior. Therefore, the project was deliberately designed to help the pilot by depicting the solutions on the PFD. Direct intervention of the system with aircraft flight controls did not take place. This also raised the question of how to design an effective visual human interface.
Fortunately, all results proved to be very satisfying. The underlying idea could be validated and was demonstrated both in a simulation environment and in flight test. The path tracking algorithm was developed in a parallel project and also showed very satisfactory results, meeting all requirements.
The research on the new generation mobile networks is currently in the phase of defining the key technologies to make 6G successful. Hereby, the research project 6G NeXt is aiming to provide a tight integration between the communication network, consisting of the radio access as well as backbone network, and processing facilities. By the concept of split computing, the processing facilities are distributed over the entire backbone network, from centralised cloud to the edge cloud at a base station. Based on two demanding use cases, Smart Drones and Hologradic Communication, we investigate a joint communication and compute architecture that will make the application of tomorrow become reality.