@article{AkhoundiDowningVotypkaetal.2017, author = {Akhoundi, Mohammad and Downing, Tim and Vot{\´y}pka, Jan and Kuhls, Katrin and Lukeš, Julius and Cannet, Arnaud and Ravel, Christophe and Marty, Pierre and Delaunay, Pascal and Kasbari, Mohamed and Granouillac, Bruno and Gradoni, Luigi and Sereno, Denis}, title = {Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis}, series = {Molecular Aspects of Medicine}, volume = {57}, journal = {Molecular Aspects of Medicine}, issn = {0098-2997}, doi = {10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-9908}, pages = {1 -- 29}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.}, language = {en} } @article{AmroAlDwibeGashoutetal.2017, author = {Amro, Ahmad and Al-Dwibe, Hamida and Gashout, Aisha and Moskalenko, Olga and Galafin, Marlena and Hamarsheh, Omar and Frohme, Marcus and Jaeschke, Anja and Sch{\"o}nian, Gabriele and Kuhls, Katrin}, title = {Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya}, series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {11}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {9}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0005873}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-10054}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. CL is the most common form of leishmaniasis characterized by localized lesions in the skin and mucous membranes. The disease is prevalent in all countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In this paper, we describe spatiotemporal and eco-epidemiological parameters of CL in Libya. Moreover, we explored current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases and explored the future projection of the disease. Our study indicates the presence of higher risk of CL in the coastal regions of Libya. Future projection until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These scenarios should be considered by health authorities in order to develop appropriate intervention strategies and plan effective control programs.}, language = {en} } @article{BayBuschLisdatetal.2017, author = {Bay, Daniyah H. and Busch, Annika and Lisdat, Fred and Iida, Keisuke and Ikebukuro, Kazunori and Nagasawa, Kazuo and Karube, Isao and Yoshida, Wataru}, title = {Identification of G-quadruplex structures that possess transcriptional regulating functions in the Dele and Cdc6 CpG islands}, series = {BMC Molecular Biology}, volume = {18}, journal = {BMC Molecular Biology}, number = {17}, issn = {1471-2199}, doi = {10.1186/s12867-017-0094-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-9811}, year = {2017}, abstract = {G-quadruplex is a DNA secondary structure that has been shown to play an important role in biological systems. In a previous study, we identified 1998 G-quadruplex-forming sequences using a mouse CpG islands DNA microarray with a fluorescent-labeled G-quadruplex ligand. Among these putative G-quadruplex-forming sequences, G-quadruplex formation was verified for 10 randomly selected sequences by CD spectroscopy and DMS footprinting analysis. In this study, the biological function of the 10 G-quadruplex-forming sequences in the transcriptional regulation has been analyzed using a reporter assay.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fischbach2017, author = {Fischbach, Jens}, title = {Isothermale Amplifikationsmethoden f{\"u}r den DNA- und Pyrophosphat-abh{\"a}ngigen Pathogennachweis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-18314}, school = {Technische Hochschule Wildau}, pages = {125}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Etablierte Protein- und Nukleins{\"a}ure-basierte Methoden f{\"u}r den spezifischen Pathogennachweis sind nur unter standardisierten Laborbedingungen von geschultem Personal durchf{\"u}hrbar und daher mit einem hohen Zeit- und Kostenaufwand verbunden. In der Nukleins{\"a}ure-basierten Diagnostik kann durch die Einf{\"u}hrung der isothermalen Amplifikation eine schnelle und kosteng{\"u}nstige Alternative zur Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) verwendet werden. Die Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) bietet aufgrund der hohen Amplifikationseffizienz vielf{\"a}ltige Detektionsm{\"o}glichkeiten, die sowohl f{\"u}r Schnelltest- als auch f{\"u}r Monitoring-Anwendungen geeignet sind. Ein wesentliches Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Verbesserung der Anwendbarkeit der LAMP und die Entwicklung einer neuen Methode f{\"u}r den einfachen, schnellen und g{\"u}nstigen Nachweis von Pathogenen mittels alternativer DNA- oder Pyrophosphat-abh{\"a}ngiger Detektionsverfahren. Hier wurden zun{\"a}chst direkte und indirekte Detektionsmethoden untersucht und darauf aufbauend ein Verfahren entwickelt, mit dem neue Metallionen-abh{\"a}ngige Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe f{\"u}r die selektive Detektion von Pyrophosphat in der LAMP und anderen enzymatischen Reaktionen identifiziert werden k{\"o}nnen. Als Alternative f{\"u}r die DNA-basierte Detektion in der digitalen LAMP sollten die zuvor etablierten Farbstoffe f{\"u}r den Pyrophosphatnachweis in einer Emulsion getestet werden. Abschließend wurde ein neuer Reaktionsmechanismus f{\"u}r die effiziente Generierung hochmolekularer DNA unter isothermalen Bedingungen als Alternative zur LAMP entwickelt. Ergebnisse: F{\"u}r den Nachweis RNA- und DNA-basierter Phythopathogene konnte die Echtzeit- und Endpunktdetektion mit verschiedenen Farbstoffen in einem geschlossenen System etabliert werden. Hier wurde Berberin als DNA-interkalierender Fluoreszenzfarbstoff mit vergleichbarer Sensitivit{\"a}t zu SYBR Green und EvaGreen erfolgreich in der LAMP mit Echtzeitdetektion eingesetzt. Ein Vorteil von Berberin gegen{\"u}ber den anderen Farbstoffen ist die Toleranz der DNA-Polymerase auch bei hohen Farbstoffkonzentrationen. Berberin kann daher auch in der geschlossenen LAMP-Reaktion ohne zus{\"a}tzliche Anpassung der Reaktionsbedingungen f{\"u}r die Endpunktdetektion verwendet werden. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte Hydroxynaphtholblau (HNB), das f{\"u}r den kolorimetrischen Endpunktnachweis bekannt ist, erstmals auch f{\"u}r die fluorimetrische Detektion der LAMP in Echtzeit eingesetzt werden. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnten in der Arbeit weitere Metallionen-abh{\"a}ngige Farbstoffe zur indirekten Detektion der LAMP {\"u}ber das Pyrophosphat identifiziert werden. Daf{\"u}r wurde eine iterative Methode entwickelt, mit der potenzielle Farbstoffe hinsichtlich ihrer Enzymkompatibilit{\"a}t und ihrer spektralen Eigenschaften bei An- oder Abwesenheit von Manganionen selektiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Mithilfe eines kombinatorischen Screenings im Mikrotiterplattenformat konnte die komplexe Konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigkeit zwischen den einzelnen Komponenten f{\"u}r einen fluorimetrischen Verdr{\"a}ngungsnachweis untersucht werden. Durch die Visualisierung des Signal-Rausch-Verh{\"a}ltnis' als Intensit{\"a}tsmatrix (heatmap) konnten zun{\"a}chst Alizarinrot S und Tetrazyklin unter simulierten Reaktionsbedingungen selektiert werden. In der anschließenden enzymatischen LAMP-Reaktion konnte insbesondere Alizarinrot S als g{\"u}nstiger, nicht-toxischer und robuster Fluoreszenzfarbstoff identifiziert werden und zeigte eine Pyrophosphat-abh{\"a}ngige Zunahme der Fluoreszenzintensit{\"a}t. Die zuvor etablierten Farbstoffe (HNB, Calcein und Alizarinrot S) konnten anschließend erfolgreich f{\"u}r die indirekte, fluorimetrische Detektion von Pyrophosphat in einer LAMP-optimierten Emulsion eingesetzt werden. Die Stabilit{\"a}t und Homogenit{\"a}t der generierten Emulsion wurde durch den Zusatz des Emulgators Poloxamer 188 verbessert. Durch die fluoreszenzmikroskopische Analyse der Emulsion war eine eindeutige Diskriminierung der positiven und negativen Tr{\"o}pfchen vor allem bei Einsatz von Calcein und Alizarinrot S m{\"o}glich. Aufgrund des komplexen Primer-Designs und der hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit unspezifischer Amplifikation in der LAMP wurde eine neue Bst DNA-Polymerase-abh{\"a}ngige isothermale Amplifikationsreaktion entwickelt. Durch die Integration einer spezifischen Linkerstruktur (abasische Stelle oder Hexaethylenglykol) zwischen zwei Primersequenzen konnte ein bifunktioneller Primer die effiziente Regenerierung der Primerbindungsstellen gew{\"a}hrleisten. Der neue Primer induziert nach der spezifischen Hybridisierung auf dem Templat die R{\"u}ckfaltung zu einer Haarnadelstruktur und blockiert gleichzeitig die Polymeraseaktivit{\"a}t am Gegenstrang, wodurch eine autozyklische Amplifikation trotz konstanter Reaktionstemperatur m{\"o}glich ist. Die Effizienz der „Hinge-initiated Primer dependent Amplification" (HIP) konnte abschließend durch die Verk{\"u}rzung der Distanz zwischen einem modifizierten Hinge-Primer und einem PCR-{\"a}hnlichen Primer verbessert werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die LAMP hat sich aufgrund der hohen Robustheit und Effizienz zu einer leistungsf{\"a}higen Alternative f{\"u}r die klassische PCR in der molekularbiologischen Diagnostik entwickelt. Unterschiedliche Detektionsverfahren verbessern die Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit der qualitativen und quantitativen LAMP f{\"u}r die Feldanwendungen und f{\"u}r die Diagnostik, da die neuen DNA- und Pyrophosphat-abh{\"a}ngigen Nachweismethoden in einer geschlossenen Reaktion eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen und so eine einfache Pathogendiagnostik erm{\"o}glichen. Die gezeigten Methoden k{\"o}nnen dar{\"u}ber hinaus zu einer Kostensenkung und Zeitersparnis gegen{\"u}ber den herk{\"o}mmlichen Methoden beitragen. Ein attraktives Ziel stellt die Weiterentwicklung der HIP f{\"u}r den Pathogennachweis als Alternative zur LAMP dar. Hierbei k{\"o}nnen die neuen LAMP-Detektionsverfahren ebenfalls Anwendung finden. Die Verwendung von Bst DNA-Polymerase-abh{\"a}ngigen Reaktionen erm{\"o}glicht dar{\"u}ber hinaus die Integration einer robusten isothermalen Amplifikation in mikrofluidische Systeme. Durch die Kombination der Probenvorbereitung, Amplifikation und Detektion sind zuk{\"u}nftige Anwendungen mit kurzer Analysezeit und geringem apparativen Aufwand insbesondere in der Pathogendiagnostik m{\"o}glich.}, language = {de} } @article{FischbachFrohmeGloekler2017, author = {Fischbach, Jens and Frohme, Marcus and Gl{\"o}kler, J{\"o}rn}, title = {Hinge-initiated Primer-dependent Amplification of Nucleic Acids (HIP) - A New Versatile Isothermal Amplification Method}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {7}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-08067-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-9824}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The growing demand for cost-effective nucleic acid detection assays leads to an increasing number of different isothermal amplification reaction methods. However, all of the most efficient methods suffer from highly complex assay conditions due to the use of complicated primer sets and/or auxiliary enzymes. The present study describes the application of a new linker moiety that can be incorporated between a primer and a secondary target binding site which can act both as a block to polymerase extension as well as a hinge for refolding. This novel "hinge-primer" approach results in an efficient regeneration of the primer binding site and thus improves the strand-displacement and amplification process under isothermal conditions. Our investigations revealed that the reaction with forward and reverse hinge-primer including an abasic site is very efficient. The assay complexity can be reduced by combining the hinge-primer with a corresponding linear primer. Furthermore, the reaction speed can be increased by reducing the length of the amplified target sequence. We tested the sensitivity down to 104 copies and found a linear correlation between reaction time and input copy number. Our approach overcomes the usually cumbersome primer-design and extends the range of isothermal amplification methods using a polymerase with strand-displacement activity.}, language = {en} } @misc{GeringKoberBroedeletal.2017, author = {Gering, Vanessa and Kober, Liane and Br{\"o}del, Oliver and Koskei, Richard and Mugendi, Beatrice and Frohme, Marcus}, title = {LC-MS/MS als Methode zur Detektion und Quantifizierung der Inhaltsstoffe in Kaffee}, series = {Wissenschaftliche Beitr{\"a}ge 2017}, volume = {21}, journal = {Wissenschaftliche Beitr{\"a}ge 2017}, issn = {0949-8214}, doi = {10.15771/0949-8214_2017_1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-9362}, pages = {7 -- 12}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Kaffee ist das wohl popul{\"a}rste Heißgetr{\"a}nk weltweit. Zwei botanische Arten sind f{\"u}r den Weltmarkt von Bedeutung und unterscheiden sich bez{\"u}glich ihres Anbaugebietes und der Inhaltsstoffe. Kaffee enth{\"a}lt {\"u}ber 850 bisher identifizierte Aromastoffe, welche den Geschmack bilden. Außerdem haben die Prozessierung der geernteten Kirsche bis zur Bohne, das R{\"o}stprofil und das Aufbr{\"u}hen einen großen Einfluss darauf. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Auswirkung der Prozessierungsmethode auf ausgew{\"a}hlte Inhaltsstoffe mit Hilfe der Fl{\"u}sssig-Chromatographie-Tandem-Massenspektroskopie (LC-MS/MS) untersucht. Daf{\"u}r wurden drei Prozessierungsmethoden, die unterschiedlich viel Wasser f{\"u}r das Abl{\"o}sen des Fruchtfleisches von den Kaffeekirschen ben{\"o}tigen, und zwei Kultursorten miteinander verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen geringf{\"u}gig h{\"o}heren Gehalt der zwei wichtigsten Inhaltsstoffe Koffein und Chlorogens{\"a}ure in den Bohnen, bei deren Prozessierung im Eco-Pulper-Verfahren weniger Wasser eingesetzt wurde. Bis auf einen verringerten Gehalt an Saccharose wurde f{\"u}r weitere wichtige Inhaltsstoffe (Acrylamid, Niacin, Zitronens{\"a}ure und Vanillin) kein signifikanter Unterschied bei h{\"o}herem Wassereinsatz gefunden. Insofern man die untersuchten Inhaltsstoffe als Qualit{\"a}tsmarker betrachtet, ist im Vergleich zu den anderen Prozessierungsmethoden das Eco-Pulper-Verfahren die beste Wahl, insbesondere da es als wassersparende Methode einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeit des Kaffeeanbaus leistet.}, language = {de} } @article{GottschalkStollfussLietzauetal.2017, author = {Gottschalk, Josefine Johanna and Stollfuß, Carsten and Lietzau, Kai-Henning and Foitzik, Andreas and Richetta, Maria}, title = {Conceptual study for long-term monitoring of chemotherapeutic induced cell reactions by ESPI}, series = {tm - Technisches Messen}, volume = {85}, journal = {tm - Technisches Messen}, number = {2}, issn = {2196-7113}, doi = {10.1515/teme-2017-0100}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-10676}, pages = {111 -- 118}, year = {2017}, abstract = {During the last years, various approaches on an individualized drug therapy for benign cells have been researched. However, due to the complex topic a universal approach has not been found up until this point. Commonly, the effect of cytotoxic drugs on benign cells is in most cases the same compared to regular cells while the actual effect on patient still can't be predicted. In order to reduce unwanted side effects or unspecific drug reactions a test system for patients which allows to analyse the interaction between cytotoxic agents and the targeted cells is needed. Furthermore, this should also include an adequate measurement system which is capable to work in a natural environment and without any additional preparation. In terms of this work, a first proof of concept with different benign cells and cytotoxic agents is presented while monitoring the obtained displacement using electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI).}, language = {en} } @article{HornemannSinningCortesetal.2017, author = {Hornemann, Andrea and Sinning, Denise and Cortes, Sofia and Campino, Lenea and Emmer, Peggy and Kuhls, Katrin and Ulm, Gerhard and Frohme, Marcus and Beckhoff, Burkhard}, title = {A pilot study on fingerprinting Leishmania species from the Old World using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy}, series = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry}, journal = {Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry}, issn = {1432-1130}, doi = {10.1007/s00216-017-0655-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-10080}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Leishmania species are protozoan parasites and the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector borne disease that imposes a large health burden on individuals living mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Different Leishmania species are responsible for the distinct clinical patterns, such as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis, with the latter being potentially fatal if left untreated. For this reason, it is important to perform correct species identification and differentiation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical spectroscopic technique increasingly being used as a potential tool for identification of microorganisms for diagnostic purposes. By employing mid-infrared (MIR) spectral data, it is not only possible to assess the chemical structures but also to achieve differentiation supported by multivariate statistic analysis. This work comprises a pilot study on differentiation of Leishmania species of the Old World (L. major, L. tropica, L. infantum, and L. donovani) as well as hybrids of distinct species by using vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints. Films of intact Leishmania parasites and their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were characterized comparatively with respect to their biochemical nature and MIR spectral patterns. The strains' hyperspectral datasets were multivariately examined by means of variance-based principal components analysis (PCA) and distance-based hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). With the implementation of MIR spectral datasets we show that a phenotypic differentiation of Leishmania at species and intra-species level is feasible. Thus, FTIR spectroscopy can be further exploited for building up spectral databases of Leishmania parasites in view of high-throughput analysis of clinical specimens.}, language = {en} } @article{KaltdorfSchulzeHelmprobstetal.2017, author = {Kaltdorf, Kristin Verena and Schulze, Katja and Helmprobst, Frederik and Kollmannsberger, Philip and Dandekar, Thomas and Stigloher, Christian}, title = {FIJI Macro 3D ART VeSElecT: 3D Automated Reconstruction Tool for Vesicle Structures of Electron Tomograms}, series = {PLoS Computational Biology}, volume = {13}, journal = {PLoS Computational Biology}, number = {1}, issn = {1553-7358}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005317}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-9218}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Automatic image reconstruction is critical to cope with steadily increasing data from advanced microscopy. We describe here the Fiji macro 3D ART VeSElecT which we developed to study synaptic vesicles in electron tomograms. We apply this tool to quantify vesicle properties (i) in embryonic Danio rerio 4 and 8 days past fertilization (dpf) and (ii) to compare Caenorhabditis elegans N2 neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) wild-type and its septin mutant (unc-59(e261)). We demonstrate development-specific and mutant-specific changes in synaptic vesicle pools in both models. We confirm the functionality of our macro by applying our 3D ART VeSElecT on zebrafish NMJ showing smaller vesicles in 8 dpf embryos then 4 dpf, which was validated by manual reconstruction of the vesicle pool. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of C. elegans septin mutant unc-59(e261) on vesicle pool formation and vesicle size. Automated vesicle registration and characterization was implemented in Fiji as two macros (registration and measurement). This flexible arrangement allows in particular reducing false positives by an optional manual revision step. Preprocessing and contrast enhancement work on image-stacks of 1nm/pixel in x and y direction. Semi-automated cell selection was integrated. 3D ART VeSElecT removes interfering components, detects vesicles by 3D segmentation and calculates vesicle volume and diameter (spherical approximation, inner/outer diameter). Results are collected in color using the RoiManager plugin including the possibility of manual removal of non-matching confounder vesicles. Detailed evaluation considered performance (detected vesicles) and specificity (true vesicles) as well as precision and recall. We furthermore show gain in segmentation and morphological filtering compared to learning based methods and a large time gain compared to manual segmentation. 3D ART VeSElecT shows small error rates and its speed gain can be up to 68 times faster in comparison to manual annotation. Both automatic and semi-automatic modes are explained including a tutorial.}, language = {en} } @article{KarakuşNasereddinOnayetal.2017, author = {Karaku{\c{s}}, Mehmet and Nasereddin, Abed and Onay, H{\"u}seyin and Karaca, Emin and {\"O}zkeklik{\c{c}}i, Ahmet and Jaffe, Charles L. and Kuhls, Katrin and {\"O}zbilgin, Ahmet and Ertabaklar, Hatice and Demir, Samiye and {\"O}zbel, Yusuf and T{\"o}z, Seray}, title = {Epidemiological analysis of Leishmania tropica strains and giemsa-stained smears from Syrian and Turkish leishmaniasis patients using multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT)}, series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {11}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {4}, issn = {1935-2735}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0005538}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-9313}, pages = {12}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Turkey is located in an important geographical location, in terms of the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases, linking Asia and Europe. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the endemic diseases in a Turkey and according to the Ministry Health of Turkey, 45\% of CL patients originate from Şanl{\i}urfa province located in southeastern Turkey. Herein, the epidemiological status of CL, caused by L. tropica, in Turkey was examined using multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) of strains obtained from Turkish and Syrian patients. A total of 38 cryopreserved strains and 20 Giemsa-stained smears were included in the present study. MLMT was performed using 12 highly specific microsatellite markers. Delta K (ΔK) calculation and Bayesian statistics were used to determine the population structure. Three main populations (POP A, B and C) were identified and further examination revealed the presence of three subpopulations for POP B and C. Combined analysis was performed using the data of previously typed L. tropica strains and Mediterranean and Şanl{\i}urfa populations were identified. This finding suggests that the epidemiological status of L. tropica is more complicated than expected when compared to previous studies. A new population, comprised of Syrian L. tropica samples, was reported for the first time in Turkey, and the data presented here will provide new epidemiological information for further studies.}, language = {en} }