@article{Weile2014, author = {Weile, Ren{\´e}}, title = {Beyond the Fracking Ban in France}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2862}, pages = {11 -- 16}, year = {2014}, abstract = {France holds the second-largest shale gas reserves in Europe but became the first country to enact a ban on hydraulic fracturing in July 2011. A conservative government issued 64 research and exploration permits in early 2010, but half a year later a strong antifracking movement emerged which pushed for a ban. The government caved in to enormous political pressure, revoking three permits and limiting the rest. Once the Socialists won the presidency and legislative majorities, they reaffirmed a strict stand against fracking. The article shows how the ban developed and puts the government's position into the context of economic and industrial challenges. The author argues that essentially, France is waiting for discovery of environmentally friendly extraction methods. The law which created the ban still leaves some options. Also, there has been growing pressure to open up the debate about shale gas again. The article suggests possible ways to reconfigure public debate about the resources and technology.}, language = {en} } @article{DeveyGoussevSchwarzenburgetal.2014, author = {Devey, Simon and Goussev, Viktor and Schwarzenburg, Bianca and Althaus, Marco}, title = {Shale Gas U-Turns in Bulgaria and Romania: The Turbulent Politics of Energy and Protest}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2859}, pages = {47 -- 60}, year = {2014}, abstract = {After France, Bulgaria became the second EU country to enact an open-ended ban on hydraulic fracturing in early 2012. This government action was a radical departure from an initially friendly, even enthusiastic stance on unconventional gas development. It resulted in months of unprecedented, broad political pro-test from environmental groups and local communities. The conflict was interpreted as one involving old questions about Bulgaria's orientation toward Russia or the West. In neighbouring Romania, Bulgaria's U-turn on shale gas energized a protest movement which had been relatively weak. In a turbulent election-year context, political leaders scrambled to deal with highly symbolic issues. A new government introduced a moratorium but ended it less than a year later. Another U-turn in public policy happened. Romania parted from Bulgaria's example and set out to move forward on shale gas, aiding foreign investors. Massive protests against the policy and the investors surged, en-circling the drilling operations. In both countries, public mistrust in institutions, environmental regulations and due process of law is a significant factor of political risk for energy companies.}, language = {en} } @article{BeckerWerner2014, author = {Becker, Vanessa and Werner, Anne}, title = {One Step Forward, One Step Back: Shale Gas in Denmark and Sweden}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2847}, pages = {23 -- 30}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Denmark and Sweden take two-fold positions on the question whether shale gas should be developed. At first sight, it appears the governments are supportive by licencing exploration to domestic and foreign companies. However, Denmark has suspended issuance of new licenses as doubts of extraction activities have risen. Sweden was forced to give landowners and municipalities a say in decision-making, and there is a larger context of mining minerals policy controversy. Even though both countries only have exploration activities at the moment, and the economic promise is yet unclear, public awareness and attention are increasing and cause difficulties for governments and industry to proceed without open discussions and debates. Scandinavia's green image is at stake as the new fossil fuel opportunities are in conflict with the ambitious goals for renewable energy development. Both countries now have to prioritise energy self-sufficiency and industrial economics versus ecological consciousness.}, language = {en} } @article{NaumannPhilippi2014, author = {Naumann, Marc and Philippi, Anne}, title = {ExxonMobil in Europe's Shale Gas Fields: Quitting Early or Fighting It Out?}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2816}, pages = {31 -- 38}, year = {2014}, abstract = {This article focuses on the oil and gas supermajor, ExxonMobil, and its business in the unconventional gas field in Europe. The purpose was to investigate whether and how ExxonMobil runs its natural gas operations differently among European countries and possible reasons for divergent strategies. After a brief introduction of the firm, ExxonMobil's approach in Europe in general will be discussed. Two countries are in focus: Poland and Germany. The key finding is that the firm indeed has shown different approaches and strategies. In Poland, ExxonMobil faced a supportive, positive environment but quit quickly when its small investment resulted only in disappointing results. The firm, however, was a newcomer which had not much to lose. In contrast, its German unconventional gas operations are connected to broad conventional activities and are being defended by an extensive effort to win back public support.}, language = {en} } @article{NiemuthWestphal2014, author = {Niemuth, Stephanie and Westphal, Sophie}, title = {Blind Politics of Ambition: Shale Gas in Poland}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2827}, pages = {39 -- 46}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Ever since the impacts of the shale gas revolution in the US have unfolded their measurable effects - as significantly declining natural gas prices - impressive euphoria among those states which are identified to bear high potentials of unconventional gas is widely spread. As for Poland, essentially linked to the hope of profitably producing shale gas is the political will to strive for independence from Russian energy supply and thus, enhance energy supply security. Hence, liberalizing its gas market shall effectively contribute to foster economic developments in the field of unconventional gas exploration and production. Moreover, attempts are made to encourage particularly foreign investors - for the reason of expertise - to enter the Polish gas market by amending and expanding legislation in favour of this development. Legislation efforts, however, intend to preserve comprehensive governmental control capabilities. In addition, arising environmental concerns are being tried to handle either by campaigns of clarification or political blockade to any legislation that potentially threatens the progress on unconventional gas in Poland. Poland not only faces crucial challenges in terms of diminished estimates on profitably recoverable shale gas volumes but rather in terms of an escalating atmosphere of uncertainty for investors - regarding the much criticised new legislation as well as an upcoming diminution of societal support.}, language = {en} } @article{DevosChernova2014, author = {Devos-Chernova, Simon G. J.}, title = {Unconventional Gas in the Benelux: Cautious Attitudes and Regional Interplay}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2801}, pages = {17 -- 22}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The three countries of the Benelux are often overlooked in Europe's current unconventional gas debate. But the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg all possess considerable shale gas resources, and major energy companies have already taken an interest. So far no serious drilling has taken place. This article puts the discoveries and recent action in the perspective of regional breakdown of public policy and government authority. Analyzing business prospects, economic policy and regulatory action of the different governments in the Benelux, the article yields insight into the relevant power structure inside the policy domain. The influence of different members of the Benelux on the other members is discussed. All three countries have adopted a rather cautious attitude towards the exploration and production of unconventional gas.}, language = {en} } @article{GuNazmyi2014, author = {Gu, Bingyi and Nazmyi, Hisham}, title = {Britain's Shale Gas Zeal and Riches}, series = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, volume = {1}, journal = {Journal of European Management \& Public Affairs Studies}, number = {2}, issn = {2199-1618}, doi = {10.15771/2199-1618_2014_1_2_1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:526-opus4-2787}, pages = {5 -- 10}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The United Kingdom is considered to be shale gas rich with substantial volumes distributed both onshore and offshore. Recent technological development has made shale gas exploration commercially viable. The UK's shale gas industry is at an early stage, with a few companies actively operating in this area and merely a few specific regulations exist for it. Many questions are waiting to be answered, many barriers must be overcome. This article analyses the UK's current state of play for shale gas. First, background information and a brief description of shale gas hydraulic fracturing is given. Government and business points of view will be illustrated and analysed before offering an outlook.}, language = {en} }