Bornimer Agrartechnische Berichte
Filtern
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (22)
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (22) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- * (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bildverarbeitung (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Color (1)
- Colour (1)
- Compounds (1)
- Computer vision system (1)
Landkreise / Gemeinden
- Potsdam, Stadt (22)
104
Agriculture across the world is being transformed by the dynamic interaction of environ-mental and socio-economic factors such as the demand of global markets, urbanization, agricultural commercialization and intensification, climate change, concentration and ver-tical integration of food and bioenergy production. Innovation to adapt agricultural produc-tion to these challenges has to tackle the contemporary complexity of agricultural systems and its changing framework. The Zayandeh Rud river basin in Central Iran urgently needs forward-looking strategies for agricultural production in the midst of the acute problems of water scarcity and unequal water distribution between sectors and regions. The imbalance between water quantity and demand over the last two decades has motivated policy mak-ers and managers to seek measures and strategies to reduce agricultural water use while minimizing losses in agricultural revenues. Addressing this complexity requires adaptation strategies in agriculture and rural development based on multi-stakeholder interaction.
The report at hand is one outcome of the project “Integrated Water Resources Manage-ment Zayandeh Rud” (3/2016 - 12/2018). It is an outcome of a strongly interactive process with local stakeholders designed and moderated in a cooperation between the German and Iranian project partners. The information gained in through the participatory process was synthesized into ten transformation strategies that are grouped into four focus areas (Capacity Development, Agricultural Management, Water Distribution, and Land Manage-ment and Soil Fertility). The participatory process and the resulting strategies with measures for their implementation are detailed in this report.
Important for the success of the agricultural transformation is the willingness of govern-ments, farmers, donors, companies and civil society organizations to assume responsibil-ities, take risks and change behaviors at the level of individuals, organizations and society to pursue an accepted solution within the basin. The Iranian commitment to implementing IWRM in the Zayandeh Rud Basin and the two phases of the BMBF-funded project “IWRM” have been crucial steps towards the path to enhance the socio-economic and environmental situation in the Zayandeh Rud Basin. The comprehensive, deep and par-tially difficult but target-oriented discussions of the multi-stakeholders during the participa-tory workshops have been valuable contributions to improve communication and, there-fore, the understanding of the diverse perspectives on the same challenging need for transformation.
Key to all the proposed transformation strategies in the report are activities to continue the development of a common knowledge base and set of tools, so that integrated re-source management plans can be put forward and continually evaluated. Also empha-sized is the need to involve all stakeholders to prevent fear of bias from hindering general acceptance of the tools. This is essential since none of the strategies can be expected to reduce basin-wide agricultural water use by themselves if the overall area of irrigated cul-tivated land area is not reduced.
98
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is a highly perishable crop. The aim of the work presented here is to find ways to predict storability of broccoli shortly after harvest. Several methods are examined regarding their suitability for predicting broccoli storability.
The non-destructive, optical measuring devices used in this work represent some of the common methods used for scientific quality assessment (color determination, chlorophyll fluorescence analysis). In addition, spectral data from diffuse reflection measurements, from both spot measurements and hyperspectral images, was evaluated. The generative development of broccoli curds was studied using diameters both of single buds and of whole curds, and was related to subsequent storability.
The concentrations of the chlorophylls a and b, green chlorophyll catabolites chlorophyllide a (Chlide), pheophytin a (Pheoin), pheophorbide a (Pheoide) and carotenoids ß-carotene (ß-Car), lutein (Lut), neoxanthin (Nx) and violaxanthin (Vx) were determined in floral buds of broccoli through the use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The goal was to determine if chlorophyll catabolites may function as indicators of broccoli storability and, furthermore, to relate the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments to the color change of broccoli during storage.
In order to investigate effects from the field on the subsequent storability of broccoli, cultivation methods were altered. Plants were partly covered with covers of different materials, which affected the quantity and quality of incident global radiation. The application of fertilizers was specifically varied in one broccoli batch. Additionally, the influence of climatic events on the shelf life of broccoli was analyzed by querying an established database.
The non-destructive indexes that proved to be most sensitive to changes during storage were the levels of photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII), the CIELAB color space coordinate on a blue to yellow scale (b*) and the inflection point of reflection spectra in the transition region from dark red to infrared electromagnetic wavelength range (REIP). However, based on parameter sensitivity, the prediction of value levels after four days of storage at 16 °C and high relative humidity (RH) (~ 95 %) was unfeasible. Quality indexes that changed on the same storage day did not necessarily end up at the same value level. Additionally, values of both Fv/Fm and ΦPSII did not adequately reflect the quality status of broccoli when different harvest batches were compared.
In hyperspectral images, early quality changes were effectively rated based on Euclidean distances within broccoli curds and were displayed using reflection intensities at three wavelengths within the visible electromagnetic spectrum as RGB channels. The observed variation within broccoli curds was related to differences in the degree of senescence of single floral buds. However, the diameters of floral buds did not correspond to a rating of storability. In contrast, curd diameters within individual harvest batches were related to subsequent yellowing.
The yellowing of broccoli was based on the decomposition of chlorophyll, which unmasked the carotenoids present. No accumulation of chlorophyll catabolites was found during storage. A trend towards rapidly increasing chlorophyll a/b ratios was observed in a broccoli batch with particularly high storability.
Different N-fertilization of broccoli curds closely corresponded both with values of initial lightness L* of the CIELAB color space (R² = 0.70) and normalized difference vegetation index NDVI (R² = 0.73). Yet, N-fertilization had no impact on further storability. A negative impact on storability was observed when the spectrum of incident radiation on the field was temporarily reduced by using plastic covers with limited transmittance (λ = 400-500 nm). In a similar way, an increased number of hours with high solar radiation intensity (> 600 W m-2) during cultivation had a negative impact on broccoli storability (R² = 0.47). The impact of high irradiation partly corresponded with temperatures higher than 25 °C (R² = 0.29). A strong predetermination of curd storability was observed based on the water availability for broccoli plants in the last two weeks before harvest (R² = 0.71).
A successful prediction of broccoli storability is therefore most likely to be conducted by looking at effects during cultivation. For early non-destructive evaluation of the current quality status of broccoli, both the parameter b* and the spectral index REIP were highly suitable. Therefore, through the help of monitoring systems throughout cultivation (database of climate and cultivation incidents) in combination with reflection-based, hand-held devices during storage, the prediction and rating of broccoli storability can certainly be improved.
96
The application of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) was suggested as an innovative nonthermal technology for inactivating undesirable microorganisms on the surface of heat-sensitive food products. Moreover, CAPP may offer a promising approach for the tailored modification of product properties along value-added chains of plant and animal related products. Therefore, this thesis puts emphasis on providing evidence for the possible utilization of plasma-induced surface and ingredient interactions as a tool for the selective modification of secondary metabolite profiles in plants and techno-functionality of flours and proteins from peas. Further, the knowledge gained on plasma assisted modification of plant-based materials was transferred to animal-based materials from edible insects taking additionally into account microbial decontamination as another key issue in insect processing. The thesis imparts the detailed characterization of selected raw materials, the identification of proper CAPP setups and corresponding product-specific process parameters by performing process accompanying monitoring of plasma characteristics required to achieve desired modifications. Detailed investigations of the plasma-induced effects were conducted following a top-down approach by using suitable analytical methods providing insights into possible underlying mechanisms from macroscopic to molecular level. The macroscopic level of analysis included quality (color/texture), compositional (protein/fat/dry matter contents) and microbial (surface/overall total viable counts) methods, followed by determining techno-functional (water/fat binding/emulsification) and protein (solubility/water/fat binding/emulsification) properties, as well as protein structure (surface hydrophobicity/fluorescence properties/CD spectroscopy) on the microscopic and structural level, down to analysis of the protein composition (SDS-PAGE/tryptophan content/amino acid composition) on the molecular level. The results provide a scientific basis regarding the targeted use of the CAPP technology for functionalization and modification of high-protein food components and could therefore contribute to the bio-economic and resource efficient production of dry high-value protein products, as protein functionality plays a key role in improving existing products, developing new products, and utilizing alternative protein sources as new ingredients. Consequently, feedback on the applicability of CAPP for tested raw materials was derived by evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment regarding the desired process goal, and by identifying product-specific characteristics allowing transferability of the CAPP process with the long-term goal of combining plasma treatments with existing unit operations in established product-specific process lines. Initial approaches regarding the CAPP treatment of complex food matrices by using a plasma device, which is promising for the application in industrial scale, aimed at the development of innovative process combinations with focus on “plasma-drying” as a prospective future unit operation, which may contribute to reducing the expected costs of CAPP treatments. The potential of CAPP processing to become a routine tool for the food industry in the coming years is also reflected throughout all parts of this work, and thus, it provides a substantial contribution to promoting the successful admission of the CAPP technology in the food sector.
97
Preface
The INSECTA conference 2017 aims to give an overview of the state-of-the-art of insect technology and the prospects and constraints of the use of insects as food, feed and non-food in Europe and worldwide. This publication contains abstracts of all talks and posters presented at this conference.
In 2015, PPM (Pilot Pflanzenöltechnologie Magdeburg e.V. ) initiated the first national INSECTA in Magdeburg held in German language. The 2nd INSECTA was jointly organised by PPM and ATB (Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V.). To address international experts from academia and industry, English was chosen as conference language. Our aim in 2017 was to continue the success of recent congresses, 1st and 2nd INSECTA held in Magdeburg in September 2015 and 2016, and ensure that INSECTA will be the insect science and technology conference to attend in 2017 for industry and academia alike.
ATB and PPM organised the 3rd INSECTA in Berlin, Germany in September 7 and 8, 2017. The theme of the conference is “Insects as Feed, Food and Non-food – A new Bioresource”.
Research and science-based innovation play a central role in enabling the related industry to address challenges faced by the sector at a global level. This conference aims to bring together companies and research innovation, helping to discover future perspectives of insect technology.
Within a broad scientific program with a number of oral sessions over the two days of the conference five central conference themes have been identified:
Insects Production Systems
Application of Insects as Feed
Utilization of Insects as Food
Evaluation of the use of insects
Non-Food Applications of Insects
In total, the conference has attracted 84 presentations from 28 countries. In the conference period of two days, 3 keynote lectures and 50 oral presentations have been held in 3 plenary and 9 parallel sessions, with 34 posters presented in the poster session. We hope that the conference and this publication will provide the platform for bringing together those involved in insect production, processing and consumption worldwide to explore the frontiers of knowledge in the art, science and engineering of all types of processing methods, monitoring technologies, and quality management systems; and the opportunity for participants and the public to learn about the latest developments in the respective fields, to improve communication and to increase cooperation and coordination of research efforts among researchers.
Finally, as the Chairmen of the Conference, we would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank the contribution from the authors, the reviewers and the editorial team.
Oliver Schlüter, Birgit Rumpold, Frank Pudel Potsdam, den 30.08.2017
91
Fresh fruit and vegetables are a major source of biologically active compounds (e. g. fibers, vitamins and minerals) essential for human wellbeing. They are, however, perishable living products that require coordinated measures by growers, storage operators, processors and retailers to maintain their quality and reduce food loss and waste. Non-destructive techniques for analysing the quality of fresh produce are valuable tools applicable along the supply chain. Fresh produce attributes such as appearance, texture, flavour and nutritional value habe been traditional quality criteria, but increasingly safety and tracebility are important for all the role players along the supply chain from the farm to consumer.
The FRUTIC symposium held in February 2017 in cooperation with fair trade FRUIT LOGISTICA focused on the quality and safety of fresh horticultural commodities. The FRUITC provided a platform for researchers and practitioners to engage in technical discussions about innovations and new technologies, as well as to explore further areas of research needed in the industry to promote quality and safety of fruit and vegetables. The FRUTIC symposium was organized jointly by an enthusiastic group of researchers from the Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (Germany) and the University of Foggia (Italy). For the first time, FRUTIC symposium was being organized in cooperation with the FRUIT LOGISTICA held at the CityCube Berlin on 7 February 2017. FRUTIC lecturers also presented their topics during the subsequent three days of the FRUIT LOGISTICA trade fair, in industry-oriented workshops on specific topics. This event is designed to provide a concerted platform that brings together academics, research scientists and all the role players from fresh produce industry.
The Symposium comprises of 3 keynote talks, 3 oral sessions with 18 lectures, >20 posters, covering all three major topics: pre-harvest; postharvest quality and postharvest safety.