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- Life cycle assessment (LCA) · Bioeconomy (BE) · Standards · Bio-based products · Biogenic carbon (C) · Substitution potential · Displacement factor (DF) · Carbon storage (1)
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Purpose Climate change mitigation is one of the priorities of the European Bioeconomy Strategy (BES). In this regard, renewable raw materials are a crucial resource, as they help to substitute fossil resources and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by storing biogenic carbon (C). To control the environmental impact of the European BES, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is the preferred method. Standards provide guidance for LCA. This review aims to present the state of the art of LCA-related standards, focusing on the assessment of biogenic C and its global warming potential (GWP) to evaluate them for decision-making with regard to the transition to a bioeconomy (BE) and climate change mitigation.
Methods A systematic review is conducted using the database Nautos to reveal the relevant standards guiding LCA in the BE. In an iterative process, criteria for a comparative analysis are defined. The eligible standards are then qualitatively analysed and compared based on criteria previously derived in the iterative process.
Results and discussion In the context of LCA and bio-based products, 13 documents are identified. Differences are revealed in the accounting of biogenic C flows, the calculation of the duration of biogenic C storage and the biogenic C content as well as the consideration of substitution effects. Furthermore, the standards do not provide any information on the assessment of biogenic C in the circular economy so far.
Conclusion The importance of biogenic C aspects in LCA has been reflected in the standards over the last 20 years. However, further research is needed to harmonise the different aspects and integrate new relevant ones related to biogenic C and BE to support decision-making for the transition to a BE. This becomes more important as new legislation refers to LCA standards as the preferred assessment method.
Mit steigender Produktion von energieeffizienten Verkehrsmitteln hat sich die Nachfrage nach Leichtbaukomponenten stetig verstärkt. Faserverbundwerkstoffe substituieren zunehmend metallische Komponenten. Endlosglasfaserverstärkte flächige Halbzeuge (sogenannte Organobleche) erfüllen nicht nur die steigenden Anforderungen an Leichtbau, sondern auch an die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Produktionsprozessen sowie an die Designfreiheit einzelner Bauteile. Das Hybrid-Spritzguss-Verfahren in Verbindung mit Organoblechen hat sich daher in den vergangenen Jahren für die Herstellung von Funktionsbauteilen und Leichtbaustrukturen durchgesetzt. In diesem Beitrag wird das werkstoffliche Recycling von endlosglasfaserverstärkten, thermoplastischen Kunststoffen beleuchtet. Sortenreine Industrieabfälle werden dabei in einem Closed-Loop-Recyclingprozess (CL-Recycling) zum Anspritzen von Funktionselementen in einem Serienbauteil genutzt. Dabei wurden verschiedene Zerkleinerungsverfahren für die Verschnitte und die direkte Verarbeitung des Mahlguts im Spritzguss untersucht. Anhand von mechanischen Untersuchungen wurden die Materialeigenschaften der Rezyklate mit denen der Neuware verglichen. Darüber hinaus wurden der Faserlängenabbau durch den Spritzgussprozess und der Einfluss des Wasserstrahlschneidens auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Faserverbundes untersucht. Abschließend wurden die Prozesse mittels der Ökobilanz-Methodik und hinsichtlich der Wirtschaftlichkeit verglichen.
Circular economy (CE) has become important in reducing the environmental impact of the construction sector. For the transformation from linear to CE, decision support tools and methods are needed to assess and promote CE for constructions. With regard to sustainable financial decisions, life cycle costing (LCC) is the preferred method. However, the LCC approaches and their application in CE research differ. Based on a systematic literature review,
the relevance of refurbishment in operation, reuse, recycling and disposal at end-of-life (EoL) in LCC is assessed. As a result, LCC has gained relevance in the construction sector, but CE plays a subordinate role in LCC applications. Costs or benefits of CE are often neglected. However, some research have shown that refurbishment as well as reuse and recycling can outweigh higher initial cost over lifetime. The internalisation of environmental and social impacts or even benefits are also rare. In particular, there is a lack of research on how to internalise the environmental benefits of refurbishment, reuse and recycling or how to effectively incentivise higher CE efforts in LCC in order to encourage decision-making in construction towards CE.
