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Purpose
Tooling is a common component of an industrial product’s manufacture. Specific tooling is devised to serve the fabrication of a particular product, while generic tooling can be used in the manufacture of multiple products. In the latter case, companies are confronted with the problem of fairly allocating the indirect costs of the tooling. This article studies how to allocate costs of generic tooling to single production orders.
Methodology
Ten allocation methods (AMs) are described that are in principle suited to the distribution of generic tooling costs to production orders. Since the presented methods have for the most part been discussed in differing contexts, we apply them to a specified generic tooling problem for comparison. Evaluation of the various methods is based on 16 criteria. Reasoning is supported by a computational Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we suggest using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to elaborate one final proposition concerning the most preferable allocation scheme.
Findings
The article reports the single allocation rules’ performances for different allocation scenarios. The described characteristics refer to fairness, efficiency, and simplicity as well as to empty-core performance. Using AHP analysis allows for the aggregation of the rules’ criteria ratings. Thus, especially suitable allocation schemes for the problem at hand are identified.
Practical implications
An allocation is required for budgeting reasons and also for the definition of projects’ bottom-up sales prices. Selecting the “right” AM is important, as a suboptimal AM can result in unfair allocation vectors, which will act as incentives to stop using the common resource, potentially leading to higher total costs.
Originality/value of the article
Research on the comparison of AMs is typically performed for certain purposes, such as enterprise networks, horizontal cooperative purchasing scenarios, or municipal service units. This article will augment the research evaluating AMs by introducing a novel set of evaluation criteria and by providing an in-depth comparison of AMs suited for the allocation of generic tooling costs.
Wear-out failures of electrolytic capacitors in single phase power factor correction circuits are investigated in this study. A probabilistic model based approach for temperature driven capacitor degradation is chosen to analyse the probability of failure of the output capacitor bank. Different design strategies are proposed and evaluated in terms of reliability. Parametric variation of capacitor bank designs provides influential effects on system volume, cost and reliability which is modeled for a sample size of 1000 power supply units.
Ein Verfahren zur Einbettung von Dekor-Körpern in eine Silikongummi-Matrix umfasst das Auftragen einer ersten aushärtbaren Polysiloxanzusammensetzung auf eine Grundplatte und Angelieren der ersten Polysiloxanzusammensetzung; das Aufbringen der Dekorkörper auf die angelierte erste Polysiloxanzusammensetzung; das Ausfüllen von Zwischenräumen zwischen den Dekorkörpern mit einer zweiten aushärtbaren Polysiloxanzusammensetzung; und das Aushärten der Polysiloxanzusammensetzungen zu einer transparenten Polysiloxan-Matrix mit darin eingebetteten Dekor-Körpern. Ein weiteres Verfahren zur Einbettung von Dekor-Körpern in eine Silikongummi-Matrix umfasst das Auftragen einer aushärtbaren Polysiloxanzusammensetzung auf eine Grundplatte und Aufbringen der Dekor-Körper vor dem Angelieren der ersten Polysiloxanzusammensetzung; das Einsinkenlassen der aufgebrachten Dekor-Körper in die aushärtende Polysiloxanzusammensetzung derart, dass die aufgebrachten Dekor-Körper von der Polysiloxanzusammensetzung vollständig umschlossen werden; und das Aushärten der Polysiloxanzusammensetzungen zu einer transparenten Polysiloxan-Matrix mit den darin eingebetteten Dekor-Körpern derart, dass eine Mehrzahl der eingebetteten Dekor-Körper von der Polysiloxanzusammensetzung vollständig umschlossen bleibt.
In adults, selective memory retrieval can both impair and improve recall of other memories. The study reported here examined whether children also show these two faces of memory retrieval. Employing a variant of the directed-forgetting task, we asked second, fourth, and seventh graders to study a list of target and nontarget words. After study, the participants received a cue to either forget or continue remembering the list. We subsequently asked some participants to recall the nontarget words before we tested their memory for the target words; for the remaining participants, we tested memory only for the target words. Prior retrieval of nontarget words impaired retrieval of to-be-remembered target words, regardless of children's age. In contrast, prior retrieval of nontarget words improved recall of to-be-forgotten target words in seventh graders, though not in fourth and second graders. These results suggest a developmental dissociation between the two faces of memory retrieval and indicate later maturation of the beneficial effect than of the detrimental effect of selective memory retrieval.
Predictive Modeling (PM) techniques are gaining importance in the worldwide health insurance business. Modern PM methods are used for customer relationship management, risk evaluation or medical management. This article illustrates a PM approach that enables the economic potential of (cost-)effective disease management programs (DMPs) to be fully exploited by optimized candidate selection as an example of successful data-driven business management. The approach is based on a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) that is easy to apply for health insurance companies. By means of a small portfolio from an emerging country, we show that our GLM approach is stable compared to more sophisticated regression techniques in spite of the difficult data environment. Additionally, we demonstrate for this example of a setting that our model can compete with the expensive solutions offered by professional PM vendors and outperforms non-predictive standard approaches for DMP selection commonly used in the market.
Introduction:
Occupation-based approaches are a hallmark of excellence in occupational therapy practice. This article focuses on the disjuncture between how women with rheumatoid arthritis go about their daily lives, that is to say their occupations, and what is addressed during routine visits at a specialized rheumatology outpatient clinic.
Method:
Institutional ethnography was employed as a method of inquiry to identify the occupations and related issues that were or were not accounted for in health records and addressed within institutional processes. Interviews and participant observations were conducted with seven women with rheumatoid arthritis who were mothers. Hospital records were analysed as texts mediating between the women's daily lives and the rheumatology outpatient clinic.
Findings:
The analysis revealed that despite the diversity in the ways that the women managed their daily lives, the things that they did were viewed, understood, and addressed only within the boundaries of the standardizing relations that ruled practice in this clinical setting. Institutional processes grounded in biomedical concepts such as functional status or disease activity, as well as clinical assessments that depict these concepts, both shape and limit opportunities for occupational therapists to advance and enact occupation-based practice.
Conclusion:
In this setting, the complexity of the participants' daily lives and the occupations they engage in remain unaddressed.
Forschungsbericht 2013
(2014)
Kinderschutz
(2014)
Nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften zwischen "romantischer Himmelsmacht" und rechtsfreiem Raum?
(2014)
The empirical model explaining microsolvation of molecules in superfluid helium droplets proposes a non-superfluid helium solvation layer enclosing the dopant molecule. This model warrants an empirical explanation of any helium induced substructure resolved for electronic transitions of molecules in helium droplets. Despite a wealth of such experimental data, quantitative modeling of spectra is still in its infancy. The theoretical treatment of such many-particle systems dissolved into a quantum fluid is a challenge. Moreover, the success of theoretical activities relies also on the accuracy and self-critical communication of experimental data. This will be elucidated by a critical resume of our own experimental work done within the last ten years.
We come to the conclusion that spectroscopic data and among others in particular the spectral resolution depend strongly on experimental conditions. Moreover, despite the fact that none of the helium induced fine structure speaks against the empirical model for solvation in helium droplets, in many cases an unequivocal assignment of the spectroscopic details is not possible. This ambiguity needs to be considered and a careful and critical communication of experimental results is essential in order to promote success in quantitatively understanding microsolvation in superfluid helium nanodroplets.
The present study represents a test of a conceptual model predicting how the structure of funding might influence country’s performance developing sector of high technology. Using the framework provided by Triple helix theory and Eurostat suggested methodology, this model assesses whether aspects of the funding structure may have a positive effect on country’s performance developing sector of high technology through their influence on sector’s, business, national and international levels of evaluation: number of patents, number of innovative enterprises, turnover of high technology trade and share of high technology in national export. The result indicates that the theoretical framework can identify specific leverage points that can increase efficiency of funding structure and, therefore, productivity of the sector of high technology.
Trockenbau-Atlas
(2014)
Musterverträge für das Krankenhaus—Praxishandbuch der Bayerischen Krankenhausgesellschaft e. V.
(2014)
Konsignationsvertrag
(2014)
Sponsoringvertrag
(2014)
1. Humic lakes with a high external supply of DOC and low input of nutrients can often support a high biomass of metazoan zooplankton. In such lakes, autotrophic algae compete with bacteria for inorganic nutrients, but bacteria support mixotrophic growth. Consequently, planktonic communities are often dominated by mixotrophic flagellates, while obligate autotrophic phytoplankton occurs in low numbers for extended periods.
2. To test the importance of autotrophic phytoplankton and mixotrophic flagellates as food resources for metazoan grazers and, in turn, the feedback effects of grazers on basal food‐web interactions, we conducted a long‐term experiment where we simulated abiotic resource relationships of humic lakes (high DOC [glucose] and low P input). We examined the population dynamics of Daphnia galeata when inoculated in systems with autotrophic algae only, mixotrophic algae only and a mixture of autotrophic and mixotrophic algae, and how the systems changed after the inoculation of Daphnia. All combinations were run at high‐ and low‐light conditions to analyse the effects of light on food quantity and quality.
3. Daphnia grew to high densities only when mixotrophs were present at high‐light conditions and showed no or only weak growth at low‐light conditions or with autotrophs as the only food source.
4. Autotrophic algae and bacteria showed a strong competition for nutrients. Autotrophic algae were released from competition for nutrients after Daphnia grazed on bacteria, which led to a probable change of the bacteria community to less edible but less competitive taxa. As a consequence, there was a mutualistic interaction between autotrophs and mixotrophs before Daphnia were introduced which turned into competition after Daphnia inoculation.
5. We suggest that mixotrophic flagellates can be a critical resource for cladocerans and thereby also have a cascading effect on higher trophic levels, and cladocerans, in turn, have important indirect effects on basal planktonic food webs; hence, both might affect whole lake ecosystems.
In shallow aquatic systems, benthic and pelagic primary producers typically compete for light and nutrients along opposing vertical supply axes: pelagic algae shade the benthic habitat; conversely, benthic algae intercept the nutrient flux from the sediment to the pelagic habitat. We present a general framework for analyzing such spatially asymmetric resource competition across habitat boundaries using a mechanistic, dynamical model. We visualize the mechanisms determining the outcome of these cross‐habitat interactions using zero‐net‐growth isoclines, resource supply points, and resource consumption vectors. In extensive invasion analyses, we characterize the abiotic and competitive persistence boundaries of pelagic and benthic primary producers, which are set by environmental factors determining nutrient and light supply and are modified by resource use by the competitor in the respective other habitat.
We note several qualitative differences between cross‐habitat and “classical” within‐habitat resource competition. First, coexistence of cross‐habitat competitors is facilitated by, but does not require niche differentiation with respect to, the utilization of resources. Because each species has a competitive edge for the resource that is supplied from “its” side of the system, a competitor that is inferior in utilizing both resources can sometimes coexist with, or even exclude, a superior competitor. Second, increasing the external supply of one resource (the nutrient) may initially favor both competitors, until a breakpoint is reached where the benthic producer goes abruptly extinct. Finally, whether a given pair of cross‐habitat competitors coexist or shows alternative states may depend on the environment. Specifically, benthic and pelagic algae may coexist at low nutrient and light supply but produce alternative states at high nutrient and light supply. Alternative states are, in turn, promoted by any algal trait combination that increases the spatial asymmetry in resource consumption, i.e., leads to a higher nutrient consumption in the benthic habitat and/or a higher light consumption in the pelagic habitat.
In a first empirical application, we show that predictions from our model give a good fit to published data on benthic and pelagic primary production in temperate and arctic lakes spanning a broad range of nutrient environments.
Verglichen mit Gebäuden in
Mauerwerks- und Betonbauweise ist die Planung eines Bauobjektes in Holzbauweise eine deutlich größere Herausforderung.
Die Gründe hierfür liegen unter anderem im Mangel von
bewährten Konstruktionen und Planungswerkzeugen für den
Schallschutz und die Gebrauchstauglichkeit. Geeignete
computergestützte Planungshilfen, die eine Simulation
bereits im frühen Planungsentwurf für das gesamte Bauwerk ermöglichen, könnten den Planungsaufwand drastisch reduzieren. Eine Möglichkeit der Simulation stellt die
Verwendung eines Berechnungsmodells für die Luft- und
Trittschalldämmung auf Basis der statistischen
Energieanalyse (SEA) und der Finite Elemente Methode
(FEM) dar. Während der SEA eine Energieflussbetrachtung
zugrunde liegt, die in ihrer vereinfachten Form zum
Prognosemodell nach DIN EN 12354 [1] führt, wird bei der
FEM-basierten Berechnung eine modale Betrachtung
durchgeführt. Im Gegensatz zur SEA-basierten Berechnung,
die eine ausreichende Modendichte voraussetzt, ist
die FEM-basierte Berechnung für Frequenzbereiche mit einer geringen Eigenmodendichte besser geeignet. Für die
FEM-basierte Berechnung ist neben der Bauteilstruktur und -
dämpfung auch deren Anregung und Abstrahlung durch
die Luft- bzw. Trittschallquelle zu berücksichtigen. Die Anregung durch das Norm-Hammerwerk und die
Berücksichtigung der Dämpfung im verwendeten FEM-
basierten Modell wurde bereits in [2], [3], [4] bes
chrieben. Nachfolgend wird die Verwendung von Akustik-Elementen für die vollständig gekoppelte Berechnung der Luftschallübertragung
beschrieben. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf Zwischenergebnissen eines aktuellen Gemeinschafts-Forschungsvorhabenszwischen der TU München, der Hochschule Rosenheim und dem ift
Rosenheim [5].
IT-Management
(2014)
Die mithilfe der Abklingmethode ermittelten Verlustfaktoren sind bei mehreren Eigenfrequenzen pro Frequenzband zuverlässig. Die Ergebnisse der Resonanzbreitenmethode beziehen sich dagegen auf die Eigenfrequenzen und sind nur bei einer geringen Modenüberlappung zuverlässig. Beide Methoden sind gleichwertig, wenn mehrere Eigenschwingungen im Frequenzband vorhanden sind und die Modenüberlappung gleichzeitig gering ist. Für einseitig überlagerte Resonanzkurven wurde eine einfache Alternative der Resonanzbreitenmethode vorgeschlagen.
Die Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen des gemeinsam von der TU München, der HS Rosenheim und dem ift Rosenheim durchgef¨uhrten DFG-AiF Forschungsvorhabens ”Vibroakustik im Planungsprozess für Holzbauten” erarbeitet. Das IGF-Vorhaben 17328N/1 der Forschungsvereinigung HS Rosenheim wurde über die AiF im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert.
Für einen Ergebnistransfer in die Wirtschaft ist geplant, die Berechnungsergebnisse in Form eines interaktiv bedienbaren Programms mit einer grafischen Eingabeoberfläche zur Verfügung zu stellen, da die Zahl der erarbeiteten Nomogramme sehr groß ist. Abbildung 11 zeigt einen Entwurf. Auswählbar für den Anwender sind das Holzdeckensystem in den möglichen Ausbauzuständen eines schwimmenden Estrichs und einer abgehängten Unterdecke sowie die geometrischen Abmessungen der Decke. Weiterhin kann die Anregungsart der Decke variiert werden; es besteht die Möglichkeit zur Wahl zwischen einer Anregung mit dem Normhammerwerk, einem Fußgänger sowie einer benutzereigenen, spektral vorzugebenden Anregungsart. Als Ergebnis wird der abgestrahlte Schallleistungspegel berechnet. Neu aufgenommen wurde die Berechnung des Schwingungsnachweises nach EC5 [6] bzw. der modifizierte Nachweis nach Hamm/Richter [5]. Aus der linearen Frequenzdarstellung des Schallleistungspegels kann die erste Eigenfrequenz für den Gebrauchstauglichkeitsnachweis abgelesen werden, für schalltechnische Belange erfolgt die Darstellung des Schallleistungspegels als Terzspektrum.
In this paper we describe Erlangen-CLP, a large speech database of children with Cleft Lip and Palate. More than 800 German children with CLP (most of them between 4 and 18 years old) and 380 age matched control speakers spoke the semi-standardized PLAKSS test that consists of words with all German phonemes in different positions. So far 250 CLP speakers were manually transcribed, 120 of these were analyzed by a speech therapist and 27 of them by four additional therapists. The tharapists marked 6 different processes/criteria like pharyngeal backing and hypernasality which typically occur in speech of people with CLP. We present detailed statistics about the the marked processes and the inter-rater agreement.
In this paper we present an algorithm that produces pitch and probability-of-voicing estimates for use as features in automatic speech recognition systems. These features give large performance improvements on tonal languages for ASR systems, and even substantial improvements for non-tonal languages. Our method, which we are calling the Kaldi pitch tracker (because we are adding it to the Kaldi ASR toolkit), is a highly modified version of the getf0 (RAPT) algorithm. Unlike the original getf0 we do not make a hard decision whether any given frame is voiced or unvoiced; instead, we assign a pitch even to unvoiced frames while constraining the pitch trajectory to be continuous. Our algorithm also produces a quantity that can be used as a probability of voicing measure; it is based on the normalized autocorrelation measure that our pitch extractor uses. We present results on data from various languages in the BABEL project, and show a large improvement over systems without tonal features and systems where pitch and POV information was obtained from SAcC or getf0.
In this article, we describe a semi-automatic calibration algorithm for dereverberation by spectral subtraction. We verify the method by a comparison to a manual calibration derived from measured room impulse responses (RIR). We conduct extensive experiments to understand the effect of all involved parameters and to verify values suggested in the literature. The experiments are performed on a text read by 31 speakers and recorded by a headset and three far-field microphones. Results are measured in terms of automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance using a 1-gram model to emphasize acoustic recognition performance. To accommodate for the acoustic change by dereverberation we apply supervised MAP adaptation to the hidden Markov model output probabilities. The combination of dereverberation and adaptation yields a relative improvement of about 35% in terms of word error rate (WER) compared to the original signal.
Krankenhäuser sind ständig auf der Suche nach Verbesserungs- und Optimierungspotenzialen im Kosten- und Erlösbereich. Die Prozessoptimierung gehört hierbei zu einem beliebten Instrument; als Optimierungsobjekt schälen sich immer mehr Querschnittsprozesse heraus. Das im Folgenden beschriebene Projekt untersuchte in Kooperation mit mehreren kommunalen Häusern im Rahmen eines strukturierten Benchmarkings, ob die Anstrengungen im Prozess „Stationäre Entlassung“ im Vergleich mit anderen Häusern ausreichten oder ob noch weiteres Potenzial vorhanden war. Das Neue hierbei war die detaillierte Modellierung der Prozesse und die Analyse anhand von Kennzahlenvergleichen.