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Die Projektauswahl stellt eine Herausforderung insbesondere für mittelständische Industrieunternehmen dar. Abhängigkeiten verschiedener Alternativen und vorgegebene Investitionsbudgets führen bei Anwendung von in der Praxis standardmäßig eingesetzten Verfahren regelmäßig zu suboptimalen Projektkombinationen. In enger Abstimmung mit einem Automobilzulieferer wurde ein Ansatz zur Projektauswahl unter Berücksichtigung von Ressourcen und laufenden Projekten entwickelt sowie technisch umgesetzt. Implementierte Praxistests belegen Verbesserungen bei der Projektauswahl, aber auch bei der Budgeteinhaltung, der Fixkostenreduzierung sowie der Angebotspreisbestimmung.
Logistic activity, in particular transportation, produces green house gases (GHG). For different purposes GHG need to be allocated to objects. This paper studies how to allocate the GHG volume of a transportation process (delivery tour) to the single shipments moved by the process. First, it identifies classes of generic allocation schemes and presents 15 allocation methods. Second, since the majority of these methods has not been designed for allocating GHG, we apply and compare them in the short distance transport context within a numerical example. The aim is to study how the schemes perform according to criteria. We suggest using causality, efficiency, empty core robustness, symmetry, individual rationality, coalition stability, ease of application, and set robustness as appraisal criteria and attempt to mainstream the discussion by recommending selected allocation methods.
The assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of supply chain activities is performed to create transparency across the supply chain and to identify emission-cutting opportunities. Literature provides several generic and case study approaches to estimate GHG emissions. But research often focuses on products. This paper sheds light on how the greenhouse performance of a fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) distribution network depends on several (FMCG specific) variables to set up a “CO2 network footprint”. Within a quantitative computational study, the distribution network footprint of an existing FMCG manufacturer is analyzed. Three options being fundamentally able to reduce total GHG emissions are identified: number of distribution centers, performance of the engaged logistics service provider and shipment structure. First, transportation processes for the investigated FMCG manufacturer are analyzed to derive GHG emissions caused by different distribution shipments. Second, initial data are manipulated to simulate variable changes, that is, different logistics structures. Third, results are reported and analyzed to show up how different changes in logistics structures may reduce GHG, without technological propulsion or use of regenerative energy.
Distribution network design is about recommending long-term network structures in an environment where logistic variables like transportation costs or retailer order sizes dynamically change over time. The challenge for management is to recommend an optimal network configuration that will allow for longer term optimal results despite of environmental turbulences. This paper studies the robustness of cost-optimized FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) distribution networks. It aims at observing the impact of changing variables/conditions on optimized logistic structures in terms of the optimal number and geographical locations of existing distribution centers. Five variables have been identified as relevant to the network structure. A case study approach is applied to study the robustness of an existing, typical, and optimized FMCG network. First, distribution network data of a German manufacturer of FMCG are recorded and analyzed. A quantitative model is set up to reflect the actual cost structure. Second, a cost optimal network configuration is determined as a benchmark for further analysis. Third, the variables investigated are altered to represent changes, both isolated (ceteris paribus) and in combination (scenario analysis). Each one of the variables investigated proves to be fundamentally able to suggest a change of the optimal network structure. However, the scenario analysis indicates that the expected changes will by and large compensate each other, leaving the network in near optimal condition over an extended period of time.
The recent developments in power semiconductor devices and increasing demands on reliability as well as on operation performance require innovative package technologies. Such a novel package technique based on a Planar Interconnect Technology (SiPLIT®) for power modules is introduced in this work. This package features thick Cu interconnects on a high-reliable insulating film for power semiconductor chip top contacts. Due to the conductor structure and contact technology, on-resistance and stray inductances are very low compared to state-of-the-art Al wire bonds. In addition, large area contacting improves the power cycling capability and surge current robustness significantly. These remark-able properties have been verified on several prototype modules where the manufacturing process has also been optimised in terms of cost-effectiveness, system integration and maturity for series production.
Der Gesamtenergiedurchlassgrad (g-Wert) verschiedener teiltransparenter,
gebäudeintegrierbarer Photovoltaik-Module wurde
mit und ohne Entnahme elektrischer Leistung kalorimetrisch gemessen.
Durch die Leistungsentnahme sinkt die Oberflächentemperatur
des Moduls um bis zu 4 K. Gleichzeitig reduziert sich der
g-Wert aufgrund der geringeren sekundären Wärmeabgabe. Die
Größe der Abnahme hängt von der entnommenen Leistung ab
und stimmt sehr gut mit einem einfachen, auf dem Energiesatz
basierenden Rechenmodell überein.
Selectively retrieving a subset of previously studied information can cause forgetting of related, nonretrieved information. Such retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) has typically been attributed to inhibitory control processes. Examining participants with a mean age of about 70 years, previous work reported intact RIF in older adults, suggesting efficient inhibition in older adults' episodic memory. We replicated the prior work by finding reliable RIF in young-old participants (60–75 years), but additionally found RIF to decline with increasing age and to be inefficient in old-old participants (above 75 years). The results support the proposal of an inhibitory deficit in (very) old age.
Evolutionary psychologists propose that human cognition evolved through natural selection to solve adaptive problems related to survival and reproduction, with its ultimate function being the enhancement of reproductive fitness. Following this proposal and the evolutionary-developmental view that ancestral selection pressures operated not only on reproductive adults, but also on pre-reproductive children, the present study examined whether young children show superior memory for information that is processed in terms of its survival value. In two experiments, we found such survival processing to enhance retention in 4- to 10-year-old children, relative to various control conditions that also required deep, meaningful processing but were not related to survival. These results suggest that, already in very young children, survival processing is a special and extraordinarily effective form of memory encoding. The results support the functional-evolutionary proposal that young children’s memory is “tuned” to process and retain fitness-related information.
Objective: Research has shown that comparatively few adults with Asperger Syndrome (AS) participate in the competitive work force. The purpose of this study was to gain in-depth knowledge about contextual factors, which contribute to successful labor market participation in some adults with AS. Participants: This study was conducted by indepth-interviewing six adults with AS working in the competitive job market in Switzerland. Methods: A developmental and hermeneutic narrative approach was used for data collection and analysis. Two in-depth narrative interviews were conducted with each participant. A narrative analysis according to the theories of Paul Ricoeur was performed. Results: Results showed that participants received pre-vocational requisites during their childhood through parents and friends that provided a feeling of security in social contexts. For participants, a supportive school setting resulted in academic achievements. The narratives reveal participants' capacities for understanding and adapting to social norms. Participants' understanding of their own needs was essential to the successful labor market participation. However, disclosure is rare and social stigma is still present. Conclusions: This study showed that successful labor participation of adults with AS can be enhanced through adequate social support already in the early stages of an individual's lifetime.
CdS/CdTe thin film solar technology is one of the most promising concepts to accomplish high efficiencies and low costs in mass production. Further knowledge about electric parameters, such as serial resistances and recombination losses, is needed in order to improve in a systematic approach the module efficiency. The basic tool for device evaluation is the JV-measurement (current density – voltage) under standard test conditions. JVmeasurements result in rather direct determination of electric parameters, and detailed JV-analysis in indirect determination of some more relevant electric parameters. For thin film solar cells the usual 2-diode model and the responsible equation can be reduced to a 1-diode model due to significant recombination processes in the space charge region. However, the fit results suffer on imprecision of derived recombination currents (Jrec), and series resistance (Rs), due to their ambiguousness in fit routine. Direct and precise access of Rs by measurements fails for CdTe, due to its significant dependency on illumination levels. In this work we present a new method for precise Rs and Jrec determination of CdTe cells.
Diskursanalyse
(2012)
Das Elterngeld wurde als familienpolitische Innovation eingeführt, die Müttern wie Vätern höchstmögliche Spielräume bei der Entscheidung für ein Kind bieten sollte. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob diese Spielräume auch empirisch von Relevanz sind. Die Daten belegen, dass das Elterngeld zwar für Väter die Möglichkeit der Existenzsicherung bietet. Dies gilt jedoch nur, wenn sie erwerbstätig sind. Der überwiegende Anteil der Mütter bleibt mit dem Elterngeld unterhalb der Armutsgrenze. Es lässt sich zudem kein massiver Geburtenanstieg durch das Elterngeld feststellen, womit die zentralen familienpolitischen Anliegen nicht erfüllt werden. Jüngste Reformen des Elterngeldes führen zu Verschlechterungen für arme und erwerbslose junge Eltern. Der Ausblick zeigt, dass Auswege aus dem Dilemma möglich sind, wenn entscheidende Schritte zur Reform des Elterngeldes eingeleitet werden.
Skriptum Geschäftsprozesse
(2012)
This article reports on the microsolvation of anthracene in superfluid helium nanodroplets as revealed by electronic spectroscopy. Among the polyacene molecules benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene and pentacene only anthracene and tetracene have been found to exhibit multiplet splitting of the electronic and vibronic transitions which can not be explained by a rotational fine structure. The experimental approach for the investigation of the multiplet is the combined investigation of the fluorescence excitation spectrum and dispersed emission spectra. New experimental data are presented on the microsolvation of anthracene in helium droplets. A detailed analysis of the anthracene data will be contrasted to corresponding data on tetracene. These data together with those reported for benzene, naphthalene and pentacene might serve to test and develop theoretical models which are needed to understand microsolvation of single molecules in superfluid helium droplets.
Embedded real-time systems are growing in complexity, which goes far beyond simplistic closed-loop functionality. Current approaches for worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis are used to verify the deadlines of such systems. These approaches calculate or measure the WCET as a single value that is expected as an upper bound for a system’s execution time. Overestimations are taken into account to make this upper bound a safe bound, but modern processor architectures expand those overestimations into unrealistic areas. Therefore, we present in this paper how of safety analysis model probabilities can be combined with elements of system development models to calculate a probabilistic WCET. This approach can be applied to systems that use mechanisms belonging to the area of fault tolerance, since such mechanisms are usually quantified using safety analyses to certify the system as being highly reliable or safe. A tool prototype implementing this approach is also presented which provides reliable safe upper bounds by performing a static WCET analysis and which overcomes the frequently encountered problem of dependence structures by using a fault injection approach.
Single equivalent approximation for multiple contact structure-borne sound sources in buildings
(2012)
The work reported in the paper addresses structure-borne sound transmission between multiple contact sources and non homogeneous plate receiver structures. This study concentrates on a practical method of predicting the installed structure-borne sound power from mechanical installations in lightweight buildings. The structure-borne sound power is a function of source activity, source mobility and receiver mobility, and all three quantities must be known to some degree. It is rarely practical to consider all transmission paths individually and in detail, and therefore, reduced data sets and less computationally demanding procedures are proposed. The paper examines how source data can be used to assemble single equivalent values, using spatial averages and magnitudes. Single equivalent values of receiver mobility also are proposed for lightweight, point-connected ribbed plate constructions. In case studies, the single equivalent values are used for predicting the structure-borne power in the installed condition.
This paper aims to provide a practical approach to the prediction of structure-borne sound power of mechanical installations in buildings. For structure-borne power, two source quantities, activity and mobility, are required, in combination with one receiver quantity, the receiver mobility. The source activity, in the form of free velocity or blocked force, is usually measured. For source mobility and receiver mobility, estimates, based on simple expressions, can provide a useful starting point. Also, machine bases may be categorised as: compact, plate-like, flanged or framed. Receiver structures, floors and walls, may be categorised as: plate-like, ribbed plate or framed plate. The estimates of source mobility are based on the rigid body value, the characteristic plate mobility and the fundamental plate frequency. For ribbed and framed plate structures, the mobility will vary with location, but again simple estimates of mobility, based on characteristic values and distance from the ribs, are possible.
Schallschutz von Holzbalkendecken - Strategien für die Sanierung
Holzbautag Biel 2012
3
A. Rabold
Schallschutz von Holzbalkendecken
Strategien für die Sanierung
Einleitung
Die Altbausanierung nimmt gegenüber dem Gesamtvolumen der Bautätigkeit eine immer be-
deutendere Stellung ein. Falls die geplanten Sanierungsmaßnahmen nicht unter den Be-
standsschutz fallen, sind die Anforderungen der zum Zeitpunkt der Sanierung baurechtlich
eingeführten Normen zu berücksichtigen. Das Bauteil, das bei der Sanierung eine besonders
sorgfältige Planung erfordert, ist die Trenndecke, die in Altbauten häufig als Holzbalkendecke
ausgeführt wurde. Die vorhandenen Planungsgrundlagen für den Schallschutznachweis von
Holzbalkendecken in Massivbauten sind sowohl in der Normung als auch der Literatur sehr
lückenhaft. Um aktuelle Planungsdaten zu erarbeiten wurde deshalb am ift Rosenheim zu-
nächst ein Vorhaben durchgeführt, in dem die Luft- und Trittschalldämmungen typischer Alt-
baudecken und die Verbesserungen durch unterschiedliche Sanierungsmaßnahmen unter
Laborverhältnissen ohne Flankenübertragung untersucht wurden [1], [2]. In einem aktuellen
Forschungsvorhaben [3] wurde nun in Kooperation mit der Hochschule Rosenheim die Flan-
kenübertragung bei unterschiedlichen Mauerwerkstypen und Deckeneinbindungen ermittelt.
Der Beitrag beschreibt zunächst den Einfluss der Deckenkonstruktion auf die Schalldämmung
und die Ermittlung der Planungswerte für die direkte Übertragung der Decke. Im zweiten Ab-
schnitt werden Planungsdaten für die Flankenübertragung in der Altbausituation dargestellt.
Die Anwendung des Modells sowie die Validierung anhand von Baumessungen wird im dritten
Abschnitt erläutert.
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Die Altbausanierung nimmt gegenüber dem Gesamtvolum
en
der Bautätigkeit eine immer bedeutendere Stellung e
in. Falls
die geplanten Sanierungsmaßnahmen nicht unter den
Bestandsschutz fallen, sind die Anforderungen der z
um
Zeitpunkt der Sanierung baurechtlich eingeführten N
ormen
zu berücksichtigen. Das Bauteil, das bei der Sanier
ung eine
besonders sorgfältige Planung erfordert, ist die Tr
enndecke,
die in Altbauten häufig als Holzbalkendecke ausgefü
hrt
wurde. Die vorhandenen Planungsgrundlagen für den
Schallschutznachweis von Holzbalkendecken in Massiv
-
bauten sind in der derzeitigen Fassung der DIN 4109
sehr
lückenhaft.
Um aktuelle Planungsdaten zu erarbeiten wurde desha
lb am
ift Rosenheim zunächst ein Vorhaben durchgeführt, i
n dem
die Luft- und Trittschalldämmungen typischer Altbau
decken
und die Verbesserungen durch unterschiedliche
Sanierungsmaßnahmen unter Laborverhältnissen unters
ucht
wurden [1], [2]. In einem aktuellen Forschungsvorha
ben [3]
wurde nun in Kooperation mit der Hochschule Rosenhe
im
die Flankenübertragung bei unterschiedlichen Mauerw
erks-
typen und Deckeneinbindungen ermittelt.
Über die Ergebnisse dieser Projekte wird in drei Te
ilen
berichtet. Der vorliegende Teil 1 behandelt die Lab
or-
messungen am T-Stoß zur Ermittlung der Planungswert
e für
die Altbausanierung. Auf die Durchführung der Messu
ngen
am T-Stoß wird in Teil 2 detaillierter eingegangen.
Teil 3
behandelt die durchgeführten Baumessungen zur Vali-
dierung des Prognosemodells.
Die Altbausanierung nimmt im gesamten Baubereich eine immer bedeutendere Stellung ein. Falls die geplanten Sanierungsmaßnahmen nicht unter den Bestandsschutz von Baudenkmälern fallen, sind die Anforderungen der zum Zeitpunkt der Sanierung baurechtlich eingeführten Normen zu berücksichtigen. Das Bauteil, das bei der Sanierung eine besonders sorgfältige Planung erfordert, ist die Wohnungstrenndecke, die in Altbauten häufig als Holzbalkendecke ausgeführt wurde. Die vorhandenen Planungsgrundlagen für den Schallschutznachweis von Holzbalkendecken sind sowohl in der Normung als auch in der Literatur sehr lückenhaft. Um bessere Planungsdaten zu erhalten, wurde deshalb zunächst ein Forschungsvorhaben [1] durchgeführt, in dem die Luft‐ und Trittschalldämmung typischer Altbaudecken und deren Verbesserungen durch unterschiedliche Sanierungsmaßnahmen unter Laborverhältnissen ohne Flankenübertragung untersucht wurden. Die Ergebnisse wurden in einem ersten Beitrag [2] veröffentlicht. Im vorliegenden zweiten Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse eines weiteren Forschungsvorhabens [3] vorgestellt. Der Fokus lag hierbei auf der Ermittlung der Flankenübertragung bei unterschiedlichen Mauerwerkstypen und Deckeneinbindungen. Die Ergebnisse werden als Planungsdaten für die Flankenübertragung bei Altbaukonstruktionen dargestellt und die Anwendung des erarbeiteten Rechenmodells sowie die Validierung anhand von Baumessungen erläutert.
Standardsoftware
(2012)
Folks that have been here last winter prior to ASRU might be familiar with the title of that talk. But don't be misled, I'll have something new for you. In this talk, I will give an overview over the FAU Lecture Browser which I developed in the context of my thesis. I will start out with the description of a novel data set: The LME Lectures are a corpus of two series of graduate level computer science lectures with 18 recordings each. The courses cover topics in medical image processing and pattern analysis/machine learning. The roughly 40 hours of speech were manually transcribed, and one particular lecture was annotated with key phrases by five human raters. Using this data set, I trained three different speech recognizers using regular continuous, multi-codebook semi-continuous and subspace Gaussian mixture models, that show an error rate of about 10% WER. I will then briefly describe the key phrase extraction and automatic ranking, which was then compared against five raters on one lecture recording. Finally, I will talk about a little usability study where 10 students were asked to perform a certain task-- with and without the proposed lecture browser. Although the number of contestants is limited, the numbers are interesting: the users that had the interface could complete the tasks about 30% faster than the control group, while maintaining about the same accuracy.
We describe a lattice generation method that is exact, i.e. it satisfies all the natural properties we would want from a lattice of alternative transcriptions of an utterance. This method does not introduce substantial overhead above one-best decoding. Our method is most directly applicable when using WFST decoders where the WFST is “fully expanded”, i.e. where the arcs correspond to HMM transitions. It outputs lattices that include HMM-state-level alignments as well as word labels. The general idea is to create a state-level lattice during decoding, and to do a special form of determinization that retains only the best-scoring path for each word sequence. This special determinization algorithm is a solution to the following problem: Given a WFST A, compute a WFST B that, for each input-symbol-sequence of A, contains just the lowest-cost path through A.