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Innovative Leistungsmodule
(2011)
Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and complementary methods were employed to study the time dependent film formation of a latex dispersion in water and cement pore solution. First, a model carboxylated styrene/n-butyl acrylate latex dispersion possessing a minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) of 18 °C was synthesized in aqueous media via emulsion polymerization. Its film forming property was at a temperature of 40 °C, studied under an ESEM. The analysis revealed that upon removal of water, film formation occurs as a result of particle packing, particle deformation and finally particle coalescence. Film formation is significantly retarded when the latex dispersion is present in cement pore solution. This effect can be ascribed to adsorption of Ca2+ ions onto the surface of the anionic latex particles and to interfacial secondary phases. This layer of adsorbed Ca2+ ions hinders interdiffusion of the macromolecules and subsequent film formation of the latex polymer.
Selectively retrieving a subset of previously studied information enhances memory for the retrieved information but causes forgetting of related, nonretrieved information. Such retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) has often been attributed to inhibitory executive-control processes that supposedly suppress the nonretrieved items' memory representation. Here, we examined the role of working memory capacity (WMC) in young adults' RIF. WMC was assessed by means of the operation span task. Results revealed a positive relationship between WMC and RIF, with high-WMC individuals showing more RIF than low-WMC individuals. In contrast, individuals showed enhanced memory for retrieved information regardless of WMC. The results are consistent with previous individual-differences work that suggests a close link between WMC and inhibitory efficiency. In particular, the finding supports the inhibitory executive-control account of RIF.
Familie und Gesellschaft befinden sich im Wandel. Die klassische Familie mit Vater, Mutter und Kindern, die ein Leben lang besteht, gibt es immer seltener. Andere Formen wie Ein-Eltern-Familie, Patchworkfamilie oder unverheiratete Paare mit Kindern lösen das klassische Modell immer mehr ab. Die Politik ist jedoch längst nicht auf diese flexibleren Familienformen eingestellt.
Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft müssen einen Weg finden, um die Situation von Familien zu verbessern. So brauchen wir eine ausreichende Zahl von Kitaplätzen für Kinder unter drei Jahren, und auch eine gute Ganztagsbetreuung in Schulen kann wesentlich dazu beitragen, Familie und Beruf besser zu vereinbaren. Doch auch ältere Kinder brauchen Zeit mit ihren Eltern, um sich zu glücklichen und ausgeglichenen Menschen entwickeln zu können. Und schließlich müssen sich vermehrt erwachsene Kinder um ihre immer älter werdenden Eltern kümmern - auch für diese Familienaufgaben muss Zeit geschaffen werden.
Die Expertenkommission Familie der Bertelsmann Stiftung wurde gegründet, um Fragen rund um das Thema Familie aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln zu betrachten und Verbesserungen in Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft anzuregen. Dieses Buch fasst einige der Diskussionen mit Experten zusammen und soll anregen, über neue Wege in der Familienpolitik nachzudenken.
Wie wird Vaterschaft ermittelt? Das Bundesverfassungsgerichtsurteil zu so genannten heimlichen Vaterschaftstests hat einen Anspruch auf die genetische Abstammungsklärung verankert. Ziel dieser Klärung ist es für Väter, festzustellen, ob ihr rechtliches Kind auch ihr biologisches Kind ist. Dem Urteil folgte ein Gesetz zur Klärung der Abstammung. Das neue Gesetz schafft den „stets sicheren“ Vater. Wie ist es vor diesem Hintergrund um die Sicherheit des Kindes bestellt? In welchem Verhältnis stehen Vaterrechte und Kinderrechte? Diesen Fragen geht Sabina Schutter anhand eines diskursanalytischen Verfahrens nach.
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich anhand eines Bundesverfassungsgerichtsurteils zu »heimlichen Vaterschaftstests« mit Fragen nach der Materialität von Kindheit. Die rechtliche Verwertbarkeit eines Vaterschaftstests für die Vaterschaftsanfechtung, beziehungsweise die das mögliche Anrecht auf Kenntnis der Abstammung des eigenen Kindes verbindet naturalisierende Vorstellungen von Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen mit rechtlichen Regelungen. So entsteht eine Wechselwirkung: das legitime Kind materialisiert sich einerseits in der Idee der Fortsetzung des Selbst als das »genetisch eigene Kind« und andererseits in der Idee des rechtmäßigen Kindes, das durch die genetische Abstammung begründet wird. Genetische Informationen tragen damit nicht nur zur Naturalisierung der Vorstellung von »eigenen« Kindern bei, sie dienen auch als naturalisierende Begründung der rechtmäßigen Vater-Kind-Beziehung. Wie nimmt die genetische Wahrheit diesen Status in der Legitimation einer Beziehung ein und welchen Beitrag kann diese Verfasstheit für die Beantwortung der Frage nach der Materialität von Kindheit leisten? Welche Form erlangt Kindheit in der Konzeption eines Generationenverhältnisses, das auf biologische Abstammung fundiert wird und in welcher Beziehung steht diese Konzeption zu ihrer rechtlichen Normierung?
Versorger und Verlierer
(2011)
We present the fluorescence excitation and dispersed emission spectra of the parent compound of the boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye class measured in a supersonic beam and isolated in superfluid helium nanodroplets. The gas‐phase spectrum of the isolated molecules displays many low‐frequency transitions that are assigned to a symmetry‐breaking mode with a strongly nonharmonic potential, presumably the out‐of‐plane wagging mode of the BF2 group. The data are in good agreement with transition energies and Franck–Condon factors calculated for a double minimum potential in the upper electronic state. The corresponding transitions do not appear in the helium droplet. This is explained with the quasi‐rigid first layer of helium atoms attached to the dopant molecule by van der Waals forces. The spectral characteristics are those of a cyanine dye rather than that of an aromatic chromophore.
Electronic spectra of molecules doped into superfluid 4He nanodroplets reveal important details of the microsolvation in superfluid helium. The vibrational fine structure in the electronic spectra of phthalocyanine derivatives and pyrromethene dye molecules doped into superfluid helium droplets have been investigated. Together with previous studies on anthracene derivatives [J. Chem. Phys.2010, 133, 114505] and 3-hydroxyflavone [J. Chem. Phys.2009, 131, 194307], the line shapes vary between two limiting cases, namely, sharp Lorentzians and nonresolved vibrational fine structure. All different spectral signatures are initiated by the same effect, namely, the change of the electron density distribution initiated by the electronic excitation. This change can be quantified by the difference of the electrostatic moments of the molecule in the electronic ground state and the corresponding Franck–Condon point in the excited state. According to the experimental data, electronic spectroscopy suffers from drastic line broadening when accompanied by significant changes of the charge distribution, in particular, changes of the dipole moment. Vice versa, the vibrational fine structure in electronic spectra of molecules doped into helium droplets is highly sensitive to changes of the electron density distribution.
The growing complexity of safety-critical embedded systems is leading to an increased complexity of safety analysis models. Often used fault tolerance mechanisms have complex failure behavior and produce overhead compared to systems without such mechanisms. The question arises whether the overhead for fault tolerance is acceptable for the increased safety of a system. Manually modeling the timing behavior is cost intensive and error prone. Current approaches of safety analysis and execution time analysis are not able to reflect the timing behavior of complex mechanisms according to failures. In this paper, we describe an approach that combines safety analysis models with execution times to extract different execution times for different failure conditions. This provides a detailed view on the safety behavior in combination with the produced overhead and allows to find and certify appropriate fault tolerance mechanisms.
Embedded real-time systems are growing in complexity, which goes far beyond simplistic closedloop functionality. Current approaches of worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis are used to verify deadlines of such systems, especially when they are safety critical. These approaches calculate or measure WCET as a single value that is expected as an upper bound for a system's execution time. Overestimations are taken into account to make this upper bound a safe bound, but modern processor architectures with caches, multi-threading, and instruction pipelines often expand those overestimations for safe upper bounds into unrealistic areas. Some approaches try to overcome this problem by calculating multiple upper bounds and argue that each single upper bound will hold for a certain probability (probabilistic worst-case execution time). Even though some of them tackle the problem of obtaining reliable probabilistic values for such upper bounds, more effort is required. Therefore, we present in this paper how probabilities of safety analysis models can be combined with elements of system development models to calculate a probabilistic worst-case execution time. This approach can be applied to systems that use mechanisms belonging to the area of fault tolerance, since such mechanisms are usually quantified in safety analyses to certify the system as being highly reliable or safe.
The work reported in this paper addresses the problem of structure-borne sound transmission between vibrating sources and ribbed-plate receiver structures. Vibrating sources, such as pumps, motors, fans, etc., transmit vibro-acoustic power, causing noise complaints by occupants in cars, trains, aircraft, buildings and/or material fatigue and damage. The transmission process is complicated in that sources transmit power through several contacts and by up to six components of excitation at each contact. The structure-borne sound power is a function of source activity, source mobility and receiver mobility, and all three quantities must be known to some degree. For non-homogeneous receiver structures, such as thin-plate cavity constructions or lightweight framed constructions, the sheathing plates are typically fastened to the framing members using bolts, screws or spot-welded joints. Hence the resulting system is a point-connected ribbed plate structure and the receiver mobility is expected to vary significantly with position. Since measured receiver data seldom is available for prediction purposes, a method of estimating the point and transfer mobility of point connected ribbed plates is required. In this paper, an approximate approach, based on substitution forces, is described. The model uses infinite beam and infinite plate behaviour as input quantities. Estimates of point and transfer mobility are compared with measured results using a timber joist floor construction as an example.