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Die Gesundheitswirtschaft ist im hohen Maße von Technisierung und Digitalisierung betroffen, welche neue Kompetenzen bei den verantwortlichen Akteur:innen erfordert. Die Fähigkeiten, die für den professionellen Umgang mit diesen Entwicklungspro zessen relevant sind, werden in der Literatur mit verschiedenen Begriffen umschrieben: Inhalte wie Technik, Digitalität, Medien, Informatik, Computer oder Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) werden mit Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten re präsentierenden Begriffen wie Kompetenzen, Literacy oder Skills verknüpft. Deutlich wird bisher jedoch nicht, welche spezifi schen Fähigkeiten die im Diskurs geforderten Konstrukte jeweils adressieren, worin sie sich unterscheiden und welchen Beitrag sie zum Ziel beruflicher Handlungskompetenz leisten.
The pandemic has highlighted the fact that healthcare systems around the world are under pressure. Demographic change is leading to an increasing shortage of care workers in most countries, and the demographic challenge is only just beginning in most societies. While robots are widely used in industry, robotic support in healthcare is still limited to very specialised robots in the operating theatre. The question of what type of deployment is likely to be successful in a healthcare scenario is not only a technological or economical question, but also one of technology acceptance.
In this paper we analyse the acceptance of robots in elderly care from the perspective of patients, patient families, and geriatric care professionals. To understand the various positions and to identify the suitability of existing acceptance models, we applied stakeholder mapping to conduct qualitative interviews with 14 people with different knowledge backgrounds and levels of involvement in care situations, based on 9 videos showing different robots and application scenarios.
The results confirmed that existing technology acceptance models need to be extended by factors such as robot appear-ance. We found that the background knowledge of the respondents influences the results of the questions about e.g. safety concerns. In addition, we found that the contribution to patients' self-determination and independence is an im-portant factor that is not included in existing technology acceptance models. Finally, the discovery of a significant dis-crepancy between the self-perception and the external perception of the different stakeholders regarding the acceptance of a service robot can be explained by the stakeholder positions involved caring for the benefit of a specific patient.
These findings encourage further research, especially with the underlying assumption that technology acceptance in healthcare is not just a patient issue, but a stakeholder issue. Stake holder mapping is a valid tool to analyze the inter-dependences for acceptance of robots. Therefore, we suggest using a tool such as stakeholder mapping to further ana-lyze these issues.
This study investigates the impact of generative AI systems like ChatGPT on semi-structured decision-making, specifically in evaluating undergraduate dissertations. We propose using Davis’ technology acceptance model (TAM) and Schulz von Thun’s four-sides communication model to understand human–AI interaction and necessary adaptations for acceptance in dissertation grading. Utilizing an inductive research design, we conducted ten interviews with respondents having varying levels of AI and management expertise, employing four escalating-consequence scenarios mirroring higher education dissertation grading. In all scenarios, the AI functioned as a sender, based on the four-sides model. Findings reveal that technology acceptance for human–AI interaction is adaptive but requires modifications, particularly regarding AI’s transparency. Testing the four-sides model showed support for three sides, with the appeal side receiving negative feedback for AI acceptance as a sender. Respondents struggled to accept the idea of AI, suggesting a grading decision through an appeal. Consequently, transparency about AI’s role emerged as vital. When AI supports instructors transparently, acceptance levels are higher. These results encourage further research on AI as a receiver and the impartiality of AI decision-making without instructor influence. This study emphasizes communication modes in learning-ecosystems, especially in semi-structured decision-making situations with AI as a sender, while highlighting the potential to enhance AI-based decision-making acceptance.
Exploring stakeholder perspectives: Enhancing robot acceptance for sustainable healthcare solutions
(2023)
The pandemic has highlighted the fact that healthcare systems around the world are under pressure. Demographic change is leading to an increasing shortage of care workers in most countries, and the demographic challenge is only just beginning in most societies. While robots are widely used in industry, robotic support in healthcare is still limited to very specialized robots in the operating theatre. The question of what type of deployment is likely to be successful in a healthcare scenario is not only a technological or economical question but also one of technology acceptance. The answer to this question supports entrepreneurial opportunities to develop sustainable healthcare solutions.
In this paper, we analyze the acceptance of robots in elderly care from the perspective of patients, patient families, and geriatric care professionals. To understand the various positions and to identify the suitability of existing acceptance models, we applied stakeholder mapping to conduct qualitative interviews with 14 people with different knowledge backgrounds and levels of involvement in care situations, based on 9 videos showing different robots and application scenarios.
The results confirmed that existing technology acceptance models need to be extended by factors such as robot appearance. We found that the background knowledge of the respondents influences the results of the questions about e.g. safety concerns. In addition, we found that the contribution to patients' self-determination and independence is an important factor that is not included in existing technology acceptance models. Finally, the discovery of a significant discrepancy between the self-perception and the external perception of the different stakeholders regarding the acceptance of a service robot can be explained by the stakeholder positions involved in caring for the benefit of a specific patient.
These findings encourage further research, especially with the underlying assumption that technology acceptance in healthcare is not just a patient issue, but a stakeholder issue. Stakeholder mapping is a valid tool to analyze the interdependencies for the acceptance of robots. Therefore, we suggest using a tool such as stakeholder mapping to further analyze these issues.
Einleitung:
Die Unternehmen BioNTech und Moderna haben mit den Covid-19-Impfstoffen zwischen 2020 und 2021 eine operative Gewinnmarge von 62% bzw. 72% erzielt, die somit weit über dem Industriedurchschnitt von ca. 25% liegt. Aus dieser hohen Gewinnmarge ergibt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluss die erfolgreiche Entwicklung von Covid-19-Arzneimitteln, d.h. Impfstoffen und/oder Therapeutika, auf Umsätze, Gewinne und Gewinnmargen innerhalb der pharmazeutischen Industrie insgesamt hat.
Methoden:
Datenbasis sind die Quartalsberichte der 30 weltweit umsatzstärksten pharmazeutischen Unternehmen sowie aller Unternehmen mit Zulassung eines Covid-19-Arzneimittels durch die Zulasssungsbehörden in den USA (FDA) oder in der EU (EMA) zwischen Q1/2018 und Q2/2022. Als operativer Gewinn wird der Umsatz abzüglich Herstell-, Forschung- und Entwicklungs- (F&E) sowie Marketing-, Vertriebs- und Verwaltungskosten (MVV) definiert. Die Analyse erfolgte mit einem Difference-in-Difference-Modell mit multiplen Perioden. Die „Interventionsgruppe“ ist durch die erfolgreiche Zulassung eines Covid-19-Arzneimittels definiert. BioNTech, Moderna und Novavax wurden aus der Stichprobe ausgeschlossen, da sie wegen fehlender Gewinne vor Einführung der Impfstoffe die Annahme paralleler Trends nicht erfüllen können. Boehringer-Ingelheim wurde ausgeschlossen, da die Firma die Finanzzahlen nicht geeignet veröffentlicht. Die Finanzzahlen der im Beobachtungszeitraum der aus den Firmen Pfizer und MSD ausgegliederten Tochterunternehmen wurden den Mutterkonzernen zugerechnet.
Ergebnisse:
Von 27 untersuchten Unternehmen haben 6 Therapeutika, 1 einen Impfstoff und 2 sowohl Therapeutika als auch Impfstoffe entwickelt. Diese Unternehmen gehören bis auf eine Ausnahme zu den umsatzstärkeren Unternehmen. Die erfolgreiche Zulassung eines Covid-19-Arzneimittels führte zu statistisch signifikant höheren Umsätzen je Quartal (+2,97 Mrd. US-$) und höheren operativen Gewinnen (0,72 Mrd. US-$). Produktions- und F&E-Kosten steigen im Gegensatz zu MVV-Kosten bei erfolgreicher Zulassung ebenfalls statistisch signifikant. Die Gewinnmarge fällt durch erfolgreiche Covid-19-Zulassungen leicht, aber nicht statistisch signifikant um 2,8% (p=0,299). Berücksichtigt man die Gruppen der Unternehmen mit erfolgreicher Zulassung eines Impfstoffes bzw. eines Therapeutikum getrennt, ändern sich die
Ergebnisse strukturell nicht.
Schlussfolgerung:
Umsatzstärkere Pharmaunternehmern waren erfolgreicher, Covid-19-Arzneimittel allein oder in Kooperation zu entwickeln. Wenngleich Umsätze und Gewinne in hohem Ausmaß durch die erfolgreiche Entwicklung von Covid-19-Arzneimitteln stiegen, zeigten sich keine überproportionalen Gewinnmargen.
Die Patientenversorgung ist eine interprofessionelle Aufgabe. Deshalb wird die Förderung interprofessioneller Kompetenzen zunehmend in den Ausbildungs- und Studiencurricula aller Gesundheitsberufe verankert, sodass Lehrende vor der Herausforderung stehen, Lernangebote zu konzipieren, die Kompetenzen interprofessioneller Kooperation fördern. Der Herausgeberband enthält vielfältige Beispiele für die Durchführung von Lerneinheiten, die Lernende auf typische interprofessionelle Handlungssituationen oder das interprofessionelle Handeln in unterschiedlichen Versorgungssettings vorbereiten. Auch Best-Practice-Beispiele der interprofessionellen praktischen Ausbildung werden vorgestellt. Zusätzlich können Online-Materialien für die eigene Lehre heruntergeladen und genutzt werden. Damit bietet das Werk Lehrenden eine Unterstützung, um interprofessionell orientierte Lerneinheiten praxisorientiert zu entwickeln.
Background
The admission to a nursing home is a critical life-event for affected persons as well as their families. Admission related processes are lacking adequate participation of older people and their families. To improve transitions to nursing homes, context- and country-specific knowledge about the current practice is needed. Hence, our aim was to summarize available evidence on challenges and care strategies associated with the admission to nursing homes in Germany.
Methods
We conducted a scoping review and searched eight major international and German-specific electronic databases for journal articles and grey literature published in German or English language since 1995. Further inclusion criteria were focus on challenges or care strategies in the context of nursing home admissions of older persons and comprehensive and replicable information on methods and results. Posters, only-abstract publications and articles dealing with mixed populations including younger adults were excluded. Challenges and care strategies were identified and analysed by structured content analysis using the TRANSCIT model.
Results
Twelve studies of 1,384 records were finally included. Among those, seven were qualitative studies, three quantitative observational studies and two mixed methods studies. As major challenges neglected participation of older people, psychosocial burden among family caregivers, inadequate professional cooperation and a lack of shared decision-making and evidence-based practice were identified. Identified care strategies included strengthening shared decision-making and evidence-based practice, improvement in professional cooperation, introduction of specialized transitional care staff and enabling participation for older people.
Conclusion
Although the process of nursing home admission is considered challenging and tends to neglect the needs of older people, little research is available for the German health care system. The perspective of the older people seems to be underrepresented, as most of the studies focused on caregivers and health professionals. Reported care strategies addressed important challenges, however, these were not developed and evaluated in a comprehensive and systematic way. Future research is needed to examine perspectives of all the involved groups to gain a comprehensive picture of the needs and challenges. Interventions based on existing care strategies should be systematically developed and evaluated to provide the basis of adequate support for older persons and their informal caregivers.