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Institutional Ethnography
(2022)
Rehabilitation aims to enable people with disabilities or who are likely to experience disability to participate fully in their daily lives through a set of interprofessional and multimodal measures. Yet, rehabilitation services are embedded within social and healthcare systems that shape what individuals, who are active within these systems, can and may have to do. This chapter introduces Institutional Ethnography, a critical method of inquiry, which aims to explicate what people actually do and experience and how their doings and experiences become organized within textually mediated social relations. For rehabilitation practice and research, Institutional Ethnography is a powerful method to delineate which concepts are dominating institutional practices and to explicate whether these concepts are comprehensive enough to serve not only institutional purposes but account for and respond to the realities of people’s daily lives.
Numerous studies from the past five decades have shown that selective retrieval of some studied items can impair recall of other items. This chapter reviews more recent work, in which it is demonstrated that selective memory retrieval has two faces and that it can both impair and improve recall of other items. In this recent work, participants' access to study context during selective retrieval was experimentally manipulated and it was examined whether such manipulation influences the effects of selective retrieval. Access to study context was manipulated using listwise directed forgetting, context-dependent forgetting and time-dependent forgetting. The results consistently showed that selective retrieval impairs recall of other memories if access to study context during retrieval is largely maintained, but that selective retrieval can improve recall if study context access is impaired. The findings are explained by a two-factor account, which claims that, in general, selective retrieval does not only trigger inhibition and blocking but also triggers context reactivation processes. The proposal is that primarily inhibition and blocking operate when study context access during selective retrieval is largely maintained, whereas primarily context reactivation processes operate when study context access is impaired. Current findings on the two faces of selective retrieval are well consistent with this theoretical view.
The consideration of company resources is initially oriented towards the question of whether the actual resources are adequate to achieve the defined goals. But with respect to human resources it is not only essential to choose the right employees but also to realize the potential of existing competencies.
Therefore it cannot simply be a monetary goal but also an immaterial cultural target to provide an atmosphere that allows the abilities of its organization to unfold. The assumption is made that a culture of trust is the adequate instrument to support employee competence utilization; an aspect being of special interest for strategic management.
Based on a new integrative model on the impact of trust on employee competence utilization a survey was directed to employees of selected medium sized organizations with between 49 and 999 employees. For the empirical study a pragmatic mixed methods approach was applied. The purpose of this paper is to test the basic hypothesis whether trust actually has an impact on employee competence utilization was tested with the use of correlation analysis and SmartPLS v. 3.2.3 in various ways. Therefore findings are based on the modelling and testing of trust relations and competence utilization.
As a result it can be summarized, that deliberate and elaborate concepts of social capital approaches, with a particular emphasis on trust, provide fundamental impact on and feedback through improved and increased employee performance.
The open and cooperative nature of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) poses new challenges in assuring dependability. The DEIS project (Dependability Engineering Innovation for automotive CPS. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 732242, see http://www.deis-project.eu) addresses these challenges by developing technologies that form a science of dependable system integration. In the core of these technologies lies the concept of a Digital Dependability Identity (DDI) of a component or system. DDIs are modular, composable, and executable in the field facilitating (a) efficient synthesis of component and system dependability information over the supply chain and (b) effective evaluation of this information in-the-field for safe and secure composition of highly distributed and autonomous CPS. The paper outlines the DDI concept and opportunities for application in four industrial use cases.