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Manufacturing-Execution-Systeme (MES) werden in der Fertigungsindustrie dazu eingesetzt, einen durchgehenden Informationsfluss zwischen den an der Fertigung beteiligten Systemen herzustellen. Von der Vernetzung aller an der Produktion beteiligten Systeme wird dabei eine gesteigerte Produktivität auf Shop-Floor-Ebene erwartet. Beim Durchlauf des beispielhaft gezeigten Fertigungsauftrages wurden durch den Einsatz von MR-CM©, einem von der Maschinen-fabrik Reinhausen entwickelten und implemen-tierten MES, bereits einige Produktivitätspotenziale im Vergleich mit der konventionellen Abwicklung ohne Einsatz des MES deutlich. Diese resultieren im Wesentlichen aus der Eliminierung von nicht wertschöpfenden Schnittstellenproblemen zwischen den an der Auftragsdurchführung beteiligten Maschinen. Die erzielten Produktivitätszuwächse bestehen im Kern aus einer Verkürzung der Maschinenrüstzeiten, was zu einer Reduktion der Produktionskosten und einer Zunahme der Produktionsflexibilität führt und zu einer Reduzierung der Werkzeugbestände sowie der damit verbundenen Kapitalbindungskosten.
Novel hybrid admixtures for construction applications were prepared by layer-by-layer deposition technique. Colloidal core templates consisting of styrene/acrylate latex particles were coated with multilayers of polycondensate-based dispersants commonly used in concrete. This way, core–shell particles possessing both dispersing and film-forming properties were achieved. Incorporation of the latex@dispersant hybrid additive into a cement paste results in a slow release of the dispersant which instigates prolonged plastification of the cement slurry. Following disintegration of the shell, the latex core particles are released into the pore solution and coalesce into a polymer film which improves the mechanical properties of the hardened cement. Characterization of the templates and novel additives plus tracking of the layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte adsorption was performed by means of zeta potential measurement, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Our method allows to synthesize multifunctional additives with time-controlled release effect.
Retrieving a target item from episodic memory typically enhances later memory for the retrieved item but causes forgetting of competing irrelevant memories. This finding is termed retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) and is assumed to be the consequence of an inhibitory mechanism resolving retrieval competition. In the present study, we examined brain oscillatory processes related to RIF, as induced by competitive memory retrieval. Contrasting a competitive with a noncompetitive retrieval condition, we found a stronger increase in early evoked theta (4–7 Hz) activity, which specifically predicted RIF, but not retrieval-induced enhancement. Within the cognitive framework of RIF, these findings suggest that theta oscillations reflect arising interference and its resolution during competitive retrieval in episodic memory.
A prominent theory of cognitive development attributes the poor performance that children show in many cognitive tasks to a general lack of inhibitory control. We tested this theory by examining children’s inhibitory capabilities in retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF), a memory task in which selective retrieval of previously studied material causes forgetting of related, nonretrieved material. Such forgetting is often attributed to inhibitory control processes, which supposedly suppress the nonretrieved items’ memory representation. We examined RIF in kindergartners, second graders, and adults, using both recall and recognition testing. Although all three age groups showed significant RIF in recall, only adults and second graders, but not kindergartners, showed RIF in recognition. Because inhibition-based RIF should be present in recall and recognition, these findings indicate that in adults and second graders, but not in kindergartners, RIF is mediated by inhibition. The results support the view of inefficient inhibitory processes in young children’s cognition.
In listwise directed forgetting, participants are cued to forget previously studied material and to learn new material instead. Such cueing typically leads to forgetting of the first set of material and to memory enhancement of the second. The present study examined the role of working memory capacity in adults' and children's listwise directed forgetting. Working memory capacity was assessed with complex span tasks. In Experiment 1 working memory capacity predicted young adults' directed-forgetting performance, demonstrating a positive relationship between working memory capacity and each of the two directed-forgetting effects. In Experiment 2 we replicated the finding with a sample of first and a sample of fourth-grade children, and additionally showed that working memory capacity can account for age-related increases in directed-forgetting efficiency between the two age groups. Following the view that directed forgetting is mediated by inhibition of the first encoded list, the results support the proposal of a close link between working memory capacity and inhibitory function.
When people are cued to forget a previously studied list of items and to learn a new list instead, such cuing typically leads to forgetting of the first list and to memory enhancement of the second. In two experiments, we examined such listwise directed forgetting in children (and adults), using a forget cue that placed either high emphasis or low emphasis on the need to forget. In the low-emphasis condition, (adult-like) List 1 forgetting was present in fourth graders, but not in first graders (and kindergartners); in contrast, in the high-emphasis condition, (adult-like) List 1 forgetting was present from first grade on. Only fourth graders showed (adult-like) List 2 enhancement, regardless of task instruction. The finding that first graders showed List 1 forgetting only in the high-emphasis condition points to a production deficiency in first graders’ directed forgetting, suggesting that the children are capable of intentional forgetting but fail to do so spontaneously. The finding that first graders showed List 1 forgetting without List 2 enhancement suggests that the two directed-forgetting effects are mediated by different processes with different developmental trajectories.
Changing environmental context during encoding can influence episodic memory. This study examined the memorial consequences of environmental context change in children. Kindergartners, first and fourth graders, and young adults studied two lists of items, either in the same room (no context change) or in two different rooms (context change), and subsequently were tested on the two lists in the room in which the second list was encoded. As expected, in adults, the context change impaired recall of the first list and improved recall of the second. Whereas fourth graders showed the same pattern of results as adults, in both kindergartners and first graders no memorial effects of the context change arose. The results indicate that the two effects of environmental context change develop contemporaneously over middle childhood and reach maturity at the end of the elementary school days. The findings are discussed in light of both retrieval-based and encoding-based accounts of context-dependent memory.
Der Beitrag stellt das laufende Forschungsprojekt „Sexuelle Gewalt gegen Mädchen und Jungen in Institutionen“ des Deutschen Jugendinstituts vor. Inhalt ist eine quantitative retrospektive Befragung zum Vorkommen, Ausmaß und zum Umgang mit sexueller Gewalt in Schulen, Internaten sowie stationären Einrichtungen der Hilfen zur Erziehung. Anhand von Fokusgruppen soll die Perspektive der Fachkräfte und Beratungsstellen einbezogen werden.
Physical determinants of phytoplankton production, algal stoichiometry, and vertical nutrient fluxes
(2010)
Most phytoplankters face opposing vertical gradients in light versus nutrient supplies but have limited capacities for vertical habitat choice. We therefore explored a dynamical model of negatively buoyant algae inhabiting a one-dimensional water column to ask how water column depth and turbulence constrain total (areal) phytoplankton biomass. We show that the population persistence boundaries in water column depth-turbulence space are set by sinking losses and light limitation but that nutrients are most limiting to total biomass in water columns that are neither too shallow or too weakly mixed (where sinking losses prevail) nor too deep and turbulent (where light limitation prevails). In shallow waters, the most strongly limiting process is nutrient influx to the bottom of the water column (e.g., from sediments). In deep waters, the most strongly limiting process is turbulent upward transport of nutrients to the photic zone. Consequently, the highest total biomasses are attained in turbulent waters at intermediate water column depths and in deep waters at intermediate turbulences. These patterns are insensitive to the assumption of fixed versus flexible algal carbon-to-nutrient stoichiometry, and they arise irrespective of whether the water column is a surface layer above a deep water compartment or has direct contact with sediments.
The aim of this secondary analysis is to explicate taken-for-granted practices in the health care system in which the life stories of six women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are embedded. A secondary analysis of life stories of six women with RA, which were assigned to a typology named "rheumatoid arthritis as a source for new challenges" (STAMM et al., 2008) in the primary narrative study, was conducted. The theoretical framework applied for the analysis was informed by feminist standpoint theory and feminist philosophy. In the present analysis, each of the women challenged established health care practices and the cognitive authority of medicine at a certain point in their life story reflections. Becoming more conscious about health care practices enabled the women to acknowledge their own knowledge and to make choices about their health. The findings challenge health care providers to engage in critical reflexivity to become conscious about and to transform taken-for-granted practices as embedded in larger systems and to create health care environments that enable dialogue between clients and health care providers.