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Usability is considered a major success factor for current and future decision support systems. Such systems are increasingly used to assist human decision-makers in high-stakes tasks in complex domains such as health care, jurisdiction or finance. Yet, many if not most expert systems—especially in health care—fail to deliver the degree of quality in terms of usability that its expert users are used to from their personal digital consumer products. In this article, we focus on clinical decision support systems (CDSS) as an example for how important a human-centered design approach is when designing complex software in complex contexts. We provide an overview of CDSS classes, discuss the importance of systematically exploring mental models of users, and formulate challenges and opportunities of future design work on CDSS. We further provide a case study from a current research project to illustrate how we used codesign as a practical approach to produce usable software in a real-world context.
Practical Relevance: We make a point for usability to be considered a major success factor and non-negotiable characteristic of expert software. With software evolving into virtual coworkers in terms of supporting human decision-making in complex, high-risk domains, the necessity of and demand for systems that are unambiguously understandable and interpretable for their expert users have never been higher. We show that this is a real-world problem with high practical relevance by describing our work in the domain of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) as an example. We introduce the topic and a classification of CDSS. Thus, we highlight a conceptual framework of how to approach complex domains from a technology designer’s point of view. We continue by explaining why usability must be regarded as a major goal in software development. We derive challenges and opportunities that may well be transferred to other domains. Finally, be including a real-world example from our own professional work we propose a practical approach towards taking the challenges and exploiting the associated opportunities.
Due to their lightweight potential and good eco-balance, thermoplastic hybrid composites with natural fiber reinforcement have long been used in the automotive industry. A good alternative to natural fibers is wood fibers, which have similar properties but are also a single-material solution using domestic raw materials. However, there has been hardly any research into wood fibers in thermoplastic back-injected hybrid composites. This article compares the bond strength of an injection molded rib from polypropylene (PP) and wood fibers to different non-wovens. The non-wovens consisted of wood fibers (spruce) or alternatively natural fibers (kenaf, hemp), both with a polypropylene matrix. Pull-off and instrumented puncture impact tests show that, given similar parameters, the natural and wood-fiber-hybrid composites exhibit very similar trends in bond strength. Further tests using viscosity measurements, microscopy, and computed tomography confirm the results. Wood-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic hybrid composites can thus compete with the natural fiber composites in terms of their mechanical behavior and therefore present a good alternative in technical semi-structural applications.
The annual instructional virtual team Project X brings together professors and students from across the globe to engage in client projects. The 2020 project was challenged by the global disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper draws on a quantitative dataset from a post-project survey among 500 participating students and a qualitative narrative inquiry of personal experiences of the faculty members. The findings reveal how innovative use of a variety of collaboration and communication technologies helped students and their professors in building emotional connection and compassion to support each other in the midst of the crisis, and to accomplish the project despite connectivity disruptions. The results suggest that the role of an instructor changed to a coach and mentor, and technology was used to create a greater sense of inclusion and co-presence in student-faculty interactions. Ultimately, the paper highlights the role of technology to help the participants navigate sudden crisis affecting a global online instructional team project. The adaptive instructional teaching strategies and technologies depicted in this study offer transformative potential for future developments in higher education.
Recently, the SQL standardization Committee published a specification for support of the concept called Row Pattern Recognition in SQL. That way, the focus for the members of the Committee turned back to a kernel issue of the language, after standardizing the storage and manipulation of data formats, such as XML and JSON. In this paper we discuss the specified features using several examples and show to what extent different relational database systems as well as Data Analytics tools have integrated them. At the end of the paper, we describe the main inaccuracies of the proposal and the ways how to solve them. From our point of view, the following should be modified in one of the future proposals of the standard in relation to this concept: (a) Naming of several pattern navigation operations is inappropriate and should be changed; (b) The concept of implicit definition for row pattern variables in DEFINE should be changed to explicit; (c) The set of existing functions should be extended.
Objective
Functioning is an important outcome for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Heterogeneity of respective patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) challenges direct comparisons between their results. This study aimed to standardize reporting of such PROMs measuring functioning in RA to facilitate comparability.
Methods
Common-item nonequivalent group design with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) as a common scale across data sets from various countries (including the UK, Turkey, and Germany) to establish a common metric was used. Other PROMs included are the physical function items of the Multidimensional HAQ (MDHAQ), the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II), the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey, and 4 short forms (20, 10, 6, and 4 physical function items) from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. As the HAQ includes mobility, self-care, and domestic life items, this study focuses on these 3 domains. PROMs were described using standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest detectable difference (SDD). A Rasch measurement model was used to create the common metric.
Results
The range of the SEM was 0.2 (MDHAQ) to 7.4 (SF-36 health survey physical functioning domain). The SDD revealed a range from 9.7% (WOMAC rating scale) to 33.5% (WHODAS physical functioning domain). PROMs co-calibration revealed fit to the Rasch measurement model. A transformation table was developed to allow exchange between PROM scores.
Conclusion
Scores between the daily activity PROMs commonly used in RA can now be compared. Factors such as SEM and SDD help to determine the choice of a PROM in clinical practice and research.
Interim tests of previously studied information can potentiate subsequent learning of new information, in part, because retrieval-based processes help to reduce proactive interference from previously learned information. We hypothesized that an effect similar to this forward testing effect would also occur when making judgments of (prior) learning (JOLs). Previous research showed that making JOLs likely prompts covert retrieval attempts and thereby enhances memory, specifically when providing only parts of previously studied information. This study examined the forward effect of different types of JOLs (i.e., with complete or partial prior study information available) on subsequent learning of new materials, compared to restudy and retrieval practice. In a between-subjects design, participants (N = 161) consecutively studied five lists of 20 words with the aim to recall as many of them on a final cumulative recall test. After the presentation of each of the first four lists, participants either restudied the list, made JOLs with complete words, made JOLs with word stems, or they were tested on word stems. Compared to restudy, practicing retrieval and making JOLs with word stems, but not JOLs with complete words, facilitated the List-5 interim recall performance and attenuated the number of intrusions from prior lists. The findings suggest that, similar to overt retrieval, making JOLs with incomplete information can enhance new learning to the extent that it elicits covert retrieval attempts.
Das Team levelup der TH Rosenheim hat sich im Rahmen des SDE 21/22 das Ziel gesetzt, mittels Aufstockung den urbanen Raum nachzuverdichten. Hauptaugenmerk ist hierbei die Schaffung neuen Wohnraums mit einer energetischen Sanierung zum Plusenergiegebäude zu kombinieren. Erreicht wird dies durch ein Energiekonzept mit PV- und PVT-Kollektoren, Absorptionswärmepumpe und einer Fassadenheizung. Der bauphysikalische Schwerpunkt in diesem Bericht liegt bei einer Sanierungsfassade mit thermischer Aktivierung der Bestandswand.
Road freight transportation accounts for a great share of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to provide a common methodology for carbon accounting related to transport activities, the European Committee for Standardization has published the European Norm EN-16258. Unfortunately, EN-16258 contains gaps and ambiguities and leaves room for interpretation, which makes the comparison of the environmental performance of different logistics networks still difficult and hinders the identification of best practices. This research contributes to the identification of particularly meaningful principles for the allocation of GHG to shipments in road freight transportation by presenting an analytical framework for studying the performance of the EN-16258 allocation schemes with respect to accuracy, fairness, and the GHG minimizing incentive. In doing so, we continue previous studies that analyzed two important aspects of the EN-16258 allocation rules: accuracy and fairness. This study provides further insights into this allocation problem by investigating the incentive power of the different allocation schemes to opt for the GHG minimal way of running a road freight network. First, we complement the list of transport scenarios introduced in prior studies and present two novel scenarios. Second, we carry out a series of numerical experiments to compare the EN-16258 allocation rules with respect to accuracy, fairness, and the GHG minimizing incentive. We find that the results may differ significantly for the two scenarios, suggesting a case-by-case recommendation. This is particularly interesting because the first scenario confirms the results of the prior studies, while the second scenario rather contradicts them.
Für die Analyse, Bewertung und Kontrolle von Investitionsentscheidungen bei Erweiterungs- oder Modernisierungs-Investitionen zur Digitalisierung der Produktion fehlt ein methodisches Vorgehen. Ein dreistufiger Ansatz auf Basis geeigneter betriebswirtschaftlicher Kennzahlen wird vorgestellt und am Beispiel eines heterogenen Maschinen- und Anlagenparks für einen digitalen Schatten der Wert- und Stoffströme zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz angewandt.
The necessity for resource-efficient manufacturing technologies requires new developments within the field of plastic processing. Lightweight design using wood fibers as sustainable reinforcement for thermoplastics might be one solution. The processing of wood fibers requires special attention to the applied thermal load. Even at low processing temperatures, the influence of the dwell time, temperature and shear force is critical to ensure the structural integrity of fibers. Therefore, this article compares different compounding rates for polypropylene with wood fibers and highlights their effects on the olfactory, visual and mechanical properties of the injection-molded part. The study compares one-step processing, using an injection-molding compounder (IMC), with two-step processing, using a twin-scew-extruder (TSE), a heating/cooling mixer (HCM) and an internal mixer (IM) with subsequent injection molding. Although the highest fiber length was achieved by using the IMC, the best mechanical properties were achieved by the HCM and IM. The measured oxidation induction time and volatile organic compound content indicate that the lowest amount of thermal damage occurred when using the HCM and IM. The advantage of one-time melting was evened out by the dwell time. The reinforcement of thermoplastics by wood fibers depends more strongly on the structural integrity of the fibers compared to their length and homogeneity