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A high-order finite element model for vibration analysis of cross-laminated timber assemblies
(2017)
The vibration behavior of cross-laminated timber components in the low-frequency range can be predicted with high accuracy by the finite element method. However, the modeling of assembled cross-laminated timber components has been studied only scarcely. The three-dimensional p-version of the finite element method, which is characterized by hierarchic high-order shape functions, is well suited to consider coupling and support conditions. Furthermore, a small number of degrees of freedom can be obtained in case of thin-walled structures using p-elements with high aspect ratios and anisotropic ansatz spaces. In this article, a model for cross-laminated timber assemblies made of volumetric high-order finite elements is presented. Two representative types of connections are investigated, one with an elastomer between the cross-laminated timber components and the other without. The model is validated, and suitable ranges for the stiffness parameters of the finite elements which represent the junctions are identified.
A DDR2 SDRAM test setup implemented on the Griffin III ATE test system from HILEVEL Technologies is used to analyse the row hammer bug. Row hammer pattern experiments are compared to standard retention tests.
The analysis confirms that the row hammer effect is caused by a charge excitation process depending on the number of stress activation cycles. The stress has to occur in the local neighborhood of the cells under test.
Shallow impurity levels support the responsible charge carrier transport process in the used DDR2 SDRAM technology
The International Spinal Cord Injury (InSCI) community survey has been developed to collect internationally comparable data on the lived experience of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in all 6 WHO regions.
The InSCI survey provides a crucial first step to generate evidence on functioning, health maintenance, and subjective well-being in persons with SCI globally.
A major challenge in setting up the InSCI community survey was to develop a data model and questionnaire that comprehensively captures what matters to people and, at the same time, is feasible and parsimonious in terms of participant’s burden.
This paper outlines the components of the InSCI data model and presents the question selection to operationalize the data model along the 4 guiding principles of efficiency, feasibility, comparability, and truth and discrimination.
The data model consists of 6 components operationalized with 125 questions including functioning (n = 28 body functions and structures; n = 42 activities and participation), contextual factors (n = 26 environmental; n = 19 personal factors), lesion characteristics (n = 2), and appraisal of health and well-being (n = 8).
The InSCI questionnaire presents an efficient and feasible solution with satisfying comparability to other populations; however, its validity and reliability still needs to be confirmed.
Differences in road infrastructure, such as capacity, congestion, speed limits affect the productivity and the costs of short-distance freight operations. This article introduces a novel methodology that is based on navigation service data to measure the effects in terms of cost per kilometer using navigation and shipment data. The methodology is applied to five terminals of a forwarding cooperation and has been able to document significant differences in cost per kilometer across the terminals. The research results can be used by logistics service providers to better understand how productivity and thus profitability is affected by the quality of the transportation infrastructure in the particular areas they operate in. Furthermore, the insights will help these companies for better, i.e. cost-based pricing and will allow to document why and where prices need to be adapted.
The automotive value chain is experiencing significant transformation. Due to changed mobility use patterns and external conditions such as climate change, scarcity of resources and local air pollution, car manufacturers offer connectivity services and are forced to launch electric mobility. Most of the electric vehicles have additional, complementary products and services. As other market participants also engage in this field car manufacturers must decide whether they transform their business model. Therefore, the questions arise which are the determining key criteria for the business models, what are the business segments car manufacturers are engaged and how car manufacturers are preparing for the transformation. By using qualitative content analysis, key criteria for business model analysis are derived. The portfolio analysis of six car manufacturers in the German market unveils that a few car manufacturers are in an advanced state while others follow with a considerable lag, or even, are behind.
Ecological theory predicts that the relative importance of benthic to planktonic primary production usually changes along the rivers' continuum from a predomination of benthic algae in lower stream orders to a predomination of planktonic algae at higher orders. Underlying mechanisms driving the interaction between algae in these habitats, its controlling factors and consequences for riverine ecosystems are, however, only partly understood. We present a mechanistic analysis of the governing ecological processes using a simplified, numerical model and examine how abiotic factors and biotic interactions influence benthic and planktonic algae by changing resource competition. We compare the outcome of the model with the results of a factorial mesocosm experiment mimicking the parameter spaces of the model. The results show a remarkable similarity with regard to the temporal development of benthic and pelagic algal biomass and shifting dominance patterns. In particular we analyse the effects of the pathways of nutrient supply (upwelling from the hyporheic zone, direct supply to the surface water, or via both pathways) and grazing in a gradient of river depths. Our results show that detachment of benthic algae, sinking of planktonic algae and the pathway of nutrient supply are key processes determining the respective algal biomass distributions particularly in shallow and intermediate deep systems. Increasing nutrient supply increases algal biomasses, but does not change the general pattern of the interactions. Decreasing light supply decreases the dominance of planktonic algae, but increases dissolved nutrients. At intermediate to high grazing rates algal biomass can be controlled by grazers, but however, at high grazing rates, dissolved nutrients accumulate in the surface water. Our results indicate that nutrient pathways, resource competition and internal control by grazing need to be considered explicitly for the understanding and explanation of eutrophication phenomena in riverine ecosystems. As a consequence, ecologically effective eutrophication management of running water systems has to go beyond the control of nutrient emissions or the achievement of limiting threshold values in the receiving waters, but requires the consideration of the nutrient pathways (surface water versus groundwater) and the shifting biological controls from lower to higher order stream ecosystems.
Excessive amounts of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in freshwater bodies affect aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability in nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was analyzed in the Selke (Germany) river continuum from three headwaters draining 1–3 km2 catchments to two downstream reaches representing spatially integrated signals from 184–456 km2 catchments. Three headwater catchments were selected as archetypes of the main landscape units (land use × lithology) present in the Selke catchment. Export regimes in headwater catchments were interpreted in terms of NO3−, DOC and SRP land-to-stream transfer processes. Headwater signals were subtracted from downstream signals, with the differences interpreted in terms of in-stream processes and contributions from point sources. The seasonal dynamics for NO3− were opposite those of DOC and SRP in all three headwater catchments, and spatial differences also showed NO3− contrasting with DOC and SRP. These dynamics were interpreted as the result of the interplay of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, for which riparian zones were hypothesized to play a determining role. In the two downstream reaches, NO3− was transported almost conservatively, whereas DOC was consumed and produced in the upper and lower river sections, respectively. The natural export regime of SRP in the three headwater catchments mimicked a point-source signal (high SRP during summer low flow), which may lead to overestimation of domestic contributions in the downstream reaches. Monitoring the river continuum from headwaters to downstream reaches proved effective to jointly investigate land-to-stream and in-stream transport, and transformation processes.
Das deutsche Kinder- und Jugendhilferecht normiert in seinem § 1 Deutsches Sozialgesetz, Achtes Buch (SGB VIII) ein Recht auf Erziehung, das mit spezifischen Erziehungszielen verbunden ist. Der vorliegende Artikel zeichnet die historische Entwicklung und Veränderung dieser Erziehungsziele nach und zeigt anhand einer Diskursanalyse neuerer Verhandlungen um das Kinder- und Jugendhilferecht, wie Erziehung und ihre Ziele mit Blick auf das generationale Ordnen verhandelt werden.
Introduction: Two widely used outcome measures to assess functioning in neurological rehabilitation are the Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) and the Barthel Index.
The current study aims to establish the equivalence of the total score of the FIM™ motor scale and the Barthel Index through the application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and Rasch measurement theory.
Methods: Secondary analysis of a large sample of patients with stroke, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis, undergoing rehabilitation was conducted. All patients were assessed at the same time on both the FIM™ and the Barthel Index. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Linking Rules were used to establish conceptual coherency between the 2 scales, and the Rasch measurement model to establish an exchange of the total scores.
Results: Using the FIM™ motor scale, items from both scales linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health d4 Mobility or d5 Self-care chapters. Their co-calibration satisfied the assumptions of the Rasch model for each of 3 diagnostic groups. A ceiling effect was observed for the Barthel Index when contrasted against the FIM™ motor scale.
Conclusion: Having a Rasch interval metric to transform scores between the FIM™ motor scale and Barthel Index is valuable for monitoring functioning, meta-analysis, quality audits and hospital benchmarking.
This research explores logistics-related leverages in the responsibility of retailers for improving the environmental performance of a Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) distribution network. We examine opportunities for modifying the network carbon footprint by changing network design variables. To do so, a quantitative distribution network model is established, and 150 scenarios are calculated by modifying real-world shipment data from an existing multinational FMCG manufacturer. Four distribution variables are identified for a many-to-many and a hub-and-spoke network structure. Two variables affect the distribution network and two interfere in the shipment structure by manipulating weight and/or the delivery date. This research sheds light on the extent of the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the distribution network that result from modifications in the logistics variables. The greatest effect on the quantity of GHG emissions can be observed when an anticipation horizon for orders is introduced. When shipments are consolidated and delivered only weekly or biweekly from the manufacturer to the retailers, GHG emissions drop significantly. Another opportunity for retailers to cut down GHG emissions is based on the concept of minimum order quantities where shipments to a retailer location are bundled until a certain weight is reached. Additionally, total GHG emissions of distribution may be reduced by raising the tonnage limit, thereby triggering direct shipments between the manufacturer’s facilities and the retailer locations, or by raising the tonnage limit, which triggers direct shipments in the logistics service provider network. The extent of GHG reduction is assessed for all investigated variables.