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Die Verstärkung von Spritzgussteilen mit Faserhalbzeugen gewinnt immer mehr an Bedeutung. Für die Einsatztauglichkeit derartiger Bauteile ist die Verbundhaftung zwischen den angespritzten Strukturen und den Faserhalbzeugen essentiell. Der Vortrag befasst sich mit den äußeren und prozesstechnischen Einflüssen zu Erhöhung der Verbundhaftung auf Faserhalbzeugen. Zudem wird ein Einblick in die Prüf und Anlagentechnik in diesem Bereich gegeben.
Differences in road infrastructure, such as capacity, congestion, speed limits affect the productivity and the costs of short-distance freight operations. This article introduces a novel methodology that is based on navigation service data to measure the effects in terms of cost per kilometer using navigation and shipment data. The methodology is applied to five terminals of a forwarding cooperation and has been able to document significant differences in cost per kilometer across the terminals. The research results can be used by logistics service providers to better understand how productivity and thus profitability is affected by the quality of the transportation infrastructure in the particular areas they operate in. Furthermore, the insights will help these companies for better, i.e. cost-based pricing and will allow to document why and where prices need to be adapted.
This research explores logistics-related leverages in the responsibility of retailers for improving the environmental performance of a Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) distribution network. We examine opportunities for modifying the network carbon footprint by changing network design variables. To do so, a quantitative distribution network model is established, and 150 scenarios are calculated by modifying real-world shipment data from an existing multinational FMCG manufacturer. Four distribution variables are identified for a many-to-many and a hub-and-spoke network structure. Two variables affect the distribution network and two interfere in the shipment structure by manipulating weight and/or the delivery date. This research sheds light on the extent of the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the distribution network that result from modifications in the logistics variables. The greatest effect on the quantity of GHG emissions can be observed when an anticipation horizon for orders is introduced. When shipments are consolidated and delivered only weekly or biweekly from the manufacturer to the retailers, GHG emissions drop significantly. Another opportunity for retailers to cut down GHG emissions is based on the concept of minimum order quantities where shipments to a retailer location are bundled until a certain weight is reached. Additionally, total GHG emissions of distribution may be reduced by raising the tonnage limit, thereby triggering direct shipments between the manufacturer’s facilities and the retailer locations, or by raising the tonnage limit, which triggers direct shipments in the logistics service provider network. The extent of GHG reduction is assessed for all investigated variables.
Multi-objective supplier portfolio configuration under supply risk and sustainability considerations
(2017)
Beschichtung für ein medizinisches Instrument, das nach seinem Einführen in einen menschlichen oder tierischen Körper mit dessen Körperflüssigkeit in Kontakt gelangt, umfassend eine Materialzusammensetzung, die wenigstens ein Phosphorylcholin umfassendes Polymer enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Materialzusammensetzung für ein medizinisches Instrument, das auf seiner Oberfläche Polyurethan enthält oder das daraus gänzlich besteht, eine auf das medizinische Instrument aufbringbare Haftungsvernetzungsschicht aus einem chemischen Haftvermittler und einem mit diesem vernetzten Alkohol, mindestens einem zweiwertigen Alkohol mit zwei primären OHGruppen, und das wenigstens eine Phosphorylcholin umfassende Polymer enthält, welches auf der Haftungsvernetzungsschicht als gesonderte Schicht aufgebracht sowie auf dieser und gegebenenfalls mit dieser vernetzt ist.
Numerous studies from the past five decades have shown that selective retrieval of some studied items can impair recall of other items. This chapter reviews more recent work, in which it is demonstrated that selective memory retrieval has two faces and that it can both impair and improve recall of other items. In this recent work, participants' access to study context during selective retrieval was experimentally manipulated and it was examined whether such manipulation influences the effects of selective retrieval. Access to study context was manipulated using listwise directed forgetting, context-dependent forgetting and time-dependent forgetting. The results consistently showed that selective retrieval impairs recall of other memories if access to study context during retrieval is largely maintained, but that selective retrieval can improve recall if study context access is impaired. The findings are explained by a two-factor account, which claims that, in general, selective retrieval does not only trigger inhibition and blocking but also triggers context reactivation processes. The proposal is that primarily inhibition and blocking operate when study context access during selective retrieval is largely maintained, whereas primarily context reactivation processes operate when study context access is impaired. Current findings on the two faces of selective retrieval are well consistent with this theoretical view.
The classical results of the binomial and negative binomial probability distribution are generalized by means of homogeneous Discrete Time Markov Chains to series of stochastically independent random trials. These have not only two possible outcomes but two groups of them -- different kinds of successes and failures with occurrence probabilities depending on the outcome of the previous trial. This generalization allows a uniform view of occupation time, first passage time and recurrence time. Our results are consequently derived and presented in matrix form, the probabilities as well as the moments. They can be applied to all Discrete Time Markov Chains, especially in computer capacity planning, performability and economics.
Due to the application of elastic interlayers for acoustic decoupling, wood screws to connect timber elements are stressed beneath axial and shear loads additionally by a bending moment. The equations to calculate the load carrying capacity of wood-wood-connections according to the Eurocode 5, lose their validity in case of application of interlayers with low shear resistance. Furthermore, the increasing flexibilities of the joints should be considered for a realistic static modelling.
Aim of the present work is to analyze the mechanical load bearing characteristics of wall-ceiling-connections of cross laminated timber with and without elastic interlayers. On the basis of experiments as well as analytical approaches, the load-deformation-behavior is discussed and contrasted to the current standards.
This paper concerns the development and validation of Finite Element Methods (FEM) to simulate the dynamic response of a dowelled-joist timber floor. This is a solid floor comprised of timber joists connected using timber dowels with individual assemblies connected using inclined metal screws. The focus is on the structural dynamics in the low-frequency range up to 200 Hz which is the relevant range for impact sound insulation and vibration serviceability. Dowel connections between the joists that formed each assembly were modelled using either rigid or spring connectors in the FEM models. The validation against experimental modal analysis showed that both approaches were valid in terms of the eigenfrequencies, Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) and the spatial-average velocity with point excitation. Whilst the FEM model with spring connectors had a higher number of correlated modes in the MAC analysis, this required removal of many spurious modes before predicting the response. The validated models were used to demonstrate the potential in predicting assessment parameters for vibration serviceability that are contained in EN 1995-1-1 (Eurocode 5). This predictive approach to the evaluation of vibration serviceability has the advantage in that it can be used for non-standard timber floors with non-standard boundary conditions or floor plans.
Gallium Nitride (GaN) semiconductor devices are promised to be a good alternative to Silicon (Si) semiconductors in future motor inverters for variable frequency drives (VFDs). They combine low on state resistance and low switching losses with a high blocking voltage capability. Compared to actual inverters based on insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) the pulse width modulation (PWM) frequency for efficient operation can be increased by a factor of 5 to 10, extending the PWM frequency range up to 500 kHz. This allows the use of motor filters with small component size. As a result, high motor efficiency, low torque ripple, high control bandwidth and nearly ideal sinusoidal output voltages are achieved. Therefore this inverters can be used for high speed spindle motors and dynamic servo drives. This paper focus on the design of a hybrid sine wave filter consisting of an analog and a digital part. The filter is optimized to achieve low power loss and high current control bandwidth. A 3-phase GaN motor inverter operating at 200 kHz PWM frequency at 400 V DC-link voltage verifies the system design.
Increasing the switching frequency has been one of the most beneficial advancements in modern power electronics. This trend has been enabled by progress in power semiconductors resulting in increased power densities, efficiencies and control dynamics. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of three different circuit carrier technologies on switching power loss of 650 V hardswitching GaN devices. Limitations and solutions for half-bridge circuits operating at MHz-switching are investigated by modeling and experiments on a prototype.
Im vom BMWi geförderten Forschungsprojekt Niedrigst-Energie-Hotel wurde ein Bestandsgebäude mithilfe eines umfassenden Sanierungskonzeptes zu einem energiesparenden Nur-Strom-Gebäude entwickelt. Eine höchst wärmegedämmte Hülle, komplett neue Anlagentechnik und intelligente Verknüpfung der Anlagenteile versprechen niedrigen Energiebedarf bei gleichzeitig hohem Komfort.
Doch mit steigender Komplexität der Anlagen steigt auch das Risiko, dass Bestandteile nicht optimal zusammenarbeiten oder sich sogar gegenseitig negativ beeinflussen. Beim energetischen Monitoring werden diese Anlagen und ihre Bestandteile überwacht und deren Energieströme gemessen. Dieses Wissen erlaubt schließlich die detaillierte Bewertung des innovativen Energiekonzepts in der Anwendung und in gewissem Umfang auch die Optimierung der Anlagen.
Zur Auswertung der umfangreichen Datensätze wird das am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (Fachgebiet Bauphysik & Technischer Ausbau) entwickelte Werkzeug MoniSoft verwendet. Durch die plattformunabhängige Software werden das Monitoring und die Betriebsanalyse vereinfacht. Seit 2013 wird die Software an der Hochschule Rosenheim maßgeblich mit weiterentwickelt.
Projektziele - Durch das energetische Monitoring können folgende Ziele erreicht werden:
Beurteilung des Betriebs der komplexen Gebäudetechnik unter realen Bedingungen, Vergleich der Messergebnisse mit den Erwartungen der Planer, Erarbeitung von Optimierungsmöglichkeiten in der Gebäudetechnik
The growing size and complexity of software in embedded systems poses new challenges to the safety assessment of embedded control systems. In industrial practice, the control software is mostly treated as a black box during the system's safety analysis. The appropriate representation of the failure propagation of the software is a pressing need in order to increase the accuracy of safety analyses. However, it also increase the effort for creating and maintaining the safety analysis models (such as fault trees) significantly. In this work, we present a method to automatically generate Component Fault Trees from Continuous Function Charts. This method aims at generating the failure propagation model of the detailed software specification. Hence, control software can be included into safety analyses without additional manual effort required to construct the safety analysis models of the software. Moreover, safety analyses created during early system specification phases can be verified by comparing it with the automatically generated one in the detailed specification phased.
Safety assurance is a major challenge in the design of modern embedded systems that has become increasingly difficult in recent years. Growing system sizes and the rise of Cyber-Physical systems confront safety engineers with large sets of configurations to be analyzed. Current approaches are usually carried out at design time and do not address the need for automated assessments in the field. With Component Fault Trees (CFTs) there exists a component-based methodology that enables an efficient modular composition of safety artifacts. The combined model is a system-level CFT that can be analyzed by means of popular Fault Tree Analysis techniques that are widely accepted in the industry. However, when composing models, their interfacing elements must be connected manually which impedes the automation of the procedure. In this work, we introduce the notion of flow types that represent a particular kind of component interaction and define a taxonomy of related failure behavior. By annotating CFTs with types, a machine-readable vocabulary is provided that allows for an automated interconnection of their interfaces. This way, the automatic composition of models according to system architecture is enabled, allowing for automated safety assessments on system-level. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach using an example ethylene vaporization unit.
Ihr doppelter Gewinn des Buches: Eltern können ihre Kompetenzen in Worte fassen und bieten diese selbstbewusst auf dem Arbeitsmarkt an. Unternehmen gewinnen mit der Entdeckung des Kompetenzcenters Familie den effektivsten Bildungsort für Mitarbeiter und Führungskräfte und das mit geringem Aufwand. Wirtschaft und Eltern werden Partner!
Haben auch Sie schon davon gehört, dass erfolgreiche Persönlichkeiten Ihre Fähigkeiten im Umgang mit Menschen in der eigenen Familie gelernt haben? In diesem Buch erfahren Sie, dass wissenschaftlich gesicherte Erkenntnisse dies bestätigen und dass informelles Lernen bei der Kompetenzbildung den größten Einfluss hat. Überzeugend und anschaulich verdeutlichen die Autoren, wie Arbeitgeber und Unternehmen „ihre Eltern“ dafür besonders schätzen können, dass diese sich im „Kompetenzcenter Familie“ fort- und weiterbilden, etwa in Ambiguitätstoleranz, Sozialer und Emotionaler Intelligenz, Change Management, Zielbildung, Konfliktfähigkeit oder leistungsförderndem Feedback.
Halbstrukturierte Interviews mit prominenten Persönlichkeiten und erfolgreichen Führungskräften illustrieren dies beispielhaft und verständlich.
Geleitworte von bekannten Persönlichkeiten wie beispielsweise von Jesper Juul geben dem Buch eine besondere Note.
Durch dieses Buch werden Eltern, Personal- und Organisationsentwickler entdecken, dass der informelle Bildungsort Familie die beste Kompetenzbildung für moderne Arbeitsplätze bietet.
Die DIN 4109 regelt die Anforderungen an den Schallschutz in Gebäuden sowie den Nachweis der Einhaltung dieser Anforderungen. Im Juli 2016 erschien die komplett überarbeitete und neu strukturierte „neue“ DIN 4109. Im Vortrag werden wesentliche Änderungen, die neuen Rechenverfahren und die relevanten Bauteilkataloge kurz erläutert. Änderungen, die sich speziell für die schalltechnische Planung und Ausführung des Trockenbaus ergeben, werden anhand von praktischen Beispielen aufgezeigt. Damit soll ein Gefühl für Möglichkeiten und Grenzen in der Anwendung der neuen Norm vermittelt werden.
Excessive amounts of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in freshwater bodies affect aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability in nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was analyzed in the Selke (Germany) river continuum from three headwaters draining 1–3 km2 catchments to two downstream reaches representing spatially integrated signals from 184–456 km2 catchments. Three headwater catchments were selected as archetypes of the main landscape units (land use × lithology) present in the Selke catchment. Export regimes in headwater catchments were interpreted in terms of NO3−, DOC and SRP land-to-stream transfer processes. Headwater signals were subtracted from downstream signals, with the differences interpreted in terms of in-stream processes and contributions from point sources. The seasonal dynamics for NO3− were opposite those of DOC and SRP in all three headwater catchments, and spatial differences also showed NO3− contrasting with DOC and SRP. These dynamics were interpreted as the result of the interplay of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, for which riparian zones were hypothesized to play a determining role. In the two downstream reaches, NO3− was transported almost conservatively, whereas DOC was consumed and produced in the upper and lower river sections, respectively. The natural export regime of SRP in the three headwater catchments mimicked a point-source signal (high SRP during summer low flow), which may lead to overestimation of domestic contributions in the downstream reaches. Monitoring the river continuum from headwaters to downstream reaches proved effective to jointly investigate land-to-stream and in-stream transport, and transformation processes.
Ecological theory predicts that the relative importance of benthic to planktonic primary production usually changes along the rivers' continuum from a predomination of benthic algae in lower stream orders to a predomination of planktonic algae at higher orders. Underlying mechanisms driving the interaction between algae in these habitats, its controlling factors and consequences for riverine ecosystems are, however, only partly understood. We present a mechanistic analysis of the governing ecological processes using a simplified, numerical model and examine how abiotic factors and biotic interactions influence benthic and planktonic algae by changing resource competition. We compare the outcome of the model with the results of a factorial mesocosm experiment mimicking the parameter spaces of the model. The results show a remarkable similarity with regard to the temporal development of benthic and pelagic algal biomass and shifting dominance patterns. In particular we analyse the effects of the pathways of nutrient supply (upwelling from the hyporheic zone, direct supply to the surface water, or via both pathways) and grazing in a gradient of river depths. Our results show that detachment of benthic algae, sinking of planktonic algae and the pathway of nutrient supply are key processes determining the respective algal biomass distributions particularly in shallow and intermediate deep systems. Increasing nutrient supply increases algal biomasses, but does not change the general pattern of the interactions. Decreasing light supply decreases the dominance of planktonic algae, but increases dissolved nutrients. At intermediate to high grazing rates algal biomass can be controlled by grazers, but however, at high grazing rates, dissolved nutrients accumulate in the surface water. Our results indicate that nutrient pathways, resource competition and internal control by grazing need to be considered explicitly for the understanding and explanation of eutrophication phenomena in riverine ecosystems. As a consequence, ecologically effective eutrophication management of running water systems has to go beyond the control of nutrient emissions or the achievement of limiting threshold values in the receiving waters, but requires the consideration of the nutrient pathways (surface water versus groundwater) and the shifting biological controls from lower to higher order stream ecosystems.
Der Beitrag zeigt die bauordnungsrechtlichen Anforderungen allgemein uns speziell hinsichtlich des Brandschutzes an nichttragende innere Trennwände auf. Dazu werden formalen Randbedingungen für die Nachweisführung, insbesondere mit Blick auf nach der EU-Bauprodukte-Verordnung CE-gekennzeichnete Produkte und Bausätze für Trennwände dargestellt.
Zum Schutz gegen unzumutbare Belästigungen aus fremden Wohnbereichen werden in der DIN 4109 Anforderungen an die Schalldämmung der Trennbauteile zwischen den
Wohnbereichen gestellt.
Diese Anforderungen können von heute üblichen
Konstruktionen bei fehlerfreier Ausführung sowohl in Holzbauweise als auch in Massivbauweise problemlos eingehalten werden. Dies spiegelt sich auch bei Güteprüfungen der Luft
-und Trittschall-dämmung am Bau wider.
Bei Umfragen unter den Bewohnern von Mehrfamilienhäusern
wird jedoch häufig die Trittschallübertragung der Trenndecke als störendeGeräuschquelle genannt. Die Beurteilung der Trittschallübertragung von Trenndecken anhand
des bewerteten Norm
-
Trittschallpegels im Bau als alleinige Bewertungsgröße
scheint somit unabhängig von der Bauweise nich
t ausreichend zu sein, um dem subjektiven Empfinden des Bewohners gerecht zu werden.
Als Voraussetzung für die Auswahl geeigneter Deckenkonstruktionen
immehrgeschossigen Holzbau wird deshalb in Abschnitt 2
zunächst ein zutreffendes Beurteilungskriterium für die
Trittschallübertragung gewählt
und Wege zur konstruktiven Umsetzung aufgezeigt. Bei der
Luftschalldämmung von Trennwänden und Trenndecken in
der Geschossbauweise spielt der Anteil der Flankenübertragung eine wesentliche Rolle, wie die Beispiele ausgeführter
Objekte in Abschnitt 3 zeigen.
Um diese Anteile der Flankenübertragung genauer berücksichtigen zu können und eine wirtschaftlichere Planung zu ermöglichen wird ein Forschungsprojekt durchgeführt, auf dessen Inhalte in Abschnitt
4
vorgestellt werden.
Schallschutz von Massivholzkonstruktionen und Prognose von Trittschallpegeln an Holzbalkendecken
(2017)
Bio-based products show a great potential to reduce the dependence on fossil resources. Germany currently has a forerunner role in the EU, using biomass as the same resource base for material and energetic utilisation.
Beech wood is hyped in both ways: In material usage directly e.g., in the building sector to balance the possible scarcity of soft wood in the future, as well as indirectly as a feedstock for biorefineries, representing a long-term alternative to the fossil-based industry, and secondly, as energetic use due to its excellent burning quality.
The BIOECONOMY CLUSTER sees itself as an actor in a difficult tension field within implementation of the wood-based Bioeconomy. With a total stocking volume of about 635 million m3, beech is the most abundant hardwood tree species in Germany. Nevertheless, beech wood-based biorefineries compete in a difficile tension field.
One crucial factor is the reliable supply of raw materials - a consistent biomass quality, season-independent availability and efficient logistics of the raw material.
However, the production processes are technically feasible; thus, finally, there is no guarantee for selling the bio-based products to the obtained price.
How to overcome the strong tension field in the beech-based Bioeconomy? Different selected examples show possible approaches. To manage the wood-based Bioeconomy and the beech wood supply chain effectively, the influencing of factors and the managing of the same is crucial.
The problem dealt with in this paper is the analytical determination of the attitude of a rigid body which undergoes a given rate profile. Usually the attitude is determined by solving the kinematic differential equation numerically. For long lasting movements the outcome can cost computation time plus encountered losses in accuracy, which can be disturbing especially in optimization problems. This contribution solves the kinematic differential equation for certain rate profiles exactly and compares the results in accuracy and computation time with the standard procedures.
Das deutsche Kinder- und Jugendhilferecht normiert in seinem § 1 Deutsches Sozialgesetz, Achtes Buch (SGB VIII) ein Recht auf Erziehung, das mit spezifischen Erziehungszielen verbunden ist. Der vorliegende Artikel zeichnet die historische Entwicklung und Veränderung dieser Erziehungsziele nach und zeigt anhand einer Diskursanalyse neuerer Verhandlungen um das Kinder- und Jugendhilferecht, wie Erziehung und ihre Ziele mit Blick auf das generationale Ordnen verhandelt werden.
Introduction: Two widely used outcome measures to assess functioning in neurological rehabilitation are the Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) and the Barthel Index.
The current study aims to establish the equivalence of the total score of the FIM™ motor scale and the Barthel Index through the application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and Rasch measurement theory.
Methods: Secondary analysis of a large sample of patients with stroke, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis, undergoing rehabilitation was conducted. All patients were assessed at the same time on both the FIM™ and the Barthel Index. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Linking Rules were used to establish conceptual coherency between the 2 scales, and the Rasch measurement model to establish an exchange of the total scores.
Results: Using the FIM™ motor scale, items from both scales linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health d4 Mobility or d5 Self-care chapters. Their co-calibration satisfied the assumptions of the Rasch model for each of 3 diagnostic groups. A ceiling effect was observed for the Barthel Index when contrasted against the FIM™ motor scale.
Conclusion: Having a Rasch interval metric to transform scores between the FIM™ motor scale and Barthel Index is valuable for monitoring functioning, meta-analysis, quality audits and hospital benchmarking.
The multi-disciplinary research project “Vibroacoustic analysis in the planning process of timber constructions“ carried out in cooperation between the University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim, the ift Rosenheim and the Technical University Munich is a comprehensive study of direct as well as flanking structure-borne and airborne sound insulation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) elements and their junctions.
The aim is to optimize and simplify the acoustical planning process of wooden multi-storey buildings and thereby to contribute to the increase growth of timber construction industry in Europe. For a prediction of the acoustical performance of solid wood constructions, the vibration reduction index Kij is needed.
The vibration reduction index can be determined i.a. of the direction-averaged junction velocity level difference and the structural reverberation time. Both quantities need to be measured according to EN ISO 10848.
Alternatively, vibration reduction indices for a T- or cross-junction can be derived following the procedures described in prEN ISO 12354-1:2016. However, further knowledge and data of the sound transmission across junctions of CLT is inevitable for a reliable prediction.
In this paper a collection of frequency dependent vibration reduction indices for CLT structures will be presented and compared, involving L-, T- and cross-junctions measured by six international laboratories.