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Objective
To validate the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Generic-6 in daily routine clinical practice in Mainland China. Specific objectives were to analyze (1) interrater reliability, (2) convergent validity, (3) known group validity, and (4) predictive validity of the ICF Generic-6.
Design
Multicenter prospective cohort study.
Setting
Fifty hospitals from 20 provinces of Mainland China.
Participants
A total of 4510 patients from departments of rehabilitation, orthopedics, neurology, cardiology, pneumology, and cerebral surgery of the participating hospitals with different health conditions were included in this study.
Intervention
Not applicable.
Main Outcome Measures
The assessment was undertaken by nurses with ICF Generic-6 in combination with a numeric rating scale. Interrater reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Convergent validity was evaluated with Spearman correlation coefficients between ICF Generic-6 and Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF)-12 items. Known group validity was examined by comparing discharge scores between different discharge destinations. Predictive validity was determined by using ICF Generic-6 baseline scores for estimating length of hospital stay with a loglogistic survival model with gamma shared frailty and cost of in-hospital treatment with a mixed effects generalized linear regression model of the gamma family.
Results
The interrater reliability of items and score of ICF Generic-6 was good with ICCs ranging from 0.67-0.87. ICF Generic-6 items were further correlated with respective SF-12 items. Discharge scores of patients differed significantly by discharge destination. The ICF Generic-6 admission score was a significant predictor of length of stay and treatment cost.
Conclusions
The ICF Generic-6 administered in combination with a 0-10 numeric rating scale is a reliable and valid tool for the collection of minimal information on functioning across various clinical settings.
Background: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health is the international standard for describing and monitoring functioning. While the categories, the units of the classification, were not designed with measurement in mind, the hierarchical structure of the classification lends itself to the possibility of summating categories into some higher order domain. Focusing on the chapters of d4 Mobility, d5 Self-Care and d6 Domestic Life, this study seeks to ascertain if qualifiers rating of categories (0-No problem to 4-Complete problem) within those chapters can be summated, and whether such derived measurement is consistent with estimates obtained from well-known instruments which purport to measure the same constructs.
Methods: The current study applies secondary analysis to data previously collected in the context of validating Core Sets for stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Data included qualifier-based ratings of the categories in the Core Sets, and the physical functioning sub-scale of the Short-Form 36, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. To examine qualifier-comparator scale item agreement Kappa statistics were used. To identify whether appropriate gradients of the comparator scales were observed across qualifier levels, an Independent Sample Median Test of the ordinal scores was deployed. To investigate the internal validity of the summated ICF categories, the Rasch model was applied.
Results: Data from 2,927 subjects from Europe, Australasia, Middle East and South America were available for analysis; 36.3% had experienced a stroke, 35.8% osteoarthritis, and 27.9% had rheumatoid arthritis. The items from the Short-Form 36 could not match directly the qualifier categories as the former had only 3 response options. The Kappa between World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 items and categories was low. For all qualifiers, a significant (<0.001) overall gradient was observed across the comparator scales. Only in few of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 items could no discrete level be detected. The aggregation of the qualifiers at the Chapter and higher order levels mostly revealed fit to the Rasch model. Almost all ICF qualifiers showed ordered thresholds suggesting that the current structure and response options of the qualifiers worked as intended.
Conclusions: The findings of this study provide supporting evidence for the use of the professionally rated categories and associated qualifiers to measure functioning.
Implication for Rehabilitation
- This study provides evidence that functioning data can be collected directly with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by using the ICF categories as items and the ICF qualifiers as rating scale.
- The findings of this study show the aggregated ratings of ICF categories from the chapters d4 Mobility, d5 Self-care, and d6 Domestic life capture a broader spectrum of the construct than the corresponding summated items from the SF36-Physical Function sub-scale and the corresponding items of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0.
- This study illustrates the potential of building quantitative measurement by aggregating ICF categories and their qualifier ratings into meaningful domains.
Abstract
Objective: Since the 1990s the Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) was believed to measure 2 different constructs, represented by its motor and cognitive subscales. The practice of reporting FIM™ total scores, together with recent developments in the understanding of the influence of locally dependent items on fit to the Rasch model, raises the question of whether the FIM™ 18-item version can be reported as a unidimensional interval-scaled metric.
Design: Rasch analysis of the FIM™ using testlet approaches to accommodate local response dependency.
Patients: A calibration sample containing 946 cases of data from 11,103 patients undergoing neurological or musculoskeletal rehabilitation in Switzerland in 2016.
Results: Baseline analysis and the traditional testlet approach showed no fit with the Rasch model. When items were grouped into 2 testlets, fit to the Rasch model was achieved, indicating unidimensionality across all 18 items. A transformation table to convert FIM™ raw ordinal scores to the corresponding Rasch interval scaled values was created.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence that FIM™ total scores represent a unidimensional set of items, supporting their use in clinical practice and outcome reporting when applying the respective transformation table. This provides a basis for standardized reporting of functioning.
Lay Abstract
The aim of this study was to look in detail at the FIM™, an assessment tool often used for patients undergoing rehabilitation. Some users report the FIM™ as 2 scores: one related to motor tasks, the other to cognitive tasks; others recommend reporting it as a single score including both motor and cognitive tasks. This study explored whether it is statistically meaningful to sum all the points into a single FIM™ total score. The results support the current practice of summing the points into a single total score for patients undergoing musculo-skeletal and neurological rehabilitation. The results also allowed an interval scale to be derived from the FIM™, enabling a broad range of calculations to be made using the FIM™ score, such as calculating the change in FIM™ outcomes from the time a patient is admitted to a rehabilitation clinic until their discharge.
Background
Limitations in upper limb functioning are common in Musculoskeletal disorders and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scale (DASH) has gained widespread use in this context. However, various concerns have been raised about its construct validity and so this study seeks to examine this and other psychometric aspects of both the DASH and QuickDASH from a modern test theory perspective.
Methods
Participants in the study were eligible if they had a confirmed diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). They were mailed a questionnaire booklet which included the DASH. Construct validity was examined by fit to the Rasch measurement model. The degree of precision of both the DASH and QuickDASH were considered through their Standard Error of Measurement (SEM).
Results
Three hundred and thirty-seven subjects with confirmed RA took part, with a mean age of 62.0 years (SD12.1); 73.6% (n = 252) were female. The median standardized score on the DASH was 33 (IQR 17.5–55.0). Significant misfit of the DASH and QuickDASH was observed but, after accommodating local dependency among items in a two-testlet solution, satisfactory fit was obtained, supporting the unidimensionality of the total sets and the sufficiency of the raw (ordinal or standardized) scores.
Conclusion
Having accommodated local response dependency in the DASH and QuickDASH item sets, their total scores are shown to be valid, given they satisfy the Rasch model assumptions. The Rasch transformation should be used whenever all items are used to calculate a change score, or to apply parametric statistics within an RA population.
Significance and innovations
Most previous modern psychometric analyses of both the DASH and QuickDASH have failed to fully address the effect of a breach of the local independence assumption upon construct validity.
Accommodating this problem by creating ‘super items’ or testlets, removes this effect and shows that both versions of the scale are valid and unidimensional, as applied with a bi-factor equivalent solution to an RA population.
The Standard Error of Measurement of a scale can be biased by failing to take into account the local dependency in the data which inflates reliability and thus making the SEM appear better (i.e. smaller) than the true value without bias.
Background: The Extended Barthel Index (EBI), consisting of the original Barthel Index plus 6 cognitive items, provides a tool to monitor patients’ outcomes in rehabilitation. Whether the EBI provides a unidimensional metric, thus can be reported as a valid sum-score, remains to be examined.
Objective: To examine whether the EBI can be reported as unidimensional interval-scaled metric for neurological and musculoskeletal rehabilitation.
Methods: Rasch analysis of a calibration sample of 800 cases from neurological or musculoskeletal rehabilitation in 2016 in Switzerland.
Results: In the baseline analysis no fit to the Rasch Model was achieved. When accommodating local dependencies with a testlet approach satisfactory fit to the Rasch Model was achieved, and an interval scale transformation table was created.
Conclusion: The results support the reporting of adapted EBI total scores for both rehabilitation groups by applying the interval scaled transformation table presented in this study.
Study design
Mapping of the National Spinal Cord Injury Model System (SCIMS) Database (NSCID) to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
Objectives
To link the content of the latest two versions of the NSCID to the ICF; more specifically (1) to compare the content of the current NSCID 2016–2021 version to its predecessor (NSCID 2011–2016) using the ICF as a neutral reference framework, and (2) to compare the content contained in the NSCID 2016–2021 version with relevant ICF Sets.
Setting
The forms of the NSCID 2016–2021 and 2011–2016 versions were linked to the ICF and contrasted. Comparability of the current version of the NSCID with the ICF Core Set for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in the post-acute and long-term context and the two generic ICF sets— ICF Generic-7 and ICF Generic-30 was then examined.
Methods
ICF Linking Rules and descriptive statistics.
Results
The current NSCID 2016–2021 version covers functioning as classified in the ICF with 8 ICF categories more comprehensively than its predecessor does. More than 50% of ICF categories contained in the two ICF Generic Sets were covered. The coverage of the brief ICF Core Sets for SCI by the NSCID 2016–2021 was more than 50%, but the coverage of the comprehensive core sets was low. Results showed the best coverage in the ICF component Activities and Participation.
Conclusions
This study emphasizes how the ICF and its Sets can serve as a reference framework to foster comparability of existing data sets from both clinical practice and research.
LFT- „Hype or Hope“
(2019)
Ziel des Projektes ist es, ein Verfahren für elektrische Vorort-Leistungsanalysen von Photovoltaik (PV)-Anlagen zu entwickeln. Dazu werden die elektrischen Parameter von PV-Strings lokal und global mit Hilfe eines neuen Feldlaboransatzes mit Indoor-Laborgenauigkeit vermessen. Das neue Messverfahren ist normgerecht und wird helfen, die Standardisierung von Feldmessungen weiterzuentwickeln. Im Projekt werden bekannte Messmethoden der Photovoltaik, (IR-Thermografie, I-U-String-Messung, digitale Datenverarbeitung mittels Selbstreferenzierung) zu einem innovativen Gesamtkonzept synthetisch zusammengeführt. Die Entwicklung des Messverfahrens wird an speziell gealterten PV-Anlagen marktbestimmender Technologien (c-Si-, CdTe-, CIGS-Muster-PV-Anlagen) vorangetrieben. So wird das Verfahren auf Erkennung spezifischer Degradationsszenarien und marginaler quantitativer Parameterveränderungen trainiert und geschärft
Outdoor performance analyses of photovoltaic modules can be advantageous compared to indoor investigations, as they take into account the influences of natural test conditions on the modules. However, such outdoor performance assessments usually suffer from poor accuracies due to undefined test conditions for the modules. This paper reports on a comprehensive concept for improved outdoor analysis which results in performance data with indoor laboratory precision. The approach delivers current-voltage characteristics for even more test conditions than required by the standard IEC 61853-1. Hence, curves of modules’ electrical parameters above irradiance can be deduced for any temperatures. The concept allows precise determination of temperature coefficients for user-defined irradiances taking into account outdoor effects like light-soaking or light-induced degradation. The calibration and measurement uncertainty of the presented outdoor analysis method is evaluated quantitatively. For the measurements an advanced outdoor set-up was used.
When monitoring the energy performance of buildings, it may be of interest to identify the occupation periods of people in the room due to their possible impact on the energy balance. In order to be able to carry out a comprehensive energy assessment of the system and building, it is necessary to be able to classify user influence during the evaluation. This thesis investigates how the presence of people in a room can be determined cost-effectively and with little additional effort. The aim is to determine which sensors of a room control system provide sufficiently reliable data. The presence of 1-2 persons was examined on a test facility of the Technical University Rosenheim. The air-, mean radiation- and surface-temperatures, the air humidity as well as the CO2 and VOC concentrations were measured. For the analysis, a method of supervised machine and statistical learning, random forest, is used. The smallest model error detected in predicting the presence of 1 or 2 persons from CO2 sensor data is 1.43%. The error rates are low for all tested models if time-dynamic effects are used as predictors and the data is processed in a so-called time period form. Additionally, the ways in which this data should ideally be made available for future measurements and processed to facilitate analysis with machine and statistical learning techniques have been investigated. A further goal is to apply the models developed on measurement series in laboratory environments to real rooms and to assess the transferability of these models.
Telematik in der Arbeitsmedizin: Praktische Erfahrungen aus einer Machbarkeitsstudie der BGHM
(2019)
We employed the well-established Horton-Strahler, hierarchical, stream-order (ω) scheme to investigate scaling of nutrient loads (P and N) from ~845 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributed along the river network in urbanized Weser River, the largest national basin in Germany (~46K km2; ~8.4 million population). We estimated hydrologic and water quality impacts at the reach- and basin-scales, at two steady river discharge conditions (median flow, QR50; low-flow, QR90). Of the five WWTPs class-sizes (1 ≤ k ≤ 5), ~68% discharge to small low-order streams (ω < 3). We found large variations in capacity to dilute WWTP nutrient loads because of variability in (1) treated wastewater discharge (QU) within and among different class-sizes, and (2) river discharge (QR) within low-order streams (ω < 3) resulting from differences in drainage areas. For QR50, reach-scale water quality impairment assessed by nutrient concentration was likely at 136 (~16%) locations for P and 15 locations (~2%) for N. About 90% of these locations were lower-order streams (ω < 3). At QR50 and only with dilution, basin-scale cumulative nutrient loads from multiple upstream WWTPs increase impaired locations to 266 (~32% of total) for P. Considering in-stream uptake decreased P-impaired streams to 225 (~27%), suggesting the dominant role of dilution in the Weser River basin. Role of in-stream uptake diminished along the flow paths, while dilution in larger streams (4 ≤ ω ≤ 7) minimizes the impact of WWTP loads. Under QR90 conditions [(QR50/QR90) ~ 2.5], water quality impaired locations will likely double for the basin-scale analyses. Long-term water quality data suggested that diffuse sources are the primary contributors for water quality impairments in large streams. Our data-modeling synthesis approach is transferable to other urbanized river basins and extends understanding of point source impacts on water quality across spatial scales.
„Konsequente und durchgehende Festlegung von verwendungsspezifischen Anforderungen" für Bauprodukte?
(2019)
Verschiedene Verbände fordern in einer Stellungnahme eine „konsequente und durchgehende Festlegung von verwendungsspezifischen Anforderungen" für Bauprodukte. Der Artikel diskutiert, ob und wie dies vor dem Hintergrund des nationalen Bauordnungsrechtes in Kombination mit der europäischen Bauproduktenverordnung möglich und sinnvoll ist.
Der Beitrag stellt verschiedene Aussagen rund um die Reform des Bauproduktenrechtes in Deutschland seit MBO 2002, Ausgabe Mai 2016, ins richtige Licht. Es gibt in zahlreichen Beiträgen teilweise verwirrende oder sogar irrtümliche Aussagen zu den betreffenden Änderungen, diese werden hier jeweils mit Quellenbezug diskutiert.
Der Beitrag diskutiert Ursachen und Hintergründe des Reformstaus bei harmonisierten Normen für Bauprodukte nach der europäischen Bauproduktenverordnung. Für Zahlreiche Produktnormen sind von der europäischen Normungsorganisation CEN neuere Fassungen erschienen, diese werden jedoch aus verschiedenen Gründen nicht in die Liste der für die CE-Kennzeichnung maßgeblichen Listen harmonisierter Normen im Amtsblatt der EU übernommen.
Leichtbau und Ressourcenschonung sind zentrale Themen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Hybridverbunde mit Naturfasern (z.B. Flachs, Kenaf) sind Stand der Technik und werden v.a. im Automobilbau verwendet. Durch Hybridverbunde lassen sich die Vorteile von Spritzguss und Pressverfahren kombinieren (Funktionalisierung bei hoher Eigensteifigkeit). Obwohl Holzfasern diverse Vorteile gegenüber Naturfasern bieten (z.B. geringere Rohstoffrisiken), sind sie in diesem Bereich noch nicht umfassend untersucht.
Leichtbau und ressourcenschonende Herstellungstechnologien sind zentrale Themen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Thermoplastische Hybridverbunde mit endlosfaserverstärkten Einlegern spielen dabei eine große Rolle, sogenannte Organobleche. Auch Hybridverbunde mit Naturfaserverstärkung sind seit langem Stand der Technik und werden vor allem in der Automobilindustrie verwendet. Holzfasern sind in diesem Bereich jedoch noch nicht umfassend untersucht.
Der Vortrag befasst sich mit dem Potenzial von Holzfasern für thermoplastische Hybridverbunde im Vergleich zu Naturfasern. Dabei wird ein Einblick auf prozess- und materialtechnische Untersuchungen gegeben. Bei den Versuchen kommen diverse Technologien zum Einsatz. Holzfasern werden über ein Air-Lay-Verfahren mit Kunststofffasern zu einem Vlies gelegt. Bei der Weiterverarbeitung der konsolidierten Vliese zu Hybridverbunden, werden diese mit direkt compoundierten Holzfasern über einen In-Mould-Compounder angespritzt. Es zeigt sich, dass Faserverbunde mit Holzfasern vielversprechende Eigenschaften haben. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig, um ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis für die Werkstoffe und die Prozesse zu entwickeln.
Background: Nursing home residents are frequently affected by joint contractures, which impacts their participation and daily activities. A complex intervention, the Participation Enabling Care in Nursing (PECAN), was previously developed and pilot tested to address their needs. Its effectiveness and safety will be evaluated in the present study.
Methods/design: This multicentre cluster-randomised controlled trial will be conducted in 32 nursing homes spread over two regions of Germany. A total of 578 residents over 65 years old with joint contractures will be included. To compare the effect of the PECAN intervention with optimised standard care (usual care and an information session), randomisation will take place at a cluster level.
The individually tailored intervention was designed using the biopsychosocial model in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to reduce activity limitations and participation restrictions resulting from existing joint contractures by addressing barriers and by strengthening supportive factors on an individual level and an organisational level.
The implementation strategy comprises a facilitators’ workshop, a peer mentoring approach including a peer mentor visit and telephone peer counselling, an in-house information event, an information session for the nursing team and a training session on collegial consultation for the facilitators. The in-house information event will also take place in the nursing homes of the control group. The primary outcome is the residents’ participation and activities after 12 months of follow-up as assessed using the PaArticular Scales. The secondary outcome is the residents’ quality of life. A cost-effectiveness analysis (costs per additional resident who experienced a decrease of ten points in the participation or activities subscale of the PaArticular Scales) and a cost–utility analysis (costs per additional quality adjusted life year) will be conducted. We will investigate barriers and facilitators in a comprehensive process evaluation.
Discussion: We expect a clinically relevant improvement of participation and activities in residents with joint contractures. Our findings will provide important insights regarding participation in the situation of the affected individuals.
Die neuen Assistenten
(2019)
Der ARIS Architect 10 der Software AG ist eines der weltweit führenden Prozessmodellierungstools. Dieses Buch bietet eine umfangreiche Einführung in das ARIS-Konzept und das praktische Arbeiten mit der Software. Ziel ist es, das tägliche Arbeiten und einfache Projekte mit ARIS selbstständig zu erledigen. Im Vordergrund stehen die Modellierung und Modellauswertung.
Der ARIS-Versionswechsel von 9 auf 10 machte eine Überarbeitung dieses Buchs unumgänglich, die der Autor in der vorliegenden fünften Auflage umgesetzt hat. Dafür hat er die komplette Funktionalität überprüft und angepasst. Das neue Kapitel 2 beschreibt in kurzen Zügen die innovative „ARIS Cloud“ für das orts- und zeitunabhängige Teamwork. Zahlreiche Aufgaben und zwei umfangreiche Fallstudien (jeweils mit Lösungen) bieten eigenständige Übungsmöglichkeiten. Das Buch ist als ARIS-Einführung auch für das Selbststudium bestens geeignet. Abbildungen und Modelle stehen zum Download zur Verfügung und veranschaulichen das Gelernte.
Background: Acquired joint contractures have a significant impact on functioning and quality of life in nursing home residents. There is very limited evidence on measures for prevention and treatment of disability due to joint contractures. We have developed the PECAN intervention (Participation Enabling CAre in Nursing) to improve social participation in nursing home residents. A cluster-randomised pilot trial was conducted to assess the feasibility of study procedures in preparation for a main trial according to the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework.
Methods: Nursing homes in two regions of Germany were randomly allocated either to the intervention or optimised standard care (control group). All residents with joint contractures aged > 65 years were eligible for the study. The residents’ data were collected through structured face-to-face interviews by blinded assessors at baseline, after 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome was social participation, measured by a subscale of the PaArticular Scales. Secondary outcomes included activities and instrumental activities of daily living, health-related quality of life, falls and fall-related consequences. Data on the trial feasibility were collected via documentation forms.
Results: Seven out of 12 nursing homes agreed to participate and remained in the trial. Of 265 residents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 129 were randomised either to the intervention (n = 64) or control group (n = 65) and analysed. A total of 109 (85%) completed the trial after 6 months. The mean age was 85.7 years (SD 7.0), 80% were women. The severity of the residents’ disability differed across the clusters. The completion rate was high (> 95%), apart from the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. Some items of the PaArticular Scales were not easily understood by residents. The frequency of falls did not differ between study groups.
Conclusion: Our data confirmed the feasibility of the overall study design. We also revealed the need to improve the procedures for the recruitment of residents and for data collection before implementation into a main trial. The next step will be an adequately powered main trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
Die empirische Studie „Elektromobilität: Status, Bedarf und Potentiale öffentlicher Ladeinfrastruktur“ beschäftigt sich mit dem Status und den Geschäftsstrukturen von Versorgungsunternehmen im Geschäftsfeld der Elektromobilität sowie dem aktuellen Stand, den Planungen und den Entwicklungen im Bereich der öffentlichen Ladeinfrastruktur. Sie liefert Informationen zu der Bedeutung, der Struktur und der marktseitigen Ausgestaltung von den Geschäftsmodellen der öffentlichen Ladeinfrastruktur von Versorgungsunternehmen sowie den strategischen Implikationen hinsichtlich der zukünftigen Investitionen, Hürden, Anreize sowie dem erforderlichen Netzausbau und den Auswirkungen auf die Geschäftsmodelle der öffentlichen Ladeinfrastruktur.
Die Studie wurde im Zeitraum April bis Juli 2019 erhoben. Insgesamt haben 33 Energieversorgungsunternehmen (EVU) aus dem gesamten Bundesgebiet an der Studie teilgenommen. Die 33 teilnehmenden Unternehmen sind je zu einem Drittel kleine, mittelgroße und große EVU, wobei sich die Charakterisierung nach der Größe an der Anzahl der Mitarbeiter orientiert.
Generating a more detailed understanding of domestic electricity demand is a major topic for energy suppliers and householders in times of climate change.
Over the years there have been many studies on consumption feedback systems to inform householders, disaggregation algorithms for Non-Intrusive-Load-Monitoring (NILM), Real-Time-Pricing (RTP) to promote supply aware behavior through monetary incentives and appliance usage prediction algorithms. While these studies are vital steps towards energy awareness, one of the most fundamental challenges has not yet been tackled: Automated detection of start and stop of usage cycles of household appliances. We argue that most research efforts in this area will benefit from a reliable segmentation method to provide accurate usage information.
We propose a SVM-based segmentation method for home appliances such as dishwashers and washing machines. The method is evaluated using manually annotated electricity measurements of five different appliances recorded over two years in multiple households.
Durch Integrieren der Variothermie können Organobleche wirtschaftlich und technisch verbessert zu Hybridbauteilen verarbeitet werden. Somit steigert sich der Wettbewerbsvorteil gegenüber konventionellen Werkstoffen weiter. An einer Technische Hochschule wird seit mehr als zehn Jahren intensiv an der Thematik der Verbindungstechnologien sowie den Haftungsmechanismen zwischen endlosfaserverstärkten Thermoplasten, den sogenannten Organoblechen, und angespritzten Funktionsstrukturen geforscht. Im Fokus stehen prozesstechnische Einflüsse, die die Verbundhaftung der Hybridleichtbaustrukturen erhöhen.
Nowadays, fluorescence lifetime measurements and the method of fluorescence lifetime imaging are already state of the art in biomedical research. Also first investigations show that polymers could be identified due to their endogenous fluorescent lifetime. Thus an approach of identifying polymers with fluorescence lifetime imaging is done in this contribution. Therefore, four different polymers are examined and evaluated with statistical methods in order to determine their specific fluorescence lifetimes.
Das Pflegeberufegesetz eröffnet Chancen zur Weiterentwicklung der praktischen Ausbildung. Eine Chance besteht darin, die neuen zeitlichen Ressourcen in der Praxisanleiterqualifikation dafür zu nutzen, mehr Methodenkompetenz in handlungsorientierten Anleitungsmethoden aufzubauen. Es zeigt sich nämlich, der Einsatz handlungsorientierter Methoden zur Entwicklung beruflicher Handlungskompetenz nötig ist, diese in der praktischen Pflegeausbildung aber kaum Anwendung finden.
An der TH Rosenheim haben Studierende des Bachelorstudienganges Pflege die Möglichkeit, die Praxisanleiterqualifikation zu erwerben, wenn sie im achten Semester ein zusätzliches Modul zu berufspädagogischen Grundlagen der Praxisanleitung absolvieren. Im Sommersemester 2019 wurde der Schwerpunkt dieses Moduls auf handlungsorientierte Anleitungsmethoden und deren Implementierung gelegt. Bei der Leittextmethode bearbeiten Lernende über einen längeren Zeitraum, anhand zur Verfügung gestellter Medien und unter Nutzung weiterer Ressourcen der Praxis einen Leitfragenkatalog, der z.B. dazu dient, sie auf die selbständige Durchführung einer pflegerischen Aufgabe vorzubereiten oder ein neues Arbeitsfeld zu erkunden. Da der Leittextmethode nicht nur das Potenzial zugeschrieben wird, berufliche Handlungskompetenz zu fördern sondern auch Praxisanleitende zu entlasten, erhielten die Studierenden den Auftrag, Leittexte zu selbstgewählten Themen der praktischen Pflegeausbildung zu entwickeln.
Effiziente Lüftungssysteme zur Sicherstellung guter Luftqualität sind für energieeffiziente Gebäude essentiell. Ein Hemmnis für den Einsatz stellen insbesondere in der Sanierung die nach wie vor hohen Kosten dar. In mehreren Projekten [Schiantarelli 2015] [Sibille et al. 2013] wurde bisher versucht, vereinfachte Systeme zu entwickeln [Sibille, Pfluger 2016] [Huber 2013]. In diesem Forschungsprojekt wurde die Idee einer technisch einfachen und möglichst kanalfreien Belüftungsmöglichkeit mithilfe von aktiven Überströmern untersucht. Dabei wird die Zuluft nur zentral in der Mischzone der Wohnung (Flur, offenes Wohnzimmer) eingebracht. Die Abluft wird konventionell erfasst. Dadurch kann auf ein Zuluftkanalnetz verzichtet werden. Der aktive Überströmer ist dabei in die Zwischenwand bzw. im Türsturz des Anforderungsraumes (z.B. Schlafzimmer) eingebaut. Er besteht aus einem Axiallüfter mit einem Durchmesser von 120 mm, der (bei geschlossener Tür) die Luft aus der Mischzone in das angrenzende Schlafzimmer fördert.
Time series are series of values ordered by time. This kind of data can be found in many real world settings. Classifying time series is a difficult task and an active area of research. This paper investigates the use of transfer learning in Deep Neural Networks and a 2D representation of time series known as Recurrence Plots. In order to utilize the research done in the area of image classification, where Deep Neural Networks have achieved very good results, we use a Residual Neural Networks architecture known as ResNet. As preprocessing of time series is a major part of every time series classification pipeline, the method proposed simplifies this step and requires only few parameters. For the first time we propose a method for multi time series classification: Training a single network to classify all datasets in the archive with one network. We are among the first to evaluate the method on the latest 2018 release of the UCR archive, a well established time series classification benchmarking dataset.
Der Beitrag zeigt die bauordnungsrechtlichen Anforderungen allgemein und speziell hinsichtlich des Brandschutzes an werkmäßig hergestellte Dämmstoffe (schwerpunktmäßig Dämmstoffe aus Mineralwolle, aber nicht ausschließlich) auf. Dazu werden formalen Randbedingungen für die Nachweisführung bei diesen nach der EU-Bauprodukte-Verordnung CE-gekennzeichneten Produkten dargestellt.
In this work we investigate students’ thinking about and difficulties with incompressible, steady pipe flow. There is substantial evidence that students have difficulty applying and prioritizing the two basic principles of mass conservation (i.e., the continuity equation) and energy conservation (i.e., Bernoulli’s equation). When distracted by questions which involve gravity students based their answers on ill-supported assumptions about local pressures. The predominant arguments use a simplified Bernoulli equation, descriptive arguments or analogies to single-particle motion. Based on these results, an instructional intervention is developed that seems to address the observed difficulties.
We describe an investigation of the heterogeneity in conceptual understanding of first-year
engineering students by using the force concept inventory (FCI) as a diagnostic tool. The
average FCI pre- and posttest results depend significantly on the type of school graduation.
Even interactive teaching methods that have proven to be more effective in learning outcome
cannot dissolve this heterogeneity within the first year of university study.
Die wohl größte aktuelle Umweltverschmutzung mit Kunststoffen findet in Ozeanen, Seen und Flüssen statt. Bis jetzt gibt es kein etabliertes Verfahren, mit dem Kunststoffe in Umwelt- bzw. Wassermatrizen detektiert werden können. Deshalb wird mit einem Verfahren, welches auf dem Prinzip der Fluoreszenz basiert, untersucht, ob unter Laborbedingungen Kunststoffe in Wasser detektiert und identifiziert werden können. Anhand eines mathematischen Modells, einer Simulation und mit Hilfe von optischen Experimenten wird gezeigt, dass der Nachweis und auch eine Identifikation von Kunststoffen in Abhängigkeit der Wassertiefe, mit diesem Verfahren möglich ist.
Today, the automatic separation of polymers from each other in an industrial scale is an unsolved problem. In laboratory environments, two methods are known whereby plastic is sorted either by color or by fluorescence decay time measurements that require fast synchronization and thus expensive equipment. A simple and pragmatic process is proposed to separate plastics from each other: all fluorescent photons are counted in relation to the absorbed photons. A theoretical model and an experimental setup are built in order to determine an apparatus specific quantum efficiency.
Beech circular hollow laminated veneer lumber sections for temporary soil nailing applications
(2019)
Beech Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) circular hollow sections for use as temporary geotechnical soil nailing systems are developed within this thesis. Due to their permanent subsoil cement embedment, combined with high water saturation and permanent loading, the timber sections will lose strength and stiffness over time. Taking into account a duration of load factor for permanent loading of two years, it is recommended to reduce the short term tensile and bending strength of beech circular hollow sections to be used as geotechnical soil nails by 80%. In addition to the determination of material properties on small, clear specimens and full-sized cross-sections, an appropriate surface gluing quality between the veneers is fundamental to this subsoil application of the permanently cement-embedded, engineered timber product. The circular cross-section geometry and the permanently high-alkaline environment of the structural member is not covered by presently standardised testing and conditioning methods for examining LVL surface bond line quality. Standardised test methods had to be modified to determine bonding parameters for the circular, hollow LVL sections. As cement grout ensures the bond between the wooden nails and soil for the mobilisation of a soil reinforcement effect, a reliable connection between cement and wood is required. However, soluble wood constituents may inhibit cement hydration in the contact surface between the timber nails and cement. Pull-off tests on clear LVL specimens with different cement and wood surface modifications as well as the results of large-scale push-out tests are therefore presented. But to permanently ensure the contact between the wood and cement, a high degree of saturation above wood fibre saturation is necessary to keep the hollow sections in a swollen state without moisture-dependent wood shrinking. As no publications of wood moisture development in subsoil were available, long-term tests were performed, measuring the moisture content of subsoil-stored LVL in dependence on the soil moisture content, the suction and the precipitation during a time span of one year. Besides a negative cement influence on the material strength, a positive effect of cement coating on subsoil fungal destruction was realised, resulting in a significantly increased lifetime of cement-coated wood compared to uncoated wood. For temporary soil nailing applications, fungal wood deterioration was found to be of minor importance. But the reduced material strength due to a severe alkaline attack of wood demands a re-consideration of current soil nailing design methods, usually based on a mechanical limit equilibrium analysis of a rigid body motion where just tensile forces of the reinforcement elements are considered, and accompanying forces like bending moments and shear forces are neglected. Distributed fibre optic strain measurements of a steel-reinforced soil nail wall during a time span of six weeks reveal considerable nail curvatures, which are negligible in the case of ductile soil nails with low diameters, but are a significant factor for beech circular hollow laminated veneer lumber sections of larger diameters and brittle material behaviour.
In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie sich das bedarfsgewichtete Pro-Kopf-Einkommen in Haushalten Alleinerziehender mit Kindern im Vergleich zu entsprechenden Haushalten mit verheirateten Eltern im Zuge der arbeits-, familien- und sozialpolitischen Reformen seit 1997 vor und nach staatlicher Umverteilung verändert hat. Zweitens wird mit Effekt-Dekompositionen analysiert, inwieweit Veränderungen der Einkommenssituation von alleinerziehenden und verheirateten Müttern auf Veränderungen ihrer Merkmale und deren Auswirkungen zurückgeführt werden können. Die Analysen basieren auf 19 Wellen des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) von 1997 bis 2015. Während das bedarfsgewichtete Netto-Pro-Kopf-Einkommen von alleinerziehenden Müttern auch dank staatlicher Transfer weitgehend unverändert geblieben ist, hat sich die Einkommenssituation von verheirateten Müttern vor allem aufgrund ihres steigenden Bildungsniveaus und ihrer gestiegener Erwerbstätigkeit verbessert. Die zunehmende Einkommensungleichheit zwischen beiden Familienformen kann demnach auf die zunehmend besseren Bildungsressourcen und die gesteigerte Arbeitsmarktaktivität verheirateter Mütter zurückgeführt werden, wohingegen Alleinerziehende vermehrt auf Sozialleistungen angewiesen waren.
Der Beitrag erläutert die Hintergründe des für einige Bauprodukte in Deutschland geforderten Nachweises, dass sie nicht glimmen und beschreibt die aktuelle rechtliche Situation. Er stellt das europäische Prüfverfahren EN 16733 kurz vor und legt die Folgen für Planer und Verwender der Bauprodukte dar. Schließlich wird ein Ausblick auf die zu erwartenden zukünftigen Entwicklungen gegeben.
Diskussionen um bauordnungsrechtliche Anforderungen bei nach Bauprodukteverordnung CE-gekennzeichneten Bauprodukten konzentriert sich häufig auf Fragen des Brandschutzes. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie auch die anderen Grundanforderungen an Bauwerke ("BWR" oder "BRCW") in den deutschen Landesbauordnungen und der Verwaltungsvorschrift technische Baubestimmungen konkretisiert werden. Die einzelnen BWR werden diskutiert und - wo möglich - mit einfachen Beispielen erläutert.
Der Beitrag erläutert das Konzept der Bausätze nach Bauproduktenverordnung (BauPVO), einer Sonderform der Bauprodukte. Es werden offene Fragen zum Bausatz diskutiert und das Verhältnis des nach BauPVO definierten Bausatzes zur nach den deutschen Bauordnungen definierten definierten Bauarten behandelt.
Innovative beech laminated veneer lumber (LVL) circular hollow sections for the use as temporary geotechnical soil nailing systems are currently being developed. Due to the permanent subsoil cement embedment, combined with high water saturation and permanent loading, the timber sections will lose strength and stiffness over time to a degree currently unknown. This paper presents the tensile and bending material properties of flat and curved beech LVL under various periods of immersion in a water–cement grout solution aiming at inducing both water saturation and long-term alkaline attack of the timber.
In total, 824 and 279 samples were tested in tension and bending, respectively. Results show that samples manufactured from 3 mm thick veneers result in tensile strength and stiffness 17% and 24% higher, respectively, than samples manufactured from 2 mm thick veneers. A reduction in the initial bending and tensile strength of up to 70% was found after 90 days of water saturation and cement contact. Taking into account a duration of load factor for permanent loading of two years, it is recommended to reduce the short-term tensile and bending strength of beech circular hollow sections to be used as geotechnical anchors by 80%.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluss einer Beschleunigungsregelung auf das Regelverhalten von Servoantrieben untersucht. Auf einen Beschleunigungssensor wird verzichtet. Die Istbeschleunigung wird aus dem Positionsmesswert berechnet. Anhand eines verifizierten Modells für Positionsmessfehler wird der Einfluss der Positionsauflösung und der Messsignalqualität auf die berechnete Beschleunigung dargestellt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird das Konzept einer kombinierten Strom- und Beschleunigungsregelung entwickelt und dessen Funktionalität nachgewiesen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einsatz von Halbleitern großer Bandlückenenergie, wie Siliziumkarbid und Galliumnitrid, in Stromrichtern der Antriebstechnik. Diese Halbleiter weisen im Vergleich zu bipolaren IGBTs geringere Schaltverluste auf, wodurch die Schaltfrequenz deutlich erhöht werden kann. Das ermöglicht den Einsatz von Motorfiltern kompakter Bauform und geringen Kosten. Als Ergebnis erhält man einen Stromrichter mit hoher Stromreglerbandbreite und nahezu ideal sinusförmigen Ausgangsspannungen mit geringen Signalverzerrungen.
Werkstoffeinflüsse auf den Spritzgussprozess von hochgefüllten Phenol-Formaldehydharz Formmassen
(2019)
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene duroplastische Formmassen laboranalytisch hinsichtlich der rheologischen und thermischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Es wurde u.a. gezielt die absolute Materialfeuchte gesteigert, um den Einfluss dieser auf das Fließ Härtungsverhalten zu charakterisieren. Anschließend wurden die Materialien auf einer hochinstrumentierten Spritzgussmaschine mit einem Fließspiralenwerkzeug untersucht. Dabei konnte ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Rückfluss und dem Plastifizierdrehmoment in Abhängigkeit der Materialfeuchte und der Prozessparameter detektiert werden . Des Weiteren wurden über die Differenzdruckmessung im Fließspiralenwerkzeug die scheinbaren Viskositäten über den Fließweg ermittelt. Hierbei konnten unterschiedliche Aufschmelzeffekte über die Fließweglänge in Abhängigke it der duroplastischen Formmasse, der absoluten Materialfeuchte und der Prozessparameter detektiert werden . Durch Schererwärmung konnte die Formmassentemperatur teilweise die Werkzeugtemperatur übersteigen. Hinsichtlich der mechanischen Eigenschaften (Schlagzähigkeit, Biegefestigkeit) konnten keine signifikanten Einflussgrößen detektiert werden. Hinsichtlich des Tg konnten systematischen Unterschiede detektiert und begründet werden. Die beste Möglichkeit zur Ermittlung des Tg lieferte die TMA. Die thermischen Glasübergänge korrelieren mit den in der DSC ermittelten Aushärtegraden , wobei mit steigender Materialfeuchte ein geringer Aushärtegrad detektiert wird.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Generic- 30 Set (previously referred to as Rehabilitation Set) is a minimal set of ICF categories for reporting and assessing functioning and disability in clinical populations with different health conditions along the continuum of care. Recently, the Italian Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (SIMFER) developed an Italian modification of the simple and intuitive descriptions (SID) of these categories. This study was the first one to implement the use of the SID in practice.1)
To implement the use of the ICF in clinical practice and research among Italian Residents in PRM. 2) To verify if the SID made the application of ICF Generic 30 Set more user-friendly than the original descriptions. 3) To examine the prevalence of functioning problems of patients accessing Rehabilitation Services to serve as reference for the development of an ICF-based clinical data collection tool.Multicenter cross-sectional study.
Italian Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PRM) outpatient rehabilitation services. Patients referring to Italian PRM outpatient rehabilitation services and Italian Residents in PRM.Each School of Specialization involved, randomly, received the ICF Generic-30 Set with the original descriptions or with the SID.
Residents collected over a 4-month period (April-July 2016) patients data related to the ICF Generic-30 Set categories. Moreover, the residents self- assessed their difficulty in using the ICF Generic-30 Set with the original descriptions or with the SID, through a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS).Ninety-three residents collected functioning data of 864 patients (mean aged 57.7±19.3) with ICF Generic-30 Set: 304 with the original descriptions and 560 with SID. The difficulty in using the ICF Generic-30 Set with SID was rated as lower than using the original descriptions (NRS = 2.8±2.5 vs 3.5±3.1; p<0.001).
The most common disease was the back pain (9.6%) and the most common altered ICF categories were b280 (76.3%) and b710 (72.9%).This multicenter cross-sectional study shown that the ICF Generic-30 Set is a valuable instrument for reporting and assessing functioning and disability in clinical populations with different health conditions and along the continuum of care and that SID facilitate the understanding of the ICF categories and therefore their use in clinical practice.
This National survey, improving the knowledge of ICF among Italian PRM residents, represents an important step towards the system-wide implementation of ICF in the healthcare system.
This scoping review aimed to generate an overview of existing quality management (QM) models for inpatient healthcare published in peer-reviewed literature.
Data sources
Peer-reviewed publications published until June 2016 were retrieved from the databases Medline, PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library using search terms related to QM and models.
Study selection
Publications mentioning a QM model for general application in healthcare or inpatient care in their title or abstract were included. Languages considered were: English, French, German, Italian and Spanish.
Data extraction was 3-fold. First, publication characteristics were summarized. Second, the frequency of each identified model was documented and the publications were divided into conceptual and implementation publications. Third, relevant QM models were identified and information regarding the model, including content and relationship with other models, was extracted.
Of 925 retrieved publications, 213 were included. The included publications reported on 64 different QM models that were suitable for or used in inpatient care. Seventeen models were identified as being relevant. The 17 models were then categorized into three different levels: conceptual quality improvement models, concrete application models and country specific adaptations.
This scoping review provides an overview of 17 existing QM models for inpatient care and their relationships with each other. Various types of models with differing aspects and components exist. In searching for QM models, many different concepts like QM system, accreditation or methodologies appeared. For future investigation, concepts of interest should be clarified.
Die Rohstoffknappheit sowie geopolitische und strukturell-technische Faktoren führen zu Rohstoffversorgungs- und Preisrisiken bei produzierenden Unternehmen. Darüber hinaus werden Unternehmen für soziale und ökologische Bedingungen der Rohstoffförderung und -aufbereitung in die Verantwortung genommen. In der Produktentwicklung werden die Eigenschaften eines Produktes und damit die verwendeten Rohstoffe definiert. Daher sind Methoden erforderlich, mit denen ökonomische, ökologische und soziale Risiken der Rohstoffversorgung in der Produktentwicklung analysiert werden können. Es existieren weder standardisierte Methoden, noch gibt es Erfahrung über die Bewertung von Rohstoffrisiken im Produktentwicklungsprozess. Die VDI 4800 stellt eine genormte Methode zur Bewertung der Rohstoffkritikalität zur Verfügung. Daher wird die Anwendbarkeit der Methode im Produktentwicklungsprozess der Automobilindustrie untersucht. Anfangs werden verschiedene Ansätze zur Bewertung der Rohstoffkritikalität verglichen, um die Bewertungskriterien der VDI 4800 zu validieren. Basierend auf der Fallstudie eines Elektrischen Antriebssystems für ein Fahrzeug wird die Akzeptanz, Effizienz, Verlässlichkeit, Güte und Effektivität der Methode bewertet. Die VDI 4800 empfiehlt sich als geeignete Methode in der Produktentwicklung, zeigt indes Weiterentwicklungspotential hinsichtlich der Klassifizierung von kurz- bis langfristigen Rohstoffrisiken sowie der Entwicklung von sozial-gesellschaftlichen und ökologischen Bewertungskriterien in der Rohstoffgewinnung und -aufbereitung auf.
Purpose: To illustrate how routinely written narrative admission and discharge reports of a rehabilitation program for eight youths with chronic neurological health conditions can be transformed to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.
Methods: First, a qualitative content analysis was conducted by building meaningful units with text segments assigned of the reports to the five elements of the Rehab-Cycle®: goal; assessment; assignment; intervention; evaluation. Second, the meaningful units were then linked to the ICF using the refined ICF Linking Rules.
Results: With the first step of transformation, the emphasis of the narrative reports changed to a process oriented interdisciplinary layout, revealing three thematic blocks of goals: mobility, self-care, mental, and social functions.
The linked 95 unique ICF codes could be grouped in clinically meaningful goal-centered ICF codes. Between the two independent linkers, the agreement rate was improved after complementing the rules with additional agreements.
Conclusions: The ICF Linking Rules can be used to compile standardized health information from narrative reports if prior structured. The process requires time and expertise. To implement the ICF into common practice, the findings provide the starting point for reporting rehabilitation that builds upon existing practice and adheres to international standards.
Implications for Rehabilitation
This study provides evidence that routinely collected health information from rehabilitation practice can be transformed to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health by using the “ICF Linking Rules”, however, this requires time and expertise.
The Rehab-Cycle®, including assessments, assignments, goal setting, interventions and goal evaluation, serves as feasible framework for structuring this rehabilitation program and ensures that the complexity of local practice is appropriately reflected.
The refined “ICF Linking Rules” lead to a standardized transformation process of narrative text and thus a higher quality with increased transparency.
As a next step, the resulting format of goal codes supplemented by goal-clarifying codes could be validated to strengthen the implementation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health into rehabilitation routine by respecting the variety of clinical practice.
Die Kita im Sozialraum
(2019)
„Das Zusammenspiel unterschiedlicher Bildungsakteure und -gelegenheiten ist sozialräumlich auszugestalten und in kommunaler Verantwortung zu organisieren.“ (BMFSFJ 2006, 351). Der 12. Kinder- und Jugendbericht benennt damit eine Herausforderung, die es für den Aufbau eines integrierten Systems von Bildung, Betreuung und Erziehung auch für Kitas zu bewältigen gilt. Der folgende Text soll daher die Bedeutung sozialräumlichen Handelns und Gelingensfaktoren aufzeigen sowie methodische Ansätze und Handlungsempfehlungen zur Analyse des Sozialraums sowie zur Vernetzung im Sinne einer Bildungslandschaft geben.
Purpose
The content of and methods for collecting health information often vary across settings and challenge the comparability of health information across time, individuals or populations. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) contains an exhaustive set of categories of information which constitutes a unified and consistent language of human functioning suitable as a reference for comparing health information.
Methods and results In two earlier papers, we have proposed rules for linking existing health information to the ICF. Further refinements to these existing ICF Linking Rules are presented in this paper to enhance the transparency of the linking process. The refinements involve preparing information for linking, perspectives from which information is collected and the categorization of response options. Issues regarding the linking of information not covered or unspecified within the ICF are also revisited in this paper.
Conclusion:
The ICF Linking Rules are valuable for enhancing comparability of health information to ensure that information is available in a consistent manner to serve as a foundation for evidence-based decision-making across all levels of health systems. The refinements presented in this paper enhance transparency in, and ultimately reliability of the process of, linking health information to the ICF.
Implications for Rehabilitation
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) constitutes a unified and consistent language of human functioning suitable as a reference for comparing health information.
Comparability of information is essential to ensure that the widest range of information is available in a consistent manner for any decision-maker at all levels of the health system.
The refined ICF Linking Rules presented in this article outline the method to establish comparability of health information based on the ICF.
Die wachsenden Anforderungen an Beschäftigte in Kitas lassen nicht nur für älter werdende Fachkräfte das Thema Gesundheit als zentralen Punkt für Träger und Leitung erkennen. Die Förderung von Gesundheit im Betrieb stellt daher eine „moderne Unternehmensstrategie dar und zielt darauf ab, Krankheiten am Arbeitsplatz vorzubeugen […], Gesundheitspotentiale zu stärken und das Wohlbefinden am Arbeitsplatz zu verbessern." (ENWHP 2007, S. 3). Unter dem Begriff Gesundheitsmanagement sollen daher im folgenden Beitrag Maßnahmen und Angebote verstanden werden, die als betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement in Organisationen in unterschiedlichen Kontexten die Gesundheit von Beschäftigten fördern.
Background: Existing instruments measuring participation may vary with respect to various aspects. This study aimed to examine the comparability of existing instruments measuring participation based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by considering aspects of content, the perspective adopted and the categorization of response options.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify instruments that have been commonly used to measure participation. Concepts of identified instruments were then linked to the ICF following the refined ICF Linking Rules. Aspects of content, perspective adopted and categorization of response options were documented.
Results: Out of 315 instruments identified in the full-text screening, 41 instruments were included. Concepts of six instruments were linked entirely to the ICF component Activities and Participation; of 10 instruments still 80% of their concepts. A descriptive perspective was adopted in most items across instruments (75%), mostly in combination with an intensity rating. An appraisal perspective was found in 18% and questions from a need or dependency perspective were least frequent (7%).
Conclusion: Accounting for aspects of content, perspective and categorization of responses in the linking of instruments to the ICF provides detailed information for the comparison of instruments and guidance on narrowing down the choices of suitable instruments from a content point of view.
Implications for Rehabilitation
For clinicians and researchers who need to identify a specific instrument for a given purpose, the findings of this review can serve as a screening tool for instruments measuring participation in terms of the following:
• Their content covered based on the ICF.
• The perspective adopted in the instrument (e.g., descriptive, need/dependency or appraisal).
• The categorization of their response options (e.g., intensity or frequency).