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The growing demand for durable, sustainable, regionally and "fairly" produced products has been rising steadily since the early 2000s, especially products made of wood are becoming more and more popular. Against this background, together with the company Josef Wochner GmbH & Co KG, Rosenfeld Heiligenzimmern, the idea was born to develop a material based on real wood veneers of alder (Alnus glutinosa L) and oak (Quercus petraea (matt) Liebl. respectively Quercus robur L. ), bonded with a flexible middle layer, which can be used in the packaging environment. In order to ensure the highest possible dimensional stability, a 5-layer structure was aimed at, each consisting of two cross-glued veneer sheets on a flexible middle layer. This composite material named „Faltfurnier“ and its basic materials were investigated and evaluated with regard to their mechanical-technological and chemical properties. A material combination of veneers and a PVC foil in the middle layer was selected. A PVAc-based adhesive and a thermoplastic adhesive film on PU basis were used for bonding the different layers. In a first step, the tensile strength of the PVC foil used was investigated under different starting conditions. Here it was shown that the direction of production has a significant influence on the tensile strength. Thus, parallel to the direction of production significantly higher strengths than perpendicular to the direction of production were found. An influence of the process temperature could not be proven. Within different test series the surface soundness was used as a criterion to define an optimal pressing time, to evaluate the quality of the bonding by means of thermoplastic adhesive film of the veneers on PVC film as well as the bonding of the cross grain and face veneers by means of the adhesive systems PVAc and adhesive film. The tests resulted in an optimal pressing time of 120 s and incomparison significantly lower surface soundness in the test series with oak than with alder on PVC foil. Furthermore it could be shown that the bonding of the cross grain and face veneers can be replaced by a thermoplastic adhesive film, but leads to lower strengths. A positive aspect here is that the more economic production using the one-shot process would thus be possible. Due to the differences in the strength of the bond between alder and oak, the veneers were chemically characterised with regard to their pH values, buffer capacities and extractives, and reasons for the lower strength of oak on PVC film were determined. An influence of the surface structure of the veneers on the surface soundness could not be proven with certainty. Finally, a 5-layer overall composite of alder veneer on PVC foil was produced and examined with regard to its bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity, durability of the folding groove as well as its behaviour in strong alternating climate. The tests showed that the bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity were significantly higher when tested perpendicular to the grain direction of the face veneer than when tested parallel to the grain direction. Cracks and signs of fatigue in the folding groove only became apparent on average after 4,436 repetitions of the folding process using a door testing machine, and the material remained dimensionally stable except for slight warping on its head sides when stored in a highly variable climate.
Efficient safety analyses of complex software intensive embedded systems are still a challenging task. This article illustrates how model-driven development principles can be used in safety engineering to reduce cost and effort. To this end, the article shows how well accepted safety engineering approaches can be shifted to the level of model-driven development by integrating safety models into functional development models. Namely, we illustrate how UML profiles, model transformations, and techniques for multi language development can be used to seamlessly integrate component fault trees into the UML.
Objective: To examine the use of the term ‘metric’ in health and social sciences’ literature, focusing on the interval scale implication of the term in Modern Test Theory (MTT).
Materials and methods: A systematic search and review on MTT studies including ‘metric’ or ‘interval scale’ was performed in the health and social sciences literature. The search was restricted to 2001–2005 and 2011–2015. A Text Mining algorithm was employed to operationalize the eligibility criteria and to explore the uses of ‘metric’. The paradigm of each included article (Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT), Item Response Theory (IRT) or both), as well as its type (Theoretical, Methodological, Teaching, Application, Miscellaneous) were determined. An inductive thematic analysis on the first three types was performed.
Results: 70.6% of the 1337 included articles were allocated to RMT, and 68.4% were application papers. Among the number of uses of ‘metric’, it was predominantly a synonym of ‘scale’; as adjective, it referred to measurement or quantification. Three incompatible themes ‘only RMT/all MTT/no MTT models can provide interval measures’ were identified, but ‘interval scale’ was considerably more mentioned in RMT than in IRT.
Conclusion: ‘Metric’ is used in many different ways, and there is no consensus on which MTT metric has interval scale properties. Nevertheless, when using the term ‘metric’, the authors should specify the level of the metric being used (ordinal, ordered, interval, ratio), and justify why according to them the metric is at that level.
German cancer registries offer a systematic approach for the collection, storage, and management of data on patients with cancer and related diseases. Much hope in research and healthcare in general is depending on such register-based analyses in order to comprehensively consider the features of a highly diverse population. Next to the data collection the cancer registries are responsible for data protection. To fulfill legal regulations, access to data has to be controlled in a strict way leading to sometimes bureaucratic and slow processes. The situation is especially complicated in Germany, since cancer data is distributed over numerous federal cancer registries. If a nationwide data evaluation is conducted a research team has to negotiate a separate contract with each cancer registry.In a joint work in progress effort of cancer registries, technical, medical, and economical experts we propose a different solution for cooperative data processing. Our approach aims for combining data in a virtual pool based on the selection criteria of individual requests from researchers. To achieve our goal, we adapt the Fraunhofer Medical Data Space as enabling technology. The architecture we propose will allow us to pool data of multiple partners regulated by data access policies. In doing so, each of the data sources can introduce its own rules and specifications on how data is used. Additionally, we add a digital consent management that will allow individual patients to decide how their data is used. Finally, we show the high potential of the cooperative analysis of distributed cancer data supported by the proposed solution in our approach.
An Hochschulen wird ein zunehmender Bedarf adressiert, mit verschiedenen Studienformaten Angebote für die wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung Berufstätiger vorzuhalten. In diesem Beitrag soll deshalb der Versuch unternommen werden, drei Studienformate voneinander abzugrenzen und dabei die Rollen und Vernetzungsgrade der beiden Beschäftigungsorte Hochschule und Unternehmen der sich weiterbildenden Studierenden näher zu beleuchten: berufsintegrierende, berufsbegleitende und nebenberufliche Studiengänge.
The open and cooperative nature of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) poses new challenges in assuring dependability. The DEIS project (Dependability Engineering Innovation for automotive CPS. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 732242, see http://www.deis-project.eu) addresses these challenges by developing technologies that form a science of dependable system integration. In the core of these technologies lies the concept of a Digital Dependability Identity (DDI) of a component or system. DDIs are modular, composable, and executable in the field facilitating (a) efficient synthesis of component and system dependability information over the supply chain and (b) effective evaluation of this information in-the-field for safe and secure composition of highly distributed and autonomous CPS. The paper outlines the DDI concept and opportunities for application in four industrial use cases.
The presentation of a subset of studied items as retrieval cues can have detrimental effects on recall of the remaining (target) items. In three experiments we examined whether such part-list cueing impairment depends on the similarity between cue and target items. Item similarity was manipulated by making use of pre-experimental semantic similarities between cue and target items (Experiments 1 and 2), or was episodically induced through a similarity-encoding task, in which participants were asked to interrelate cue and target items in a meaningful way (Experiment 3). In all three experiments reliable part-list cueing impairment arose when the similarity between cues and targets was low, but no impairment was found when the similarity between cues and targets was high. Inhibitory as well as non-inhibitory explanations of the findings are discussed.
Recent work with adults suggests that imagination can impair later recall of previously encoded events but can improve recall of subsequently encoded events. The present study examined the memorial consequences of imagination in children. Kindergartners, first and fourth graders, and young adults studied two successively presented lists of items. Between the two lists, participants were given an imagination task supposed to create a change in mental context. As expected, in adults, the imagination task impaired recall of the previously encoded material (List 1) and improved recall of the subsequently encoded material (List 2). In children, significant List 1 impairment was present from first grade on, but even fourth graders failed to show improvement for List 2. The results challenge a purely context-based explanation of the memorial costs and benefits of imagination. Instead, they suggest that the two effects are mediated by different mechanisms with different developmental trajectories.