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Institute
- Fakultät für Angewandte Gesundheits- und Sozialwissenschaften (414) (remove)
Objective: To examine the use of the term ‘metric’ in health and social sciences’ literature, focusing on the interval scale implication of the term in Modern Test Theory (MTT).
Materials and methods: A systematic search and review on MTT studies including ‘metric’ or ‘interval scale’ was performed in the health and social sciences literature. The search was restricted to 2001–2005 and 2011–2015. A Text Mining algorithm was employed to operationalize the eligibility criteria and to explore the uses of ‘metric’. The paradigm of each included article (Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT), Item Response Theory (IRT) or both), as well as its type (Theoretical, Methodological, Teaching, Application, Miscellaneous) were determined. An inductive thematic analysis on the first three types was performed.
Results: 70.6% of the 1337 included articles were allocated to RMT, and 68.4% were application papers. Among the number of uses of ‘metric’, it was predominantly a synonym of ‘scale’; as adjective, it referred to measurement or quantification. Three incompatible themes ‘only RMT/all MTT/no MTT models can provide interval measures’ were identified, but ‘interval scale’ was considerably more mentioned in RMT than in IRT.
Conclusion: ‘Metric’ is used in many different ways, and there is no consensus on which MTT metric has interval scale properties. Nevertheless, when using the term ‘metric’, the authors should specify the level of the metric being used (ordinal, ordered, interval, ratio), and justify why according to them the metric is at that level.
German cancer registries offer a systematic approach for the collection, storage, and management of data on patients with cancer and related diseases. Much hope in research and healthcare in general is depending on such register-based analyses in order to comprehensively consider the features of a highly diverse population. Next to the data collection the cancer registries are responsible for data protection. To fulfill legal regulations, access to data has to be controlled in a strict way leading to sometimes bureaucratic and slow processes. The situation is especially complicated in Germany, since cancer data is distributed over numerous federal cancer registries. If a nationwide data evaluation is conducted a research team has to negotiate a separate contract with each cancer registry.In a joint work in progress effort of cancer registries, technical, medical, and economical experts we propose a different solution for cooperative data processing. Our approach aims for combining data in a virtual pool based on the selection criteria of individual requests from researchers. To achieve our goal, we adapt the Fraunhofer Medical Data Space as enabling technology. The architecture we propose will allow us to pool data of multiple partners regulated by data access policies. In doing so, each of the data sources can introduce its own rules and specifications on how data is used. Additionally, we add a digital consent management that will allow individual patients to decide how their data is used. Finally, we show the high potential of the cooperative analysis of distributed cancer data supported by the proposed solution in our approach.
An Hochschulen wird ein zunehmender Bedarf adressiert, mit verschiedenen Studienformaten Angebote für die wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung Berufstätiger vorzuhalten. In diesem Beitrag soll deshalb der Versuch unternommen werden, drei Studienformate voneinander abzugrenzen und dabei die Rollen und Vernetzungsgrade der beiden Beschäftigungsorte Hochschule und Unternehmen der sich weiterbildenden Studierenden näher zu beleuchten: berufsintegrierende, berufsbegleitende und nebenberufliche Studiengänge.
Background: Existing instruments measuring participation may vary with respect to various aspects. This study aimed to examine the comparability of existing instruments measuring participation based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by considering aspects of content, the perspective adopted and the categorization of response options.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify instruments that have been commonly used to measure participation. Concepts of identified instruments were then linked to the ICF following the refined ICF Linking Rules. Aspects of content, perspective adopted and categorization of response options were documented.
Results: Out of 315 instruments identified in the full-text screening, 41 instruments were included. Concepts of six instruments were linked entirely to the ICF component Activities and Participation; of 10 instruments still 80% of their concepts. A descriptive perspective was adopted in most items across instruments (75%), mostly in combination with an intensity rating. An appraisal perspective was found in 18% and questions from a need or dependency perspective were least frequent (7%).
Conclusion: Accounting for aspects of content, perspective and categorization of responses in the linking of instruments to the ICF provides detailed information for the comparison of instruments and guidance on narrowing down the choices of suitable instruments from a content point of view.
Implications for Rehabilitation
For clinicians and researchers who need to identify a specific instrument for a given purpose, the findings of this review can serve as a screening tool for instruments measuring participation in terms of the following:
• Their content covered based on the ICF.
• The perspective adopted in the instrument (e.g., descriptive, need/dependency or appraisal).
• The categorization of their response options (e.g., intensity or frequency).
Am 01. Januar 2011 ist das Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Arzneimittelmarktes (Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz, AMNOG) in Kraft getreten. In diesem Rahmen wurde für den Impfstoffmarkt ein Referenzpreissystem eingeführt um die deutschen Impfstoffpreise an das als niedriger vermutete Preisniveau anderer Staaten der europäischen Union (EU) anzupassen. Im Folgenden wird die Umsetzung, die Funktionsweise und die Auswirkungen dieses neuen Systems beschrieben. Des Weiteren wird anhand des Beispiels der Grippeimpfstoffe analysiert, welchen Einfluss die Referenzpreise auf das Preisgefüge haben.
Methodik:
Das Referenzpreissystem wird anhand des Gesetzes zur Neuordnung des Arzneimittelmarktes und des Schreibens des Spitzenverbandes Bund der Krankenkassen (GKV-Spitzenverband, GKV-SV) vom 22. Juni 2011 an die Verbände der Arzneimittelhersteller und Arzneimittelimporteure beschrieben. Der Analyse der Impfstoffpreise liegen die Daten des i:data-Report (Stand: 01. September 2011) des ifap Service-Instituts zugrunde.
Ergebnisse:
Der europäische Referenzpreis eines Impfstoffes wird als Durchschnittspreis aus den tatsächlich gültigen Abgabepreisen des entsprechenden Impfstoffes in den 4 Ländern der europäischen Union, deren Bruttonationaleinkommen dem deutschen am nächsten kommt und in denen der Impfstoff vertrieben wird, berechnet. Die hierzu herangezogenen Preise werden dabei mit den Umsatzanteilen und Kaufkraftparitäten (KKP) für Gesundheitspflege der jeweiligen Länder gewichtet. Die vorliegende Analyse weist darauf hin, dass insbesondere die praktische Umsetzung des Referenzpreissystems weiter verbessert und konkretisiert werden sollte. Zum einen sollte die Berechnung der Referenzpreise durch den GKV-SV so ausgestaltet werden, dass eine Vergleichbarkeit der Preise gewährleistet ist. Außerdem bestehen erhebliche Probleme bei der Abrechnung der Abschläge, da in der Dokumentation der impfenden Ärzte zunächst nicht unterschieden werden konnte, ob eine Impfung als Pflicht- oder Satzungsleistung erbracht wurde. Der Vergleich der Herstellerabgabepreise der einzelnen Grippeimpfstoffe mit den entsprechenden Referenzpreisen zeigt jedoch sowohl bei den Einzelpackungen als auch bei den Zehnerpackungen nach Einführung des Referenzpreissystems eine Vergrößerung der bereits bestehenden Preisunterschiede, die sich im wettbewerblichen System entwickelt haben.
Schlussfolgerung:
Bei der Umsetzung des Referenzpreissystems besteht weiterhin Verbesserungsbedarf. Bei den Grippeimpfstoffen kann voraussichtlich durch das Referenzieren eine Reduktion der Ausgaben für die GKV erreicht werden, allerdings wird das wettbewerbliche Preisniveau verzerrt.
Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Bisphosphonate sind eine effektive Therapie der Osteoporose. Unverträglichkeiten, insbesondere gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen, sind häufig Ursache von Therapieabbrüchen. Ziel der Untersuchung ist, Unterschiede der Adhärenz (Akzeptanz, Persistenz/Therapieabbruch, Compliance) zwischen täglicher (ALD-D) und wöchentlicher (ALD-W) Einnahmefrequenz bei dem Bisphosphonat Alendronat zu untersuchen.
Patienten und Methoden: Die Analyse beruht auf Verschreibungsdaten zweier Zufallsstichproben von jeweils 144 Patientinnen ab einem Alter von 45 Jahren mit täglicher bzw. wöchentlicher Einnahmefrequenz über einen Zeitraum von 12 Monaten ab Initiierung der Therapie. Ein Therapieabbruch war definiert als das Aufbrauchen der letzten Verschreibung. Akzeptanz wurde am Anteil der Patientinnen ohne Therapieabbruch nach der ersten Verschreibung gemessen. Compliance wurde am MPR (Medication possession ratio = prozentualer Anteil der Tage im Jahr, an denen Medikation vorliegt) gemessen. Therapeutisch relevante Compliance, die zur Reduktion von Frakturrisiken führte, war bei einem MPR >80 % gegeben.
Ergebnisse: 31,3 % (ALD-W) vs. 45,8 % (ALD-D) der Patienten brachen die Therapie nach der 1. Verschreibung, 53,5 % (ALD-W) vs. 72,2 % (ALD-D) brachen die Therapie im Verlauf eines Jahres ab. Die Abbrecherrate war unter täglicher Einnahme signifikant höher (p = 0,0035). Die durchschnittliche Dauer bis zum Therapieabbruch inklusive Therapieunterbrechungen betrug 220 Tage (ALD-W) vs. 169 Tage (ALD-D). Die durchschnittliche Compliance aller Patienten betrug 51,7 % (ALD-W) vs. 37,7 % (ALD-D). 30,6 % (ALD-W) vs. 19,2 % (ALD-D) (p = 0,0295) aller Patienten erreichten eine therapeutisch relevante Compliance.
Folgerungen: Eine große Zahl von Patienten brach die Therapie mit Bisphosphonaten ab, viele schon nach der ersten Verschreibung. Die Adhärenz wurde durch die Verringerung der Einnahmefrequenz verbessert, blieb aber suboptimal. Es besteht ein Bedarf für Therapien, die zu besserer Therapietreue führen können.
Background: Joint contractures are a common health problem in older persons with significant impact on activities of daily living. We aimed to retrieve outcome measures applied in studies on older persons with joint contractures and to identify and categorise the concepts contained in these outcome measures using the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) as a reference.
Methods: Electronic searches of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Pedro and the Cochrane Library were conducted (1/2002-8/2012). We included studies in the geriatric rehabilitation and nursing home settings with participants aged ≥ 65 years and with acquired joint contractures. Two independent reviewers extracted the outcome measures and transferred them to concepts using predefined conceptual frameworks. Concepts were subsequently linked to the ICF categories.
Results: From the 1057 abstracts retrieved, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria. We identified 52 single outcome measures and 24 standardised assessment instruments. A total of 1353 concepts were revealed from the outcome measures; 96.2 % could be linked to 50 ICF categories in the 2nd level; 3.8 % were not categorised. Fourteen of the 50 categories (28 %) belonged to the component Body Functions, 4 (8 %) to the component Body Structures, 26 (52 %) to the component Activities and Participation, and 6 (12 %) to the component Environmental Factors.
Conclusions: The ICF is a valuable reference for identifying and quantifying the concepts of outcome measures on joint contractures in older people. The revealed ICF categories remain to be validated in populations with joint contractures in terms of clinical relevance and personal impact.
Introduction
Joint contractures are characterized as impairment of the physiological movement of joints due to deformity, disuse or pain and have major impact especially for older individuals in geriatric care. Some measures for the assessment of the impact of joint contractures exist. However, there is no consensus on which aspects should constantly be measured. Our objective was to develop a standard-set based on the ICF for describing functioning and disability in older individuals with joint contractures in geriatric care settings, giving special emphasis to activities and participation.
Methods
The ICF-based standard set was developed in a formal decision-making and consensus process and based on an adapted version of the protocol to develop ICF Core Sets. These are sets of categories from the ICF, serving as standards for the assessment, communication and reporting of functioning and health for clinical studies, clinical encounters and multi-professional comprehensive assessment and management.
Results
Twenty-three experts from Germany and Switzerland selected 105 categories of the ICF component Activities and Participation for the ICF-based standard set. The largest number of categories was selected from the chapter Mobility (50 categories, 47.6%).
Conclusions
The standard set for older individuals with joint contractures provides health professionals with a standard for describing patients’ activity limitations and participation restrictions. The standard set also provides a common basis for the development of patient-centered measures and intervention programs. The preliminary version of the ICF-based standard set will be tested in subsequent studies with regard to its psychometric properties.