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Konsumgüterdistribution
(2018)
Der Beitrag untersucht die Konsumgüterdistribution aus systemtheoretischer Sicht.Der Fokus liegt auf der logistischen Funktion der Warenverteilung mit Einschränkung auf schnelldrehende Konsumgüter (FMCG) in Deutschland. Der eng an die Empirie angelehnten Beschreibung der Funktion, der Strukturelemente (Kunden, Hersteller, Handel, Logistikdienstleister, Sortimente, Sendungen, Betriebsmittel) sowie der Prozesse (Netzplanung, Distributionsplanung, Auftragsabwicklung, Transporte) folgt die Diskussion prinzipieller Arbeitsfelder (Systemführerschaft, Bündelung, Beschleunigung, Segmentierung, Kanalintegration, Kooperation) zur Umgestaltung der Konsumgüterdistribution.
Purpose
Tooling is a common component of an industrial product’s manufacture. Specific tooling is devised to serve the fabrication of a particular product, while generic tooling can be used in the manufacture of multiple products. In the latter case, companies are confronted with the problem of fairly allocating the indirect costs of the tooling. This article studies how to allocate costs of generic tooling to single production orders.
Methodology
Ten allocation methods (AMs) are described that are in principle suited to the distribution of generic tooling costs to production orders. Since the presented methods have for the most part been discussed in differing contexts, we apply them to a specified generic tooling problem for comparison. Evaluation of the various methods is based on 16 criteria. Reasoning is supported by a computational Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we suggest using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to elaborate one final proposition concerning the most preferable allocation scheme.
Findings
The article reports the single allocation rules’ performances for different allocation scenarios. The described characteristics refer to fairness, efficiency, and simplicity as well as to empty-core performance. Using AHP analysis allows for the aggregation of the rules’ criteria ratings. Thus, especially suitable allocation schemes for the problem at hand are identified.
Practical implications
An allocation is required for budgeting reasons and also for the definition of projects’ bottom-up sales prices. Selecting the “right” AM is important, as a suboptimal AM can result in unfair allocation vectors, which will act as incentives to stop using the common resource, potentially leading to higher total costs.
Originality/value of the article
Research on the comparison of AMs is typically performed for certain purposes, such as enterprise networks, horizontal cooperative purchasing scenarios, or municipal service units. This article will augment the research evaluating AMs by introducing a novel set of evaluation criteria and by providing an in-depth comparison of AMs suited for the allocation of generic tooling costs.
Distribution network design is about recommending long-term network structures in an environment where logistic variables like transportation costs or retailer order sizes dynamically change over time. The challenge for management is to recommend an optimal network configuration that will allow for longer term optimal results despite of environmental turbulences. This paper studies the robustness of cost-optimized FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) distribution networks. It aims at observing the impact of changing variables/conditions on optimized logistic structures in terms of the optimal number and geographical locations of existing distribution centers. Five variables have been identified as relevant to the network structure. A case study approach is applied to study the robustness of an existing, typical, and optimized FMCG network. First, distribution network data of a German manufacturer of FMCG are recorded and analyzed. A quantitative model is set up to reflect the actual cost structure. Second, a cost optimal network configuration is determined as a benchmark for further analysis. Third, the variables investigated are altered to represent changes, both isolated (ceteris paribus) and in combination (scenario analysis). Each one of the variables investigated proves to be fundamentally able to suggest a change of the optimal network structure. However, the scenario analysis indicates that the expected changes will by and large compensate each other, leaving the network in near optimal condition over an extended period of time.
Differences in road infrastructure, such as capacity, congestion, speed limits affect the productivity and the costs of short-distance freight operations. This article introduces a novel methodology that is based on navigation service data to measure the effects in terms of cost per kilometer using navigation and shipment data. The methodology is applied to five terminals of a forwarding cooperation and has been able to document significant differences in cost per kilometer across the terminals. The research results can be used by logistics service providers to better understand how productivity and thus profitability is affected by the quality of the transportation infrastructure in the particular areas they operate in. Furthermore, the insights will help these companies for better, i.e. cost-based pricing and will allow to document why and where prices need to be adapted.
Logistic activity, in particular transportation, produces green house gases (GHG). For different purposes GHG need to be allocated to objects. This paper studies how to allocate the GHG volume of a transportation process (delivery tour) to the single shipments moved by the process. First, it identifies classes of generic allocation schemes and presents 15 allocation methods. Second, since the majority of these methods has not been designed for allocating GHG, we apply and compare them in the short distance transport context within a numerical example. The aim is to study how the schemes perform according to criteria. We suggest using causality, efficiency, empty core robustness, symmetry, individual rationality, coalition stability, ease of application, and set robustness as appraisal criteria and attempt to mainstream the discussion by recommending selected allocation methods.