TY - JOUR A1 - Aslan, Alp A1 - Staudigl, Tobias A1 - Samenieh, Anuscheh A1 - Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T. T1 - Directed forgetting in young children: Evidence for a production deficiency JF - Psychonomic Bulletin & Review N2 - When people are cued to forget a previously studied list of items and to learn a new list instead, such cuing typically leads to forgetting of the first list and to memory enhancement of the second. In two experiments, we examined such listwise directed forgetting in children (and adults), using a forget cue that placed either high emphasis or low emphasis on the need to forget. In the low-emphasis condition, (adult-like) List 1 forgetting was present in fourth graders, but not in first graders (and kindergartners); in contrast, in the high-emphasis condition, (adult-like) List 1 forgetting was present from first grade on. Only fourth graders showed (adult-like) List 2 enhancement, regardless of task instruction. The finding that first graders showed List 1 forgetting only in the high-emphasis condition points to a production deficiency in first graders’ directed forgetting, suggesting that the children are capable of intentional forgetting but fail to do so spontaneously. The finding that first graders showed List 1 forgetting without List 2 enhancement suggests that the two directed-forgetting effects are mediated by different processes with different developmental trajectories. KW - Fourth Grader KW - Task Instruction KW - High Emphasis KW - Retrieval Inhibition KW - Production Deficiency Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.6.784 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 784 EP - 789 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aslan, Alp A1 - Samenieh, Anuscheh A1 - Staudigl, Tobias A1 - Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T. T1 - Memorial Consequences of Environmental Context Change in Children and Adults JF - Experimental Psychology N2 - Changing environmental context during encoding can influence episodic memory. This study examined the memorial consequences of environmental context change in children. Kindergartners, first and fourth graders, and young adults studied two lists of items, either in the same room (no context change) or in two different rooms (context change), and subsequently were tested on the two lists in the room in which the second list was encoded. As expected, in adults, the context change impaired recall of the first list and improved recall of the second. Whereas fourth graders showed the same pattern of results as adults, in both kindergartners and first graders no memorial effects of the context change arose. The results indicate that the two effects of environmental context change develop contemporaneously over middle childhood and reach maturity at the end of the elementary school days. The findings are discussed in light of both retrieval-based and encoding-based accounts of context-dependent memory. KW - episodic memory KW - context-dependent memory KW - environmental context change KW - memory development KW - cognitive development Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000056 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 455 EP - 461 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanslmayr, Simon A1 - Staudigl, Tobias A1 - Aslan, Alp A1 - Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T1 - Theta oscillations predict the detrimental effects of memory retrieval JF - Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Retrieving a target item from episodic memory typically enhances later memory for the retrieved item but causes forgetting of competing irrelevant memories. This finding is termed retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) and is assumed to be the consequence of an inhibitory mechanism resolving retrieval competition. In the present study, we examined brain oscillatory processes related to RIF, as induced by competitive memory retrieval. Contrasting a competitive with a noncompetitive retrieval condition, we found a stronger increase in early evoked theta (4–7 Hz) activity, which specifically predicted RIF, but not retrieval-induced enhancement. Within the cognitive framework of RIF, these findings suggest that theta oscillations reflect arising interference and its resolution during competitive retrieval in episodic memory. KW - Memory Retrieval KW - Electrode Site KW - Retrieval Practice KW - Competitive Condition KW - Theta Power Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.3.329 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 329 EP - 338 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hanslmayr, Simon A1 - Aslan, Alp A1 - Staudigl, Tobias A1 - Klimesch, Wolfgang A1 - Herrmann, Christoph S. A1 - Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T1 - Prestimulus oscillations predict visual perception performance between and within subjects JF - NeuroImage N2 - In the present study, the electrophysiological correlates of perceiving shortly presented visual stimuli are examined. In particular, we investigated the differences in the prestimulus EEG between subjects who were able to discriminate between four shortly presented stimuli (Perceivers) and subjects who were not (Non-Perceivers). Additionally, we investigated the differences between the subjects perceived and unperceived trials. The results show that Perceivers exhibited lower prestimulus alpha power than Non-Perceivers. Analysis of the prestimulus EEG between perceived and unperceived trials revealed that the perception of a stimulus is related to low phase coupling in the alpha frequency range (8–12 Hz) and high phase coupling in the beta and gamma frequency range (20–45 Hz). Single trial analyses showed that perception performance can be predicted by phase coupling in the alpha, beta and gamma frequency range. The findings indicate that synchronous oscillations in the alpha frequency band inhibit the perception of shortly presented stimuli whereas synchrony in higher frequency ranges (> 20 Hz) enhances visual perception. We conclude that alpha, beta and gamma oscillations indicate the attentional state of a subject and thus are able to predict perception performance on a single trial basis. KW - EEG KW - Oscillations KW - Prestimulus KW - Phase coupling KW - Perception KW - Alpha Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.011 VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 1465 EP - 1473 ER -