TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Khan, Yamna A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Löder, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Combining BLOB-Detection and MLP to Detect and Identify Plastics in an Environmental Matrix T2 - 2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - Environmental pollution by plastics is an increasing problem. However, state-of-the-art methods have significant disadvantages in detecting and identifying plastics directly in an environmental matrix. In this study, we propose a blob detection algorithm in combination with a neural network for fast and automated identification of plastics and non-plastics in a single fluorescence lifetime image. Therefore an artificial environmental matrix is prepared that contains soil, grass, spruce and HDPE (high density polyethylene) particles. Several FD-FLIM (frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) images are taken, and the detection algorithm and the neural network are applied. We successfully demonstrated the suitability of the thresholding algorithm and the binary classification of the HDPE particles directly in the environmental matrix. KW - Fluorescence KW - Plastics KW - FD-FLIM KW - Neural networks KW - MLP KW - blob detection KW - Classification algorithms KW - Dogs KW - fluorescence lifetime KW - plastics identification KW - Soil KW - Thresholding (Imaging) Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS58821.2023.10254171 SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Löder, Martin G. J. A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - A promising method for fast identification of microplastic particles in environmental samples: A pilot study using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy JF - Heliyon N2 - Microplastic pollution of the environment has been extensively studied, with recent studies focusing on the prevalence of microplastics in the environment and their effects on various organisms. Identification methods that simplify the extraction and analysis process to the point where the extraction can be omitted are being investigated, thus enabling the direct identification of microplastic particles. Currently, microplastic samples from environmental matrices can only be identified using time-consuming extraction, sample processing, and analytical methods. Various spectroscopic methods are currently employed, such as micro Fourier-transform infrared, attenuated total reflectance, and micro Raman spectroscopy. However, microplastics in environmental matrices cannot be directly identified using these spectroscopic methods. Investigations using frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) to identify and differentiate plastics from environmental materials have yielded promising results for directly identifying microplastics in an environmental matrix. Herein, two artificially prepared environmental matrices that included natural soil, grass, wood, and high-density polyethylene were investigated using FD-FLIM. Our first results showed that we successfully identified one plastic type in the two artificially prepared matrices using FD-FLIM. However, further research must be conducted to improve the FD-FLIM method and explore its limitations for directly identifying microplastics in environmental samples. KW - FD-FLIM KW - Fluorescence lifetime KW - Environmental science KW - Fluorescence microscopy KW - Material identification KW - Microplastics Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25133 VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Löder, Martin G. J. A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Identification of different plastic types and natural materials from terrestrial environments using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. JF - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry N2 - Environmental pollution by plastics is a global issue of increasing concern. However, microplastic analysis in complex environmental matrices, such as soil samples, remains an analytical challenge. Destructive mass-based methods for microplastic analysis do not determine plastics’ shape and size, which are essential parameters for reliable ecological risk assessment. By contrast, nondestructive particle-based methods produce such data but require elaborate, time-consuming sample preparation. Thus, time-efficient and reliable methods for microplastic analysis are needed. The present study explored the potential of frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) for rapidly and reliably identifying as well as differentiating plastics and natural materials from terrestrial environments. We investigated the fluorescence spectra of ten natural materials from terrestrial environments, tire wear particles, and eleven different transparent plastic granulates <5 mm to determine the optimal excitation wavelength for identification and differentiation via FD-FLIM under laboratory conditions. Our comparison of different excitation wavelengths showed that 445 nm excitation exhibited the highest fluorescence intensities. 445 nm excitation was also superior for identifying plastic types and distinguishing them from natural materials from terrestrial environments with a high probability using FD-FLIM. We could demonstrate that FD-FLIM analysis has the potential to contribute to a streamlined and time-efficient direct analysis of microplastic contamination. However, further investigations on size-, shape-, color-, and material-type detection limitations are necessary to evaluate if the direct identification of terrestrial environmental samples of relatively low complexity, such as a surface inspection soil, is possible. KW - FD-FLIM KW - Fluorescence lifetime KW - Microplastic contamination KW - Microplastic in soils KW - Plastic identification KW - Terrestrial pollution Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05305-w ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Khan, Yamna A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Löder, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Development of a BLOB-detection algorithm based on DoG to detect Plastic in an environmental matrix using FD-FLIM T2 - Optica Sensing Congress 2023 (AIS, FTS, HISE, Sensors, ES) N2 - The direct identification of plastics in an environmental matrix is heavily researched. We successfully developed a BLOB-detection algorithm based on differences of Gaussians to identify HDPE particles in an artificial environmental matrix using FD-FLIM. KW - Diode lasers KW - Fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - Phase shift KW - Neural networks KW - Optical filters KW - Spatial resolution Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/ES.2023.EW4E.4 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Dietlmeier, Maximilian A1 - Löder, Martin G.J. A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Comparison of Two Classification Methods Trained with FD-FLIM Data to Identify and Distinguish Plastics from Environmental Materials T2 - 2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) N2 - Previous research on identifying plastic types and differentiating plastics from environmental material is promising by utilizing the specific fluorescence lifetime, but the evaluation still has to be automated. Therefore, an automated Gaussian analysis is developed for evaluating frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime images of plastics and environmental materials. Furthermore, we applied a “Multilayer Perceptron” and “Random Forest Classifier” to the data resulting from the Gaussian analysis of the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data. The classification results show high F1-scores, whereby the best “Multilayer Perceptron” and “Random Forest Classifier” achieved an F1-score of 90%. Thus, identifying and differentiating plastics and environmental materials is possible by applying a “Multilayer Perceptron” or “Random Forest Classifier” to the Gaussian-analyzed imaged fluorescence lifetime data. KW - Fluorescence KW - Microscopy KW - Plastics KW - FD-FLIM KW - Neural networks KW - Environment KW - Frequency-domain analysis KW - Gaussian analysis KW - MLP KW - Multilayer perceptrons KW - Random forests KW - RFC Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191054 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Dietlmeier, Maximilian A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Löder, Martin G.J. A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Development of a Neural Network for Automatic Classification of Post-Consumer Wood Using Rapid-FLIM T2 - 2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - The economic use of wood is a growing sector, not only because of the significant advantage of wood to retain CO 2 . It is crucial to increase the material recycling of wood in several lifecycles, but currently, there is no reliable post-consumer wood sorting technique in line. This research measures 365 post-consumer wood samples of classes A1-4 four times with the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) subset method rapid fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (Rapid-FLIM). The data is analyzed on their statistical features. Four neural networks based on Multilayer perceptron are then trained and tested with twelve statistical features extracted from the Rapid-FLIM images. The best model for this application contains the optimizer RMSprop, the activation function SELU and the loss function binary crossentropy. The best model of this structure could achieve a false positive ratio of 4.79 % over the ten folds. KW - fluorescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Microscopy KW - Neural networks KW - MLP KW - Current measurement KW - Feature extraction KW - Loss measurement KW - Post-consumer wood classification KW - Rapid-FLIM KW - Rapid-Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy KW - Time measurement Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS58821.2023.10254174 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Dietlmeier, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Löder, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Comparative Analysis of Fluorescence Properties of Post-Consumer Wood Using FD-FLIM T2 - 2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - The FD-FLIM technique has a high potential for automated post-consumer wood sorting. A problem of analysing post-consumer wood fluorescence properties is the uncertainty of the post-consumer wood category as the origin of the samples are unknown. In this study, the fluorescence properties of actual post-consumer wood is compared with prepared wood samples. The post-consumer wood samples display slightly different fluorescence intensities and lifetimes due to environmental influences and a higher sample diversity. For improved training of evaluation algorithms for post-consumer wood sorting, the prepared sample set should be extended or the post-consumer wood should be additionally analysed in the laboratory. KW - fluorescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Neural networks KW - fluorescence properties KW - Moisture KW - post-consumer wood KW - Sensors KW - Training KW - Uncertainty KW - Visualization KW - waste wood Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS58821.2023.10254052 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Schwarz, Jonas A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Risse, Michael A1 - Löder, Martin G.J. A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - A non-destructive approach to wood origin differentiation using FD-FLIM T2 - 2024 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - Wood auto-fluorescence, primarily attributed to lignin, presents a distinctive feature. Different wood species exhibit variations in lignin distribution. Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy is effective in distinguishing wood species based on their fluorescence characteristics. This study investigates the potential to differentiate the origins of beech, spruce, and larch through phase-dependent fluorescence decay times. Therefore the zero hypothesis H0 is tested: The phase dependent fluorescence lifetimes of samples from the same species but varying in origin are equal. To determine the fluorescence characteristics of woods of different origins, wood samples of the species Fagus sylvatica L. (beech), Larix decidua Mill. (larch), and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. (spruce) from Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, New Zealand and Romania were analyzed. The wood samples were analyzed with a FD-FLIM camera setup, including a laser source emitting at an excitation wavelength of 445 nm. Employing Analysis-of-Variance hypothesis testing on fluorescence lifetime data for each wood species, the results indicate that 23 out of 35 origin pairs could be distinguished at a 5% significance level. While acknowledging the challenges of origin-based differentiation, the findings emphasize the promising potential of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope as a valuable tool in this context. Moving forward, a more intricate approach to sample differentiation should involve acquiring detailed information about the samples, including associated temperature and precipitation profiles, and soil composition. KW - wood KW - fluorescence KW - FLIM KW - origin KW - species Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS60918.2024.10636550 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Heitzmann, Sebastian A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Löder, Martin G. J. A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Classification of Foods and Plastics using FD-FLIM and Neural Networks T2 - 2024 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - Plastics and foods can be differentiated by their material characteristic fluorescence properties, especially their fluorescence lifetimes. An areal measurement of fluorescent lifetimes of these materials can be done using Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FD-FLIM). Up until now, most plastic detection is done using NIR or X-ray, while most applications of FD-FLIM are in biomedicalfields. The application of FD-FLIM in a food safety setting presents a promising approach to the detection of plastic contaminants. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based neural network is developed to reliably identify the presence of plastic in a food/plastic sample via FD-FLIM. Features like the mean, median, standard deviation, variance, range, and interquartile range are calculated from the intensity image, the phase shift and modulation index along with the according phase- and modulation-dependent fluorescence lifetimes from the FD-FLIM data. For training, test and validation, a total of 3520 FD-FLIM measurements have been taken at 445nm excitation of sixteen samples with the labels food and plastic. To rank the performance of the 3888 trained networks, Fl-score, accuracy, precision, and recall are used as metrics. The best performing network reaches a Fl-score of 98.86% proving that a differentiation of foods and plastics using a MLP classification based on FD- FLIM data is possible with a low error rate. KW - fluorescence KW - foods KW - FLIM KW - MLP KW - neural networks Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS60918.2024.10636453 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Harter, Sonja D. A1 - Kießlich, Tina A1 - Lederer, Franziska A1 - Clauß, Stefanie A1 - Schlosser, Dietmar A1 - Armanu, Emanuel Gheorghita A1 - Eberlein, Christian A1 - Heipieper, Hermann J. A1 - Löder, Martin G. J. A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Effects of defined organic layers on the fluorescence lifetime of plastic materials JF - Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry N2 - Plastics have become an integral part of modern life, and linked to that fact, the demand for and global production of plastics are still increasing. However, the environmental pollution caused by plastics has reached unprecedented levels. The accumulation of small plastic fragments—microplastics and nanoplastics—potentially threatens organisms, ecosystems, and human health. Researchers commonly employ non-destructive analytical methods to assess the presence and characteristics of microplastic particles in environmental samples. However, these techniques require extensive sample preparation, which represents a significant limitation and hinders a direct on-site analysis. In this context, previous investigations showed the potential of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for fast and reliable identification of microplastics in an environmental matrix. However, since microplastics receive an environmental coating after entering nature, a challenge arises from organic contamination on the surface of microplastic particles. How this influences the fluorescence signal and the possibility of microplastic detection are unknown. To address this research gap, we exposed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic samples to peptides, proteins, bacteria, and a filamentous fungus to induce organic contamination and mimic environmental conditions. We analyzed the fluorescence spectra and lifetimes of the samples using fluorescence spectroscopy and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM), respectively. Our results demonstrate that reliably identifying and differentiating ABS and PET was possible via FD-FLIM, even in the presence of these biological contaminations. These findings highlight the potential of this technique as a valuable tool for environmental monitoring and plastic characterization, offering a rapid and efficient alternative to currently used analytical methods. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-05888-y VL - 417 IS - 16 SP - 3651 EP - 3663 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Heitzmann, Sebastian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Löder, Martin G.J. A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Identification of Microplastic Contamination in Food using FD-FLIM T2 - 2025 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - Microplastics have emerged as a significant environmental concern, particularly due to their potential impact on food safety and human health. This study uses frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to investigate the presence and effects of microplastics in four food types—ham, honey, fish, and lettuce. Samples were prepared with known quantities of high-density polyethylene particles, and their phase-dependent fluorescence lifetimes were analyzed to distinguish between contaminated and uncontaminated food. The results indicate that fluorescence lifetime analysis can effectively identify microplastic contamination, revealing distinct fluorescence characteristics for each food matrix. This research underscores the importance of innovative detection methods in ensuring food safety, highlighting the need for further studies on automated microplastic detection. KW - Microplastic KW - Food KW - FLIM KW - fluorescence Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS65169.2025.11105138 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - IEEE ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barth, Simon A1 - Benecken, Gerd A1 - Betz, Andreas A1 - Binninger, Karsten A1 - Graule, Verena A1 - Hack, Andreas A1 - Haegele, Rainer A1 - Hartmann, Markus A1 - Hauck-Bauer, Eva A1 - Haut, Sandra A1 - Jäger, Johannes A1 - Kagerl, Andreas A1 - Karlinger, Peter A1 - Konle, Elke A1 - Köster, Heinrich A1 - Krause, Harald A1 - Krommes, Sandra A1 - Meissner, Thomas A1 - Michanickl, Andreas A1 - Sandor, Viktor A1 - Schanda, Ulrich A1 - Schemme, Michael A1 - Sebald, Daniela A1 - Spindler, Uli A1 - Stauss, Kilian A1 - Strobl, Thomas A1 - Sussmann, Monika A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Voit, Johann A1 - Wambsganß, Mathias A1 - Wellisch, Ulrich A1 - Zauner, Johannes T1 - Forschungsbericht 2015 N2 - Mit dem jährlich erscheinenden Forschungsbericht möchte die Hochschule Rosenheim einen Einblick in ihre vielfältigen Projekte und Aktivitäten der angewandten Forschung und Entwicklung geben. Im Forschungsbericht 2015 wird über Vorhaben im Jahr 2015 berichtet. T3 - Schriftenreihen - Forschungsbericht - 4 KW - Forschung Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:861-opus4-12304 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin ED - Bauer, Benedict ED - Wittenberg, Carsten T1 - Bestimmung einer Quanteneffizienz für das automatisierte Sortieren von Kunststoffen durch Fluoreszenz T2 - AALE 2019 - Autonome und intelligente Systeme in der Automatisierungstechnik 16. Fachkonferenz KW - Quanteneffizienz KW - Fluoreszenz Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-8007-4860-0 SP - 179 EP - 187 PB - VDE Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kneißl, M. A1 - Versen, Martin ED - Bauer, Benedict ED - Wittenberg, Carsten T1 - Erhöhung der Bandbreite eines Stromregelkreises durch Hadamard-Modulation T2 - AALE 2019 - Autonome und intelligente Systeme in der Automatisierungstechnik 16. Fachkonferenz KW - Hadamard-Modulation Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-8007-4860-0 SP - 277 EP - 285 PB - VDE Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Detektion von Kunststoffen in Wasser mithilfe von Fluoreszenz T2 - 20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019 N2 - Die wohl größte aktuelle Umweltverschmutzung mit Kunststoffen findet in Ozeanen, Seen und Flüssen statt. Bis jetzt gibt es kein etabliertes Verfahren, mit dem Kunststoffe in Umwelt- bzw. Wassermatrizen detektiert werden können. Deshalb wird mit einem Verfahren, welches auf dem Prinzip der Fluoreszenz basiert, untersucht, ob unter Laborbedingungen Kunststoffe in Wasser detektiert und identifiziert werden können. Anhand eines mathematischen Modells, einer Simulation und mit Hilfe von optischen Experimenten wird gezeigt, dass der Nachweis und auch eine Identifikation von Kunststoffen in Abhängigkeit der Wassertiefe, mit diesem Verfahren möglich ist. KW - Kunststoffe KW - Umwelt KW - Fluoreszenzmesstechnik KW - Fluoreszenz Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-9819376-0-2 SP - 687 EP - 694 PB - AMA Service GmbH CY - Wunstorf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin ED - Gandhi, Tejinder T1 - DRAM Failure Analysis and Defect Localization Techniques T2 - Microelectronics Failure Analysis, Desk Reference KW - Failure Analysis Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-1-62708-247-1 SP - 499 EP - 505 PB - ASM International CY - Ohio ET - Seventh Edition ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Holst, Gerhard A1 - Franke, Robert T1 - An Approach of Identifying Polymers With Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging T2 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech) N2 - Nowadays, fluorescence lifetime measurements and the method of fluorescence lifetime imaging are already state of the art in biomedical research. Also first investigations show that polymers could be identified due to their endogenous fluorescent lifetime. Thus an approach of identifying polymers with fluorescence lifetime imaging is done in this contribution. Therefore, four different polymers are examined and evaluated with statistical methods in order to determine their specific fluorescence lifetimes. KW - polymer KW - fluorescence Y1 - 2019 SP - 186 EP - 189 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dahlberg, B. A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Loop transformation algorithm for test vector accessing at high speed T2 - ISTFA 2019: Proceedings from the 45th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis KW - Loop transformation Y1 - 2019 SP - 434 EP - 439 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Langhals, H. T1 - A method for sorting of plastics with an apparatus specific quantum efficiency approach T2 - 2019 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - Today, the automatic separation of polymers from each other in an industrial scale is an unsolved problem. In laboratory environments, two methods are known whereby plastic is sorted either by color or by fluorescence decay time measurements that require fast synchronization and thus expensive equipment. A simple and pragmatic process is proposed to separate plastics from each other: all fluorescent photons are counted in relation to the absorbed photons. A theoretical model and an experimental setup are built in order to determine an apparatus specific quantum efficiency. KW - polymer KW - plastic sorting KW - fluorescence KW - quantum efficiency Y1 - 2019 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8706034 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Kipfelsberger, S. T1 - Introduction to microcomputer technology with the MSP430 Launch Pad in remote labs T2 - Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2014 IEEE N2 - Texas Instruments' MSP430 Launch Pad is used as a key component for remote labs that complement an introduction course to microcomputer technology in the bachelor program Mechatronic at the University of Applied Sciences in Rosenheim. The remote labs use breakout boards and include a timer experiment with generation of pulse width modulation signals, I2C communication and analog to digital conversion. KW - Microelectronics KW - Microcomputer KW - MSP430 Launch Pad Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Bernhardt, A1 - Heigl, M. A1 - Viehhauser, P. A1 - Zentgraf, P. T1 - System for real-time data acquisition and processing on a hail-fighter aeroplane T2 - Proceedings of the 5th European DSP Education and Research Conference N2 - The System HAILsens implements a device for Real-Time sensor data processing, running on a Texas Instruments Concerto M3 core. An I2C interface is used for sensor communications. Ethernet with UDP on a custom developed three layered frame organisation of sensor data serves as a link to the main system on board of an aeroplane. For backing up the acquired data, all frames are locally stored on an SD Card. To have the possibility of easily checking the current system status, an LCD module and a push-button provide a minimal user interface. KW - sensors KW - aircraft instrumentation KW - data acquisition KW - liquid crystal displays Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - DRAM Failure Analysis and Defect Localization Techniques, Microelectronics Failure Analysis T2 - Desk Reference Sixth Edition N2 - Comprehensive guide to the process and test methods used for electronic device failure analysis. Contains dozens of articles—contributed by industry experts—covering a wide range of topics involving the failure analysis of microelectronics. It places the most important and up-to-date information on this subject at your fingertips.  Topic coverage includes:  Failure Analysis Process Flow Failure Verification  Failure Modes and Failure Classification  Special Devices (MEMS, Optoelectronics, Passives)  Fault Localization Techniques: Package Level (NDT)  Die Level (Depackaging, Photon Emission, Microthermography, Laser-Based Methods, Particle Beam Methods)  Deprocessing & Imaging Techniques: Deprocessing  General Imaging Techniques  Local Deprocessing & Imaging  Circuit Edit and Design Modification  Material Analysis Techniques  Reference Information: Important Topics for Semiconductor Devices  Failure Analysis Techniques Roadmap  Failure Analysis Operations and Management  Appendices: Failure Analysis Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms  Industry Standards KW - Microelectronics KW - DRAM Failure Analysis Y1 - 2018 PB - ASM International CY - Ohio ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Shankar, S. A1 - Enimidisetty, S. A1 - Bernhardt, A. A1 - Srinivasan, B. T1 - Setup for Locating PV-Cell Surface Defects Through ISC Measurements T2 - Proceedings of the 37th ISTFA 2011 KW - Photovoltaik KW - PV-Cell defects KW - ISC Measurements Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Worst Case Test Conditions for Defect Localization in DRAM Devices T2 - Microelectronics Seminar of the ISTFA 2011 KW - DRAM Devices KW - Microelectronics Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Treichl, R. A1 - Kaltenecker, M. A1 - El Shahawy, H. A1 - Thomas, T. T. T1 - Differentielle LVDS Schnittstelle für modellbasierte Entwürfe mit MathWorks HDL Coder T2 - 15. AALE Konferenz zu Cyberphysischen Produktionssystemen, 2018 KW - LVDS Schnittstellen KW - MathWorks HDL Coder KW - Cyberphysische Produktionssysteme Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-8007-4522-7 PB - VDE-Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Ernst, W. A1 - Gulati, P. T1 - A row hammer pattern analysis of DDR2 SDRAM JF - Microelectronics Reliability N2 - A DDR2 SDRAM test setup implemented on the Griffin III ATE test system from HILEVEL Technologies is used to analyse the row hammer bug. Row hammer pattern experiments are compared to standard retention tests. The analysis confirms that the row hammer effect is caused by a charge excitation process depending on the number of stress activation cycles. The stress has to occur in the local neighborhood of the cells under test. Shallow impurity levels support the responsible charge carrier transport process in the used DDR2 SDRAM technology KW - Microelectronics KW - pattern analysis Y1 - 2018 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2017.07.022 VL - 76-77 SP - 64 EP - 67 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Kipfelsberger, F. A1 - Soekmen, F. T1 - Model-Based Reference Design Projects with MathWorks' HDL Workflow Advisor for Custom-Specific Electronics with the Zedboard T2 - ANALOG 2016; 15. ITG/GMM-Symposium, Bremen, Germany N2 - Reference design projects are implemented to the Xilinx Zynq on the Zedboard which is extended by user defined electronic hardware connected through the Zedboard's FMC (FPGA Mezzanine Card) connector. The implementation method with HDL Workflow Advisor includes constraint definitions for modified reference design projects for use with digital input and outputs and Zynq's XADC (Analog-Digital converter) which is characterized and compared to its data sheet. The bandwidth of the Zynq's internal AXI (Advanced eXtensible Interface) bus connected to the Simulink host PC is determined. KW - Zedboard KW - MathWorks' HDL KW - Custom specific electronics Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Ernst, W. A1 - Gulati, P. A1 - Singh, G. T1 - Test setup for reliability studies of DDR2 SDRAM JF - Microelectronics Reliability N2 - A DDR2 DRAM test setup is developed and implemented on the Griffin III ATE test system from HILEVEL Technologies. The test system provides a raw platform for performing various mixed signal and digital tests. In order to configure patterns easily in a vector format, a software platform is developed to manage test patterns according to the user's analysis needs. As examples, retention test patterns with disabled self-refresh are applied to 2 Gbit DDR2 SDRAM of two different DRAM vendors. The devices are characterized in respect to their intrinsic leakage and data retention behavior under the influence of stress conditions such as temperature or access algorithm. The tests are automated and test data is logged for an off-line data analysis. Data is recorded before and after solder simulation steps in order to observe a retention time degradation. KW - Microelectronics KW - DRAM retention solder simulation Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Hayn, M. T1 - Introduction to Verification and Test Using a 4-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit Including a Failure Module in a Xilinx XC9572XL CPLD T2 - Proceedings of the 40th ISTFA 2014 KW - Microelectronics KW - Xilinx XC9572XL CPLD Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Kipfelsberger, Stefan A1 - Bernhardt, Andreas T1 - Einführung in die Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik durch eine interaktive und praxisnahe Qualifizierung in der Leiterplattentechnik T2 - Tagungsband 2. Symposium Elektronik und Systemintegration ESI 2020: "Intelligente Systeme und ihre Komponenten: Forschung und industrielle Anwendung" N2 - Für eine Einführung in die fertigungstechnischen Grundlagen der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik sind im Wahlfach „Leiterplattentechnik Praktikum“ an der Technischen Hochschule (TH) Rosenheim Inhalte der Prozesstechnik und des Leiterplattendesigns miteinander kombiniert. Zu Beginn der Veranstaltung zeichnen die Praktikumsteilnehmer ein Layout für eine Leiterbahn-Teststruktur, welche anschließend im Haus gefertigt wird. Nach der Fertigung folgt eine elektrische und optische Charakterisierung zur Kontrolle der Prozessqualität. Die praxisnahe Erstellung eines einlagigen Layouts für eine LED-Taschenlampe auf Basis eines vorgegebenen Schaltplans und innerhalb einer begrenzten Platinenfläche sowie dessen Fertigung befähigen die Kursteilnehmer später, eigene Layouts für elektronische Schaltungen selbstständig zu entwickeln. Die anspruchsvolle, teilautomatische Bestückung einer zweilagigen, vorgegebenen SMT(Surface Mount Technology)-Leiterplatte, die ein FM-Radio mit Capacitive Touch-Steuerung bildet, rundet die erfolgreiche Qualifizierung in der Leiterplattentechnik ab. KW - Leiterplattentechnik Y1 - 2020 UR - https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-haw-landshut/frontdoor/index/index/docId/212 SN - 978-3-9818439-4-1 SP - 54 EP - 62 CY - Landshut ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Holst, Gerhard A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Automatische Erkennung von Kunststoffen durch bildgebende Fluoreszenzabklingzeitmessung T2 - Tagungsband: AALE 2020 - Automatisierung und Mensch-Technik-Interaktion 17. Fachkonferenz KW - Erkennung von Kunststoffen KW - Fluoreszenzabklingzeitmessung Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8007-5180-8 SP - 223 EP - 231 PB - VDE Verlag Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Heitauer, Mathias A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Co-Simulation eines zweistufigen Operationsverstärkers mit MATLAB/Simulink und Cadence ADE T2 - Tagungsband: AALE 2020 - Automatisierung und Mensch-Technik-Interaktion 17. Fachkonferenz N2 - Ein zweistufiger Operationsverstärker wird parallel in einer 180nm CMOS Technologie in der Entwicklungsumgebung von Cadence ADE und in MATLAB/Simulink in einem modellbasierten Ansatz entworfen und simuliert. Für den Entwurf in MATLAB/Simulink wird das Kleinsignalersatzschaltbild der physikalischen Schaltung verwendet. Mit Hilfe der Co-Simulation zwischen Cadence und MATLAB/Simulink wird das Verhalten simuliert und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse aus beiden Modellen stimmen überein, wodurch festgestellt werden kann, dass die Co-Simulation erfolgreich war. KW - Co-Simulation KW - Operationsverstärker Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8007-5180-8 SP - 287 EP - 291 PB - VDE Verlag Berlin CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Holst, G. A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - A novel approach to optically distinguish plastics based on fluorescence lifetime measurements T2 - 2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia KW - fluorescence Y1 - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Detection of plastics in water based on their fluorescence behavior JF - Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems N2 - Plastic waste is one of the biggest growing factors contributing to environmental pollution. So far there has been no established method to detect and identify plastics in environmental matrices. Thus, a method based on their characteristic fluorescence behavior is used to investigate whether plastics can be detected and identified in tap water under laboratory conditions. The experiments show that the identification of plastics as a function of water depth is possible. As the identification becomes more difficult with higher water depths, investigations with a highly sensitive imaging method were carried out to obtain an areal integration of the fluorescent light and thus better results. KW - identification of plastics Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-337-2020 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 337 EP - 343 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Ernst, W. T1 - Row hammer avoidance analysis of DDR3 SDRAM JF - Microelectronics Reliability N2 - A DDR3 SDRAM test setup implemented on the Griffin III test system from HILEVEL Technologies is used to analyse the row hammer bug. Row hammer pattern experiments are compared to standard retention tests for different manufacturing technologies. The row hammer effect is depending on the number of stress activation cycles. The analysis is extended to an avoidance scheme with refreshes similar to the Target Row Refresh scheme for the DDR4 SDRAM technology. KW - DDR4 SDRAM technology Y1 - 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2020.113744 SP - 113744 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Auer, Veronika A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - A Novel Approach to Identify Wood Species Optically using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy T2 - SMSI 2021 Conference – Sensor and Measurement Science International N2 - This contribution presents the results obtained with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)within the optical identification and differentiation of the four wood species walnut, beech, spruce, and maple. The experimental setup as well as the evaluation algorithm, with which the experiments were carried out, is explained briefly. KW - fluorescence lifetime KW - wood species identification KW - fluorescence KW - wood KW - FLIM Y1 - 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2021/B10.2 SP - 169 EP - 170 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Seehuber, S. A1 - Crämer, P. A1 - Kipfelsberger, S. A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - EtherCAT Gateway für eine Arduino basierte Luftqualitäts-Messung zur Visualisierung an eine Beckhoff SPS T2 - Tagungsband 3. Symposium Elektronik und Systemintegration ESI KW - EtherCAT Gateway KW - Beckhoff SPS Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.57688/366 SP - 98 EP - 106 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bernöcker, Anton A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Entwicklung eines neuronalen Netzwerks als Basis zur automatisierten Holzartenerkennung T2 - Tagungsband AALE 2022, 18. AALE-Konferenz. Pforzheim, 09.03.-11.03.2022 N2 - Holz ist ein vielseitig einsetzbarer nachwachsender Rohstoff. Neben seinem wirtschaftlichen Nutzen ist er für den Erhalt des Klimas unersetzlich. Eine sortenreine Sortierung für die Weiterverarbeitung von Altholz spielt für einen ressourcenschonenden Umgang eine wichtige Rolle. Um das Potenzial eines neuronalen Netzwerks basierend auf Messdaten der bildgebenden Fluoreszenzabklingzeitmessung für die Altholzsortierung aufzuzeigen, wurden zwei unterschiedliche Klassifikationsansätze auf Basis der Programmiersprache Python gewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die bildbasierte Klassifizierung der Holzart mit einer Genauigkeit von 47,36 % noch ausbaufähig ist. Eine datenbasierte Klassifizierung der Holzart mit einer Identifikationsgenauigkeit von 98,28 % ist dagegen vielversprechend. KW - FD-FLIM KW - Fluoreszenz KW - Fluoreszenzabklingzeit KW - Holzart KW - Neuronales Netz KW - Klassifizierung Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33968/2022.11 SP - 115 EP - 124 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Auer, Veronika A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - An algorithmic method to identify multiple wood species in a single image by their specific fluorescence lifetimes T2 - OSA Imaging and Applied Optics Congress 2021 (3D, COSI, DH, ISA, pcAOP) N2 - Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) combined with an image processing algorithm is successfully used for the optical identification and areal separation of three wood species of maple, larch and nut in a single taken image. KW - Confocal laser scanning microscopy KW - Fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - Image processing KW - Image processing algorithms KW - Phase shift KW - Ultraviolet radiation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/COSI.2021.CF2B.3 SP - CF2B.3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Holst, Gerhard A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - An optical method to differentiate wood from polymers using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy T2 - OSA Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress 2021 (AIS, FTS, HISE, SENSORS, ES) N2 - In this contribution investigations with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) are made to optically distinguish polymers and wood. The results show that the distinction and identification is possible in a graphical and calculative way. KW - Diode lasers KW - Fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - Image processing algorithms KW - Phase shift KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Stray light Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/ES.2021.EW4G.6 SP - EW4G.6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Optical identification of car tire particles on soil using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy T2 - Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress 2022 (AIS, LACSEA, Sensors, ES), Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2022) N2 - Tire wear is one of the major contributors of environmental pollution by microplastic. FD-FLIM in combination with an image processing algorithm are successfully applied to detect tyre wear on soil. KW - Diode lasers KW - Fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - Image processing KW - Image processing algorithms KW - Phase modulation KW - Phase shift Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/ES.2022.ETu3H.3 SP - ETu3H.3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Holst, Gerhard A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - A novel approach to optically distinguish plastics based on fluorescence lifetime measurements T2 - 2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - In medical and biological research, fluorescence lifetime measurements and fluorescence lifetime imaging is already a part of the standardized analysis procedures. As first investigations have shown, polymers can be identified using fluorescence lifetime imaging and an evaluation algorithm. Thus, this contribution pursues a novel approach for the direct differentiation of four polymers with fluorescence lifetime imaging. Therefore, the evaluation algorithm is extended to compare several fluorescence lifetime images to prove that a distinction is possible. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220084 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Non-destructive evaluation of treated polyethylene terephthalate films by fluorescence lifetime imaging T2 - 2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - The fluorescence decay time allows to identify and distinguish polymers from each other. Three differently treated biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate films are examined with two excitation wavelengths of 445 and 488nm. The fluorescence decay time is dependent of the treatment method of the films and is a means for identification. KW - polymer KW - polymer identification KW - fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - fluorescence KW - FD-FLIM Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530008 SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Höltl, Stefan A1 - Kneißl, Matthias A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Parallel Delta-Sigma ADC modulation for performance increase of position sensors in industrial applications T2 - 2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - A parallel design concept of Delta-Sigma modulators that optimizes the resolution and the bandwidth for a highly dynamic position control in industrial applications. The idea is realized on a printed circuit board and tested by using a comprehensive measurement setup. The effective number of bits is increased by 2.5 bits at a fixed frequency. For a constant resolution, the design approach allows smaller filter lengths and a decrease of the delay by 25%. KW - Delta-Sigma KW - ADC KW - parallelization KW - characterization KW - effective resolution KW - bandwidth Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS51076.2021.9530099 SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging as method to analyze wood structures T2 - 2022 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Y1 - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 2 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschlaeger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - A novel approach to optically detect microplastic in an environmental matrix with Rapid-FLIM T2 - Sensors and Measuring Systems; 21th ITG/GMA-Symposium Y1 - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschlaeger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Non-destructive differentiation of treated and non-treated wood using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy T2 - Sensors and Measuring Systems; 21th ITG/GMA-Symposium Y1 - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - An algorithmic method for the identification of wood species and the classification of post-consumer wood using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy JF - Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems N2 - In this contribution the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) technique is evaluated for post-consumer wood sorting. The fluorescence characteristics of several wood samples were determined, whereby two excitation wavelengths (405 and 488 nm) were used. The measured data were processed using algorithmic methods to identify the wood species and post-consumer wood category. With the excitation wavelength of 405 nm, 16 out of 19 samples could be correctly assigned to the corresponding post-consumer wood category by means of the fluorescence lifetimes. Thus, the experimental results revealed the high potential of the FD-FLIM technique for automated post-consumer wood sorting. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-129-2022 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 129 EP - 136 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heitauer, Mathias A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Evaluation of a Co-Simulation Approach for Functional Verification of Analog and Mixed Signal Devices JF - EDFA Technical Articles N2 - This article presents an automation workflow for the development of analog and mixed-signal devices similar to the two-stage process used for the design and verification of logic ICs. The use of a co-simulation interface makes it possible to build and verify failure models. KW - delta-sigma converter KW - functional verification KW - mixed signal devices KW - model-based development KW - system simulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2021-3.p008 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 8 EP - 12 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Investigation of the Impact of CaCO3 Concentrations on the Fluorescence Lifetime of Polypropylene T2 - 2022 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) N2 - The impact of fillers on the fluorescence lifetime of polymers is still unknown. Investigating polypropylene containing different CaCO 3 concentrations using FD-FLIM show an exponential increase in fluorescence lifetime proportional to the CaCO 3 density in polypropylene. KW - Fluorescence KW - Lasers and electrooptics KW - Plastics KW - Electrooptical waveguides Y1 - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 2 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin T1 - Frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging as method to analyze wood structures T2 - Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics N2 - The analysis of wood structures using FD-FLIM seems promising for the identification of wood at 488 nm, as lignin has a high impact on the fluorescence lifetime. KW - Diode lasers KW - Fluorescence KW - Fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - Microscopy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_AT.2022.JW3A.19 SP - JW3A.19 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Maniyattu, Georgekutty Jose A1 - Geegy, Eldho A1 - Leiter, Nina A1 - Wohlschläger, Maximilian A1 - Versen, Martin A1 - Laforsch, Christian T1 - Development of a neural network to identify plastics using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy T2 - 2022 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) N2 - Plastics have become a major part of human’s daily life. An uncontrolled usage of plastic leads to an accumulation in the environment posing a threat to flora and fauna, if not recycled correctly. The correct sorting and recycling of the most commonly available plastic types and an identification of plastic in the environment are important. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy shows a high potential in sorting and identifying plastic types. A data-based and an image-based classification are investigated using python programming language to demonstrate the potential of a neural network based on fluorescence lifetime images to identify plastic types. The results indicate that the data-based classification has a higher identification accuracy compared to the image-based classification. KW - fluorescence lifetime imaging KW - FLIM KW - neural networks KW - plastic identification Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS54819.2022.9881372 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER -