@article{KranichKrommesRieder2019, author = {Kranich, Sebastian and Krommes, Sandra and Rieder, Rosina}, title = {Bewertung der Rohstoffkritikalit{\"a}ts-Methode nach VDI 4800 im Produktentwicklungsprozess: Fallstudie eines elektrischen Fahrzeugantriebsystems}, series = {NachhaltigkeitsManagementForum / Sustainability Management Forum}, volume = {27}, journal = {NachhaltigkeitsManagementForum / Sustainability Management Forum}, number = {1}, pages = {53 -- 63}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Die Rohstoffknappheit sowie geopolitische und strukturell-technische Faktoren f{\"u}hren zu Rohstoffversorgungs- und Preisrisiken bei produzierenden Unternehmen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus werden Unternehmen f{\"u}r soziale und {\"o}kologische Bedingungen der Rohstofff{\"o}rderung und -aufbereitung in die Verantwortung genommen. In der Produktentwicklung werden die Eigenschaften eines Produktes und damit die verwendeten Rohstoffe definiert. Daher sind Methoden erforderlich, mit denen {\"o}konomische, {\"o}kologische und soziale Risiken der Rohstoffversorgung in der Produktentwicklung analysiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Es existieren weder standardisierte Methoden, noch gibt es Erfahrung {\"u}ber die Bewertung von Rohstoffrisiken im Produktentwicklungsprozess. Die VDI 4800 stellt eine genormte Methode zur Bewertung der Rohstoffkritikalit{\"a}t zur Verf{\"u}gung. Daher wird die Anwendbarkeit der Methode im Produktentwicklungsprozess der Automobilindustrie untersucht. Anfangs werden verschiedene Ans{\"a}tze zur Bewertung der Rohstoffkritikalit{\"a}t verglichen, um die Bewertungskriterien der VDI 4800 zu validieren. Basierend auf der Fallstudie eines Elektrischen Antriebssystems f{\"u}r ein Fahrzeug wird die Akzeptanz, Effizienz, Verl{\"a}sslichkeit, G{\"u}te und Effektivit{\"a}t der Methode bewertet. Die VDI 4800 empfiehlt sich als geeignete Methode in der Produktentwicklung, zeigt indes Weiterentwicklungspotential hinsichtlich der Klassifizierung von kurz- bis langfristigen Rohstoffrisiken sowie der Entwicklung von sozial-gesellschaftlichen und {\"o}kologischen Bewertungskriterien in der Rohstoffgewinnung und -aufbereitung auf.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{RiederKrommesLang2017, author = {Rieder, Rosina and Krommes, Sandra and Lang, Werner}, title = {Criticality assessment of indium for thin-film photovoltaics in the context of sustainability goals for the German housing sector}, series = {PROCEEDINGS of 33rd PLEA International Conference}, booktitle = {PROCEEDINGS of 33rd PLEA International Conference}, editor = {Brotas, Luisa and Roaf, Susan and Nicol, Fergus}, publisher = {NCEUB}, address = {Edinburgh}, isbn = {978-0-9928957-5-4}, pages = {3692 -- 3698}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In countries with large import dependencies, several studies on strategically important metals have classified raw materials as being critical by combining supply and vulnerability risks. In case of availability, the most critical raw materials are metallic ores and industrial minerals. Within the scope of developing resource efficient buildings, innovative building technologies, such as renewable energy systems, are becoming increasingly integral parts of buildings. Since critical raw materials are essential components in building technologies, they will also play an important role in the housing sector. In this context, it is crucial to consider how sustainability goals in the housing sector are affected by raw material criticality. This paper addresses supply and vulnerability risks of indium, which is contained in thin-film photovoltaics, in order to identify their impacts on future developments in the housing sector. Raw material availability is significantly influenced by the demand and supply of raw materials. To implement risk factors for a criticality assessment in sector-specific material flows, their impacts are analysed and modelled using a dynamic, macro-economic approach. Assuming different energy scenarios in the German housing sector up to 2050, the model reveals the raw material criticality by pointing out supply risks in order to derive recommendations.}, language = {en} } @article{KrommesSchmidt2017, author = {Krommes, Sandra and Schmidt, Felix}, title = {Business model analysis of electric mobility products and services}, series = {International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management IJATM}, volume = {2017}, journal = {International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management IJATM}, number = {Vol. 17 / No. 3}, editor = {Calabrese, Giuseppe Giulio}, pages = {23}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The automotive value chain is experiencing significant transformation. Due to changed mobility use patterns and external conditions such as climate change, scarcity of resources and local air pollution, car manufacturers offer connectivity services and are forced to launch electric mobility. Most of the electric vehicles have additional, complementary products and services. As other market participants also engage in this field car manufacturers must decide whether they transform their business model. Therefore, the questions arise which are the determining key criteria for the business models, what are the business segments car manufacturers are engaged and how car manufacturers are preparing for the transformation. By using qualitative content analysis, key criteria for business model analysis are derived. The portfolio analysis of six car manufacturers in the German market unveils that a few car manufacturers are in an advanced state while others follow with a considerable lag, or even, are behind.}, language = {en} } @article{KrommesTomaschko2021, author = {Krommes, Sandra and Tomaschko, Florian}, title = {Chance f{\"u}r mehr Ressourceneffizienz - Methode der Wert- und Stoffstromanalyse im Kontext der digitalen Transformation bestehender Fertigungsanlagen}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb (zwf)}, volume = {116}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb (zwf)}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {58 -- 63}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die dynamische Wert- und Stoffstrommodellierung bildet die In- und Output-Str{\"o}me von Prozessen mittels Digitalisierungstechnologien ab. In einem aus f{\"u}nf Schritten bestehenden methodischen Vorgehen kann der Einstieg in die Digitalisierung der Produktion f{\"u}r KMU mit bestehenden Anlagen- und Maschinenparks (Brownfield-Ansatz) gelingen: Ein digitaler Schatten erm{\"o}glicht ein echtzeit- und realdatenbasiertes Monitoring von Einzel- und Kleinserienfertigungen zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz. Method of Value and Material Flow Analysis within the Digital Transformation of a Brownfield Approach. Dynamic value and material flow modeling maps input and output flows of processes by means of digitization. In a methodical approach consisting of five steps, SMEs with existing plant and machine parks (brownfield approach) can be successfully introduced to the digitization of production: A digital shadow of a defined process enables a real-time and real data-based monitoring and key figure system for individual and small series production.}, language = {de} } @article{TomaschkoAnnanKrommes2022, author = {Tomaschko, Florian and Annan, Kevin and Krommes, Sandra}, title = {Digitalisierung der Produktion: Ganzheitliche Bewertung}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb}, volume = {117}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb}, number = {5}, pages = {321 -- 326}, year = {2022}, abstract = {F{\"u}r die Analyse, Bewertung und Kontrolle von Investitionsentscheidungen bei Erweiterungs- oder Modernisierungs-Investitionen zur Digitalisierung der Produktion fehlt ein methodisches Vorgehen. Ein dreistufiger Ansatz auf Basis geeigneter betriebswirtschaftlicher Kennzahlen wird vorgestellt und am Beispiel eines heterogenen Maschinen- und Anlagenparks f{\"u}r einen digitalen Schatten der Wert- und Stoffstr{\"o}me zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz angewandt.}, language = {de} } @article{HummelObermeierZieretal.2022, author = {Hummel, Sabine and Obermeier, Katharina and Zier, Katja and Krommes, Sandra and Schemme, Michael and Karlinger, Peter}, title = {Analysis of Mechanical Properties Related to Fiber Length of Closed-Loop-Recycled Offcuts of a Thermoplastic Fiber Composites (Organo Sheets)}, series = {Materials}, volume = {15}, journal = {Materials}, number = {11}, pages = {3872}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Increasing demand for energy-efficient means of transport has steadily intensified the trend towards lightweight components. Thermoplastic glass fiber composites (organo sheets) play a major role in the production of functional automotive components. Organo sheets are cut, shaped and functionalized by injection molding to produce hybrid components, such as those used in car door modules. The cutting process produces a considerable amount of production waste, which has thus far been thermally recycled. This study develops a closed mechanical recycling process and analyzes the different steps of the process. The offcuts were shredded using two shredding methods and implemented directly in the injection-molding process. Using tensile tests and impact bending tests, the material properties of the recycled materials were compared with the virgin material. In addition, fiber length degradation via the injection-molding process and the influence of the waterjet-cutting process on the mechanical properties are investigated. Recycled offcuts are both comparable to new material in terms of mechanical properties and usability, and are also economically and ecologically advantageous. Recycling polypropylene waste with glass fiber reinforcement in a closed loop is an effective way to reduce industrial waste in a sustainable and economical production process.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KrommesTomaschko2023, author = {Krommes, Sandra and Tomaschko, Florian}, title = {Conceptual framework of a digital twin fostering sustainable manufacturing in a brownfield approach of small volume production for SMEs}, series = {Conference Proceedings of the 18th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing, October 5-7, 2022, Berlin}, volume = {2023}, booktitle = {Conference Proceedings of the 18th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing, October 5-7, 2022, Berlin}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {1 -- 8}, year = {2023}, abstract = {SMEs are increasingly forced to shift to more sustainable manufacturing. Industry 4.0 can support the transformation and foster innovation. But, SMEs need solutions with a low barrier to entry in terms of investment, IT knowledge and capacities. A framework based on value and material flow analysis, low investments and user-oriented IT skills is proposed. As an example, it is implemented in the furniture industry and shows a digital twin in terms of monitoring the energy and material flows. In addition, a product-specific allocation of energy consumption, energy peak shaving and other applications are possible.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BrunsmeierKrommesAuer2023, author = {Brunsmeier, Martin and Krommes, Sandra and Auer, Veronika}, title = {The role of innovation in managing new challenges in the forest-based sector at regional level in the EU}, series = {5th Forest Innovation Workshop}, booktitle = {5th Forest Innovation Workshop}, year = {2023}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KrommesBrunsmeierAuer2023, author = {Krommes, Sandra and Brunsmeier, Martin and Auer, Veronika}, title = {Bio{\"o}konomie - welchen Beitrag kann die {\"O}kobilanzierung leisten?}, series = {1. Internationales Wood BioEconomy-Forum (WBE)}, booktitle = {1. Internationales Wood BioEconomy-Forum (WBE)}, address = {Rosenheim}, year = {2023}, language = {de} } @article{TomaschkoReicheltKrommes2024, author = {Tomaschko, Florian and Reichelt, Lukas and Krommes, Sandra}, title = {Digitalisation of Manufacturing Systems: A Literature Review of Approaches to Assess the Sustainability of Digitalisation Technologies in Production Systems}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {16}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {15}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/su16156275}, pages = {6275}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The digitalisation of production has a positive impact on manufacturing processes in terms of resource efficiency and environmental impact, particularly in the form of increased efficiency as well as cost and resource savings. However, the use of digitalisation technologies is also associated with efforts such as costs, CO2 emissions, and raw material consumption. When planning or deciding on the digitalisation of manufacturing systems, it is therefore necessary to assess whether these technologies pay off in terms of sustainability over their life cycle. This literature review (based on the PRISMA guidelines) analyses the relevance of sustainability assessment and its methods for the digitalisation of production in research. The review reveals that research focuses on the benefits of digitalisation technologies in manufacturing, while the assessment of efforts and their benefits is in its infancy. There is a need for further research on holistic assessment methods for digitalisation technologies. In particular, there is a lack of assessment methods that consistently link the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability, and there is also a lack of guidance for the application of assessment methods in production.}, language = {en} } @article{PschererKrommes2024, author = {Pscherer, Theresa and Krommes, Sandra}, title = {LCA standards for environmental product assessments in the bioeconomy with a focus on biogenic carbon: A systematic review}, series = {International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment}, journal = {International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Berlin}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-024-02387-7}, pages = {1 -- 23}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Purpose Climate change mitigation is one of the priorities of the European Bioeconomy Strategy (BES). In this regard, renewable raw materials are a crucial resource, as they help to substitute fossil resources and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by storing biogenic carbon (C). To control the environmental impact of the European BES, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is the preferred method. Standards provide guidance for LCA. This review aims to present the state of the art of LCA-related standards, focusing on the assessment of biogenic C and its global warming potential (GWP) to evaluate them for decision-making with regard to the transition to a bioeconomy (BE) and climate change mitigation. Methods A systematic review is conducted using the database Nautos to reveal the relevant standards guiding LCA in the BE. In an iterative process, criteria for a comparative analysis are defined. The eligible standards are then qualitatively analysed and compared based on criteria previously derived in the iterative process. Results and discussion In the context of LCA and bio-based products, 13 documents are identified. Differences are revealed in the accounting of biogenic C flows, the calculation of the duration of biogenic C storage and the biogenic C content as well as the consideration of substitution effects. Furthermore, the standards do not provide any information on the assessment of biogenic C in the circular economy so far. Conclusion The importance of biogenic C aspects in LCA has been reflected in the standards over the last 20 years. However, further research is needed to harmonise the different aspects and integrate new relevant ones related to biogenic C and BE to support decision-making for the transition to a BE. This becomes more important as new legislation refers to LCA standards as the preferred assessment method.}, language = {en} } @incollection{TomaschkoHuberKrommes2025, author = {Tomaschko, Florian and Huber, Gretel and Krommes, Sandra}, title = {Nachhaltiges Rohstoffrisikomanagement: Bewertungsinstrumente f{\"u}r KMU}, editor = {Wellbrock, Wanja and Ludin, Daniela}, publisher = {Springer Gabler}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-658-47227-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-47228-3_26}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Rosenheim}, pages = {579 -- 605}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Durch die fortlaufende Industrialisierung der Fertigungsprozesse steigt der Bedarf an Rohstoffen kontinuierlich an. Dabei r{\"u}cken neben den traditionellen Rohstoffen zunehmend auch kritische Rohstoffe in den Fokus der Industrie. Die traditionelle Perspektive auf Rohstoffe hat sich um Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit erweitert, wodurch nun auch Ressourcen wie Luft, Wasser, Fl{\"a}che und Biodiversit{\"a}t als Rohstoffe im weiteren Sinne betrachtet werden. Die Beschaffung von Rohstoffen birgt f{\"u}r Unternehmen verschiedene Risiken, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Preisvolatilit{\"a}t und der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit, aber auch in Bezug auf Umwelt- und sozial-gesellschaftliche Risiken. Kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) stehen aufgrund begrenzter Ressourcen bei Zeit, Personal und finanzieller Mittel sowie eingeschr{\"a}nkter Datenverf{\"u}gbarkeit und fehlendem Fachwissen vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Die bestehenden Methoden zur Bewertung von Rohstoffrisiken sind h{\"a}ufig nicht auf die spezifischen Bed{\"u}rfnisse von KMU zugeschnitten. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Anforderungen von KMU werden geeignete Methoden und spezifische Indikatoren zur Bewertung von Rohstoffrisiken identifiziert. Die Indikatoren bilden unterschiedliche Aspekte der drei Nachhaltigkeits-Dimensionen {\"O}konomie, {\"O}kologie (Umwelt) und Soziales (Gesellschaft) ab. Sie sind Basis f{\"u}r ein Monitoringsystem, welches in ein Risikomanagement bei KMU integriert werden kann. Die {\"U}berlegungen werden durch ein praxisorientiertes Beispiel erg{\"a}nzt, um die Herausforderungen in KMU und die Umsetzung des Bewertungsinstruments zu veranschaulichen.}, subject = {Rohstoffkritikalit{\"a}t}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KrommesHuberPschereretal.2025, author = {Krommes, Sandra and Huber, Gretel and Pscherer, Theresa and Nemeth, Isabell}, title = {Circular economy in life cycle costing: a literature review in the construction sector}, series = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, booktitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, publisher = {IOP Science}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/3140/13/132012}, pages = {1 -- 7}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Circular economy (CE) has become important in reducing the environmental impact of the construction sector. For the transformation from linear to CE, decision support tools and methods are needed to assess and promote CE for constructions. With regard to sustainable financial decisions, life cycle costing (LCC) is the preferred method. However, the LCC approaches and their application in CE research differ. Based on a systematic literature review, the relevance of refurbishment in operation, reuse, recycling and disposal at end-of-life (EoL) in LCC is assessed. As a result, LCC has gained relevance in the construction sector, but CE plays a subordinate role in LCC applications. Costs or benefits of CE are often neglected. However, some research have shown that refurbishment as well as reuse and recycling can outweigh higher initial cost over lifetime. The internalisation of environmental and social impacts or even benefits are also rare. In particular, there is a lack of research on how to internalise the environmental benefits of refurbishment, reuse and recycling or how to effectively incentivise higher CE efforts in LCC in order to encourage decision-making in construction towards CE.}, language = {en} } @article{MoroneVieiraLangeetal.2026, author = {Morone, Piergiuseppe and Vieira, Helena and Lange, Lene and Meer, Yvonne Van der and Penttil{\"a}, Merja and Dragicevic, Arnaud and Koukios, Emmanuel and Krommes, Sandra and Alvarino Pereira, Teresa and Vincevica-Gaile, Zane and Vidarsson, Jonas and Zorpas, Antonis A. and Zimmermannova, Jarmilla and Zimniewska, Malgorzata and O'Connor, Kevin E.}, title = {The European Bioeconomy strategy revision: an opportunity to go against the tide and secure a sustainable future}, series = {Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy}, volume = {13}, journal = {Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy}, number = {100204}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy}, doi = {10.1016/j.clcb.2026.100204}, pages = {1 -- 9}, year = {2026}, abstract = {In today's tense geopolitical landscape, marked by strained relations among major powers and deep-rooted dependence on fossil-based economies, the emerging modern bioeconomy can provide resource independence and resilience, in tandem with economic, social, and environmental benefits, and thus has the potential to underpin a sustainable future. The bioeconomy is a vital cross-cutting meta-sector, but it is not inherently circular or sustainable; without intentional design, it risks becoming a linear, unsustainable replacement of the fossil-based economy. Realising its full promise requires purposeful engineering to address climate change, biodiversity loss, strengthen resource independence, support food security and resilience, create jobs, promote social inclusion, boost competitiveness and autonomy, and improve human, animal, and environmental health. The potential is enormous, but so are the challenges society faces in realising the vision for a biobased, nature-positive future.}, language = {en} }