@inproceedings{DietlmeierRajanLeiteretal.2023, author = {Dietlmeier, Maximilian and Rajan, Aromal Somarajan and Leiter, Nina and Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Versen, Martin}, title = {Klassifizierung von Altholz durch FD-FLIM Bilder mit neuronalen Netzen}, series = {Tagungsband AALE 2023}, booktitle = {Tagungsband AALE 2023}, doi = {10.33968/2023.24}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Holz ist eine der wichtigsten erneuerbaren Ressourcen und kann recycelt werden, wobei derzeit nur unbehandeltes Holz in mehreren Lebenszyklen verwendet werden kann. Allerdings werden in Altholzsortieranlagen meist behandeltes und unbehandeltes Altholz gemischt angeliefert und es gibt keine automatische Klassifizierung zur sortenreinen Sortierung. Fr{\"u}here Studien zeigen, dass behandelte und unbehandelte Holzproben mit Hilfe von bildgebender Fluoreszenzabklingzeit Mikroskopie unterschieden werden k{\"o}nnen. Um den Prozess der Klassifizierung von Altholz anhand von Fluoreszenzabklingzeitbildern zu automatisieren, werden zwei neuronale Netzwerke (NN) evaluiert. Das erste NN ist ein MLP (Multi Layer Perceptron), das das Altholz anhand von Erwartungswert und Standardabweichung eines Fluoreszenzabklingzeitbildes klassifiziert. Das zweite untersuchte NN ist ein CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), das das Holz direkt anhand der Fluoreszenzabklingzeitbilder klassifiziert. Beide Netzwerke sind in Python implementiert, um die sp{\"a}tere Verwendung in einem automatischen Klassifizierungs- und Sortierprozess zu erleichtern. Die Evaluation der NN zeigt vielversprechende Ergebnisse zur automatisierten Klassifikation von Altholz.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{LeiterDietlmeierWohlschlaegeretal.2023, author = {Leiter, Nina and Dietlmeier, Maximilian and Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and L{\"o}der, Martin G.J. and Versen, Martin and Laforsch, Christian}, title = {Development of a Neural Network for Automatic Classification of Post-Consumer Wood Using Rapid-FLIM}, series = {2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)}, doi = {10.1109/SAS58821.2023.10254174}, pages = {1 -- 6}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The economic use of wood is a growing sector, not only because of the significant advantage of wood to retain CO 2 . It is crucial to increase the material recycling of wood in several lifecycles, but currently, there is no reliable post-consumer wood sorting technique in line. This research measures 365 post-consumer wood samples of classes A1-4 four times with the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) subset method rapid fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (Rapid-FLIM). The data is analyzed on their statistical features. Four neural networks based on Multilayer perceptron are then trained and tested with twelve statistical features extracted from the Rapid-FLIM images. The best model for this application contains the optimizer RMSprop, the activation function SELU and the loss function binary crossentropy. The best model of this structure could achieve a false positive ratio of 4.79 \% over the ten folds.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThomasSaleemLeiteretal.2023, author = {Thomas, Amal and Saleem, Shaif and Leiter, Nina and Dietlmeier, Maximilian and Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Versen, Martin and Laforsch, Christian and Schwarz, Jonas and Auer, Veronika and Risse, Michael}, title = {Frequency Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FD-FLIM) analysis of Quercus robur samples for origin differentiation purposes}, series = {Optica Sensing Congress 2023}, booktitle = {Optica Sensing Congress 2023}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The fast classification and identification of plastics presents a significant challenge. The study assesses the suitability of a Multilayer Perceptron to classify and identify commonly found plastic types using Rapid-FLIM, achieving an accuracy of 88.33\%. @inproceedingsSchwarz:23, Increasing demand for wood products requires methods to determine its harvest origin and ensure sustainable and legal sourcing. In 15 out of 21 cases, the origin of Quercus robur was differentiable in FD-FLIM studies.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LeiterWohlschlaegerDietlmeieretal.2023, author = {Leiter, Nina and Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Dietlmeier, Maximilian and Versen, Martin and L{\"o}der, Martin and Laforsch, Christian}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Fluorescence Properties of Post-Consumer Wood Using FD-FLIM}, series = {2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)}, doi = {10.1109/SAS58821.2023.10254052}, pages = {1 -- 6}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The FD-FLIM technique has a high potential for automated post-consumer wood sorting. A problem of analysing post-consumer wood fluorescence properties is the uncertainty of the post-consumer wood category as the origin of the samples are unknown. In this study, the fluorescence properties of actual post-consumer wood is compared with prepared wood samples. The post-consumer wood samples display slightly different fluorescence intensities and lifetimes due to environmental influences and a higher sample diversity. For improved training of evaluation algorithms for post-consumer wood sorting, the prepared sample set should be extended or the post-consumer wood should be additionally analysed in the laboratory.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThomasSaleemLeiteretal.2023, author = {Thomas, Amal and Saleem, Shaif and Leiter, Nina and Dietlmeier, Maximilian and Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Versen, Martin and Laforsch, Christian}, title = {Development of a Neural Network for an Automated Differentiation of Plastics using Rapid-FLIM}, series = {Optica Sensing Congress 2023}, booktitle = {Optica Sensing Congress 2023}, doi = {10.1364/ES.2023.EW4E.5}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The fast classification and identification of plastics presents a significant challenge. The study assesses the suitability of a Multilayer Perceptron to classify and identify commonly found plastic types using Rapid-FLIM, achieving an accuracy of 88.33\%.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WohlschlaegerLeiterDietlmeieretal.2023, author = {Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Leiter, Nina and Dietlmeier, Maximilian and L{\"o}der, Martin G.J. and Versen, Martin and Laforsch, Christian}, title = {Comparison of Two Classification Methods Trained with FD-FLIM Data to Identify and Distinguish Plastics from Environmental Materials}, series = {2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)}, booktitle = {2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)}, doi = {10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191054}, pages = {1 -- 9}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Previous research on identifying plastic types and differentiating plastics from environmental material is promising by utilizing the specific fluorescence lifetime, but the evaluation still has to be automated. Therefore, an automated Gaussian analysis is developed for evaluating frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime images of plastics and environmental materials. Furthermore, we applied a "Multilayer Perceptron" and "Random Forest Classifier" to the data resulting from the Gaussian analysis of the frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data. The classification results show high F1-scores, whereby the best "Multilayer Perceptron" and "Random Forest Classifier" achieved an F1-score of 90\%. Thus, identifying and differentiating plastics and environmental materials is possible by applying a "Multilayer Perceptron" or "Random Forest Classifier" to the Gaussian-analyzed imaged fluorescence lifetime data.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WohlschlaegerHolstVersen2020, author = {Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Holst, Gerhard and Versen, Martin}, title = {Automatische Erkennung von Kunststoffen durch bildgebende Fluoreszenzabklingzeitmessung}, series = {Tagungsband: AALE 2020 - Automatisierung und Mensch-Technik-Interaktion 17. Fachkonferenz}, booktitle = {Tagungsband: AALE 2020 - Automatisierung und Mensch-Technik-Interaktion 17. Fachkonferenz}, publisher = {VDE Verlag Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-5180-8}, pages = {223 -- 231}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @article{WohlschlaegerVersen2020, author = {Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Versen, Martin}, title = {Detection of plastics in water based on their fluorescence behavior}, series = {Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems}, volume = {9}, journal = {Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems}, number = {2}, pages = {337 -- 343}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Plastic waste is one of the biggest growing factors contributing to environmental pollution. So far there has been no established method to detect and identify plastics in environmental matrices. Thus, a method based on their characteristic fluorescence behavior is used to investigate whether plastics can be detected and identified in tap water under laboratory conditions. The experiments show that the identification of plastics as a function of water depth is possible. As the identification becomes more difficult with higher water depths, investigations with a highly sensitive imaging method were carried out to obtain an areal integration of the fluorescent light and thus better results.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LeiterWohlschlaegerAueretal.2021, author = {Leiter, Nina and Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Auer, Veronika and Versen, Martin and Laforsch, Christian}, title = {A Novel Approach to Identify Wood Species Optically using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy}, series = {SMSI 2021 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International}, booktitle = {SMSI 2021 Conference - Sensor and Measurement Science International}, pages = {169 -- 170}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This contribution presents the results obtained with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)within the optical identification and differentiation of the four wood species walnut, beech, spruce, and maple. The experimental setup as well as the evaluation algorithm, with which the experiments were carried out, is explained briefly.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WohlschlaegerVersen2019, author = {Wohlschl{\"a}ger, Maximilian and Versen, Martin}, title = {Detektion von Kunststoffen in Wasser mithilfe von Fluoreszenz}, series = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, booktitle = {20. GMA/ITG-Fachtagung Sensoren und Messsysteme 2019}, publisher = {AMA Service GmbH}, address = {Wunstorf}, isbn = {978-3-9819376-0-2}, pages = {687 -- 694}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Die wohl gr{\"o}ßte aktuelle Umweltverschmutzung mit Kunststoffen findet in Ozeanen, Seen und Fl{\"u}ssen statt. Bis jetzt gibt es kein etabliertes Verfahren, mit dem Kunststoffe in Umwelt- bzw. Wassermatrizen detektiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Deshalb wird mit einem Verfahren, welches auf dem Prinzip der Fluoreszenz basiert, untersucht, ob unter Laborbedingungen Kunststoffe in Wasser detektiert und identifiziert werden k{\"o}nnen. Anhand eines mathematischen Modells, einer Simulation und mit Hilfe von optischen Experimenten wird gezeigt, dass der Nachweis und auch eine Identifikation von Kunststoffen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Wassertiefe, mit diesem Verfahren m{\"o}glich ist.}, language = {de} }