@article{FrieseMichalkFischeretal.2021, author = {Friese, Philipp A. and Michalk, Wibke and Fischer, Markus and Hardt, Cornelius and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {Charging Point Usage in Germany—Automated Retrieval, Analysis, and Usage Types Explained}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {23}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/su132313046}, pages = {26}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This study presents an approach to collect and classify usage data of public charging infrastructure in order to predict usage based on socio-demographic data within a city. The approach comprises data acquisition and a two-step machine learning approach, classifying and predicting usage behavior. Data is acquired by gathering information on charging points from publicly available sources. The first machine learning step identifies four relevant usage patterns from the gathered data using an agglomerative clustering approach. The second step utilizes a Random Forest Classification to predict usage patterns from socio-demographic factors in a spatial context. This approach allows to predict usage behavior at locations for potential new charging points. Applying the presented approach to Munich, a large city in Germany, results confirm the adaptability in complex urban environments. Visualizing the spatial distribution of the predicted usage patterns shows the prevalence of different patterns throughout the city. The presented approach helps municipalities and charging infrastructure operators to identify areas with certain usage patterns and, hence different technical requirements, to optimize the charging infrastructure in order to help meeting the increasing demand of electric mobility.}, language = {en} } @article{FischerMichalkHardtetal.2024, author = {Fischer, Markus and Michalk, Wibke and Hardt, Cornelius and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {Bill It Right: Evaluating Public Charging Station Usage Behavior under the Presence of Different Pricing Policies}, series = {World Electric Vehicle Journal}, volume = {15}, journal = {World Electric Vehicle Journal}, number = {4}, doi = {10.3390/wevj15040175}, year = {2024}, abstract = {This study investigates for the first time how public charging infrastructure usage differs under the presence of diverse pricing models. About 3 million charging events from different European countries were classified according to five different pricing models (cost-free, flat-rate, time-based, energy-based, and mixed) and evaluated using various performance indicators such as connection duration; transferred energy volumes; average power; achievable revenue; and the share of charging and idle time for AC, DC, and HPC charging infrastructure. The study results show that the performance indicators differed for the classified pricing models. In addition to the quantitative comparison of the performance indicators, a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and a pairwise comparison using the Mann-Whitney-U test were used to show that the data distributions of the defined pricing models were statistically significantly different. The results are discussed from various perspectives on the efficient design of public charging infrastructure. The results show that time-based pricing models can improve the availability of public charging infrastructure, as the connection duration per charging event can be roughly halved compared to other pricing models. Flat-rate pricing models and AC charging infrastructure can support the temporal shift of charging events, such as shifting demand peaks, as charging events usually have several hours of idle time per charging process. By quantifying various performance indicators for different charging technologies and pricing models, the study is relevant for stakeholders involved in the development and operation of public charging infrastructure.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FischerHardtMichalketal.2022, author = {Fischer, Markus and Hardt, Cornelius and Michalk, Wibke and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {Charging or Idling: Method for quantifying the Charging and the Idle Time of public Charging Stations}, series = {TRB 101st Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers, Washington DC, USA}, booktitle = {TRB 101st Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers, Washington DC, USA}, pages = {22}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The study at hand presents a methodology to determine the utilization of public charging infrastructure by the proportion of effective charging time and idle time. The results of the study can be used by decision makers to better understand the usage behavior of public charging infrastructure and to align the provision of charging infrastructure with the behavior of users. The user behavior is analyzed using charging areas and scenario-based analysis of charging sessions. More than 300,000 charging sessions at AC and DC charging stations in the urban area of Munich in 2020 were recorded as the data basis for the study. The methodology takes the available vehicle models in the study area as well as the characteristic charging behavior of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) with a decreasing charging power at high states of charge of the battery into account. The results show a high proportion of idle time at AC charging stations. The outcome of a correlation analysis additionally indicates a correlation between the share of idle time and the proportion of high-density urban living in the survey area.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MichalkLuekenNiederberger2025, author = {Michalk, Wibke and L{\"u}ken, Jan-Diederich and Niederberger, Astrid}, title = {Mobilit{\"a}t im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum und digitale Hilfsmittel: Status quo und Zukunft}, series = {New Players in Mobility - Technische und betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte}, booktitle = {New Players in Mobility - Technische und betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte}, publisher = {Springer Gabler}, address = {Wiesbaden}, publisher = {Technische Hochschule Rosenheim}, year = {2025}, abstract = {Die Bedeutung nachhaltiger Mobilit{\"a}t sowohl in der Gesellschaft als auch in der Politik steigt seit Jahren. Dabei ist der Verkehrssektor eines der {\"o}kologischen Problemfelder, insbesondere in der Klimapolitik: Die Mobilit{\"a}tsbe-d{\"u}rfnisse der Gesellschaft sind offenbar bislang nicht mit den politischen Nachhaltigkeitszielen vereinbar. Dem-entsprechend groß ist das Augenmerk auf den Verkehrssektor. Da im urbanen Raum die gr{\"o}ßte Verkehrsnach-frage - und damit auch das gr{\"o}ßte Potenzial zur Verbesserung von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren - vorherrscht, liegt der Fokus von Studien und Maßnahmen meist auf urbaner Mobilit{\"a}t, wie beispielsweise bei den Themen Car-Sharing, autonomes Fahren, Ride-Hailing oder Bike-Sharing. Mobilit{\"a}t im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum wird h{\"a}ufig nach-rangig betrachtet, obwohl der motorisierte Individualverkehr dort eine gr{\"o}ßere Rolle spielt als im urbanen Raum, sodass dort ungenutzte Nachhaltigkeitspotenziale liegen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt der vorliegende Artikel die Ergebnisse einer Studie verschiedener soziodemografi-scher Gruppen in zwei l{\"a}ndlichen R{\"a}umen vor. In einer Umfrage wurde das Zusammenspiel zwischen Mobilit{\"a}t, der Nutzung digitaler Hilfsmittel f{\"u}r die Mobilit{\"a}t, Pers{\"o}nlichkeitseigenschaften sowie Einstellungen zur Nachhal-tigkeit untersucht. Auf Basis der gewonnen Erkenntnisse werden R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die Bed{\"u}rfnisstruktur ver-schiedener l{\"a}ndlicher Mobilit{\"a}tstypen gezogen und Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von nachhaltigen und digital unterst{\"u}tzten Mobilit{\"a}tsangeboten definiert.}, language = {de} } @techreport{MichalkLuekenNiederberger2024, author = {Michalk, Wibke and L{\"u}ken, Jan-Diederich and Niederberger, Astrid}, title = {Nachhaltige Mobilit{\"a}t im Chiemgau}, organization = {Technische Hochschule Rosenheim}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:861-opus4-27902}, pages = {36}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Mithilfe des Forschungsprojekts NaMoCh wurden Wirkmechanismen zwischen Mobilit{\"a}t, Digitalisierung und Pers{\"o}nlichkeitseigenschaften f{\"u}r verschiedene Personengruppen im Chiemgau grundlegend untersucht. Konkret wurden die folgenden Forschungsfragen beantwortet: 1. Inwiefern unterscheidet sich die Mobilit{\"a}t (inkl. Nutzung digitaler Dienste) verschiedener soziodemografischer Gruppen in den Zentren Stadt Traunstein und Burghausen von der Mobilit{\"a}t der l{\"a}ndlicheren Gebiete Landkreis Traunstein, dem Chiemgau und dem Landkreis Alt{\"o}tting? 2. Welche Werte und anderen Faktoren spielen f{\"u}r die Gruppen aus 1. bei der Auswahl der Verkehrsmittel eine gr{\"o}ßere Rolle als andere (z.B. Technologieakzeptanz und Offenheit gegen{\"u}ber Innovationen sowie soziodemografische Faktoren)? Forschungsfrage (1.) war vor dem besonderen Hintergrund zu betrachten, dass durch den neuen THRosenheim-Standort Campus Chiemgau aktuell eine zus{\"a}tzliche Alters- und Sozialgruppe ihre Mobilit{\"a}t im Chiemgau verwirklicht. Daher war zum Zeitpunkt des Forschungsprojekts und den damit verbundenen Datenerhebungen eine „Nullmessung" ohne signifikante Eingriffe in das Mobilit{\"a}tsgeschehen m{\"o}glich. Um sich Forschungsfrage (1.) zu n{\"a}hern, wurden zun{\"a}chst existierende Mobilit{\"a}tserhebungen analysiert - hier insbesondere die Ergebnisse der Studie Mobilit{\"a}t in Deutschland (MiD) aus 2017 (Nobis \& Kuhnimhof, 2018) mit der regionalen Verdichtung f{\"u}r den Freistaat Bayern und der Landeshauptstadt M{\"u}nchen. Zus{\"a}tzlich zur Arbeit mit diesen Sekund{\"a}rdaten wurde eine OnlineUmfrage durchgef{\"u}hrt. Forschungsfrage (2.) wurde ebenfalls durch die Online-Umfrage sowie im Anschluss mit leitfadengest{\"u}tzten Tiefeninterviews zur Mobilit{\"a}t verschiedener Gruppen im Chiemgau adressiert. Ziel des Forschungsprojekts war es, Treiber f{\"u}r die Nutzung verschiedener Mobilit{\"a}tsangebote und digitaler Hilfsmittel im Zusammenhang mit Mobilit{\"a}t zu identifizieren, aktuell vorherrschende, grundlegende Hemmnisse f{\"u}r innovative nachhaltige Mobilit{\"a}t offen zu legen und Potenziale und Bed{\"u}rfnisse auf Basis der Ergebnisse zu ermitteln.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{FischerMichalkBogenberger2025, author = {Fischer, Markus and Michalk, Wibke and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {CDRpy: Data-Driven Decision Support for the Roll-out of public Charging Infrastructure in urban Areas}, series = {Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting}, booktitle = {Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting}, editor = {Transportation Research Board,}, pages = {21}, year = {2025}, abstract = {In this study, the data-driven simulation framework CDRpy is presented, validated and applied using the example of the city of Munich to support decision-makers in the rollout of public charging infrastructure in urban areas. The innovation of the study lies in the fact that CDRpy can be used to evaluate different concepts for public charging infrastructure at a detailed level. The Demand is mapped based on real charging events for different types of electric vehicles and pricing models, and the evaluations can be broken down to the level of individual charging stations. The developed framework was validated using charge detail records from the largest operator of public charging infrastructure in Munich for the years 2020, 2021 and 2022 based on various criteria. In a further case study, the additional demand for public charging infrastructure in the city was estimated for the year 2030. The results indicate that mixed and timebased pricing models could reduce the required number of public charging points from 7,055 to 6,374 by around 10\% compared to energy-based pricing models. Determining the expansion requirements for each sub-district shows that the additional demand for public charging infrastructure varies greatly across the city. Since both technological and economic perspectives are considered, the study is relevant for all decisionmakers involved in the planning, operation and scaling of public charging infrastructure.}, language = {en} } @article{BotzumMichalk2025, author = {Botzum, Edeltraud and Michalk, Wibke}, title = {Soziale Isolation im Alter: Wie digitale Technologien in l{\"a}ndlichen Gebieten helfen k{\"o}nnen}, series = {Sozialwirtschaft aktuell}, volume = {35}, journal = {Sozialwirtschaft aktuell}, number = {1+2}, publisher = {Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG}, year = {2025}, language = {de} }