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Due to the influx of refugee men into Germany over the past years, there is a growing interest in studying how integration can be achieved. This paper joins this conversation on how we can try to measure and understand integration in the context of which possibilities are offered by sex work. Analysing through the lens of Bourdieu’s forms of capital, and illustrating how refugee men use sex work to initiate upward social movement.
For this paper seven MRSW (Male Refugee Sex Workers) were interviewed. The collected data was evaluated by the method of qualitative content analysis and by taking various important analytical categories (motivations, identity, practice) supported by the existing literature, into consideration.
The findings show that MRSW use sex work in diverse ways, in order to generate different kinds of profits: While raising economic capital served as the main motivation, cultural and social capitals were generated as well. Language skills, peer bonding, and being able to understand German culture served as the greatest outcomes of sex work. As the motive, we can see that financial instability drives MRSW to sex work, but that social media plays a huge role in making sex work appear as a efficient and feasible option. For the interviewed MRSW in this research, sex work did show to have a positive impact on their ability and capability to integrate into German society.
In a cis-heteronormative society, LGBTIQ*-people learn to negotiate lacks of legal and social equality. Their experiences might also serve as an expertise when negotiating LGBTIQ*-parenthood. In this research, episodic interviews with LGBTIQ*-people living and working in the field of LGBTIQ*-parenthood in Germany were conducted. The findings of the thematic qualitative text analysis suggest that empowering ways to handle scripts of parenthood are probably linked to empowering ways to handle scripts of sexual and gender identities the participants have developed before. Communities and exchange are crucial for accessing and applying the available strategies, notably handling normative scripts with different scripts than predominantly legitimizing their power to disempower. The possibility of making such changes within an existing societal system that still disempowers due to inequalities and disadvantages does not imply any specifications in regards to the way that individuals perform their ways of parenthood. Yet, counselling, activism and research might gain from understanding that scripting disempowering scripts about LGBTIQ*-parenthood as basically effective and legitimate might rather impede than support the transfer of the strengthening factors for becoming and being parents. A society where traditional family models and care work are subjects of change might instead benefit from nonnormative people with their expertise of negotiating norms.
This research considers the hidden aspects of culture suggested by Edward T. Hall and Joseph Shaules, when referring to intercultural communication. It uses the cultural dimensions from Erin Meyer, Geert Hofstede, and Richard Lewis to explain cultural misunderstandings between the German and Indian teams of a multinational. It also considers the Expectancy Violations Theory from Judee K. Burgoon to improve communication among dissimilar cultures.