TY - THES A1 - Prüm, Moritz T1 - Automated Hyperspectral Field Scanner for Vegetation Monitoring N2 - Vegetation monitoring is an important tool in a variety of fields, e.g. precision agriculture and plants’ phenotyping. The system design of existing non-invasive ground based systems is usually not open-source. Therefore, these systems cannot be reliably modified and thus are not suitable to advanced applications, such as prototyping of new sensors. This thesis describes the development of a ground based hyperspectral monitoring system for use in plant science and sensor testing. A well-documented and automated working prototype has been developed and initial tests show promising results. Further work in system modularity and redundancy is needed. KW - Embedded systems KW - Hyperspectral imaging KW - Low-power design KW - System integration KW - Vegetation monitoring Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-2247 ER - TY - THES A1 - Richter, Sebastiaan T1 - The influence of lime, iron sulphate-lime mixtures, and iron compounds on bioavailable phosphorous N2 - Available nutrients for higher plants in the soil are crucial in agriculture and can be repressed by farming practices. The objective of this thesis was to determine if the application of a lime-FeSO4 mixture reduces the available phosphorus for higher plants further than conventional liming. For this, soils from the Lower Rhine region in Germany with different soil properties were collected, treated with different applications, and incubated over a predefined time. Aerobic and anaerobic conditions were created by raising the soils’ water content to 50% and 100% of their maximum water holding capacity. Bioavailable phosphorus was extracted from the incubated samples with the Calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL) method, and analysed in the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Statistical analysis was conducted with the open-source program “R for statistical computing”. Results showed that not the treatment but rather the type of soil had a significant effect on the phosphorus availability. At some extent the WHC significantly influenced the phosphorus availability. In general, lime-FeSO4 mixtures showed a tendency to have higher phosphorus availability than conventional liming. Effects of long-term field application cannot be determined because the experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions for a limited time. For farming, further field experiments and monitoring of fields where the lime-FeSO4 mixtures are regularly applied can exclude negative long-term effects and determine sufficient the effect of lime-FeSO4 mixtures on bioavailable phosphorus. KW - Phosphorus KW - Liming KW - Bioavailability Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - THES A1 - Nidola, Marta T1 - Frass upcycling: study on the properties of frass and its use as fertilizer and soil amendment in agriculture N2 - Frass, as by-product of the emerging insect market, has been used as fertiliser worldwide. However, the impacts on soil microbial community structure and activity have been not yet well characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the effects that frass from black soldier fly reared on 3 different diets may cause when applied fresh and dried (70°C) on a sandy loam soil, in 2 application rates (0.2 and 2% w/w). For that, frass was chemically characterized before a 28-days incubation, at the end of which samples were analysed from the chemical and biological point of view. It was found that thermal treatments and diets didn’t vary significantly in microbiota stimulation, even though a chemical analysis would suggest the potential for enriched-frass from pig effluent and wheat bran to encourage microorganisms differently from beer & coffee diet. Furthermore, fresh frass contrarily to what expected didn’t contribute with living microorganisms to enhance microbial activity and growth. However, a difference was reported for the application rates, with the 2% leading to more mineralisation than control. A trend for 2% dried frass from B&C was found, indicating the establishment of an efficient community of fungi slowly mineralizing recalcitrant and exhausted frass. Results indicate that more studies testing application rates ranging between 2 and 2.5% have to be conducted. In fact, there is evidence that BSFF between the mentioned application rates could enhance a fast microbial growth leading to a substantial mineralisation of frass, thus availability of nutrients in the short and long term. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ade, Carolin T1 - Bedeutung des CT-Wertes für die Epidemiologie und den klinischen Stellenwert beim pandemischen neuen Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 - Semiquantifizierung mittels Polymerase-Kettenreaktion N2 - Einleitung: Derzeitig ist die PCR die zuverlässigste und sensitivste Nachweismethode einer Infektion mit dem neuen Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Die real-time PCR bietet die Möglichkeit einer Semiquantifizierung der Viruslast über die Interpretation des cycle-threshold (CT)-Wertes. Dieser gibt die Anzahl der PCR Zyklen an die nötig sind, um ein Fluoreszenzsignal der Patientenprobe zu detektieren. In dieser Arbeit wurden die CT-Werte der SARS-CoV-2-PCR untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit demographischen Daten der Patienten korreliert. Methoden: Es wurden die CT-Werte der positiv getesteten Proben retrospektiv vom 15. März bis 15. September 2020 ausgewertet. Abstriche der Patienten wurden in 500 μl 0,9-prozentiger Salzlösung ausgewaschen. Virale RNA wurde im MagNA Pure 96 mittels des „DNA and viral NA small volume“ Kit extrahiert. Die RT-PCR erfolgte im Rotor Gene Q mit 45 PCR Zyklen. Der CT-Wert des S-Gen jeder positiven Probe sowie der CT-Wert der positiven Kontrollen wurde dokumentiert. Statistische Analysen erfolgten unter anderem mit dem Mann-Whitney U-Test, dem t-Test, dem F-Test, der ANOVA und dem Bonferroni post-hoc Test. Ergebnisse: Im Untersuchungszeitraum wurden insgesamt 65.878 Patienten über Nasopharynx-Abstriche auf das neue SARS-CoV-2 untersucht. Davon wurden 1.103 (1,7%) Proben mittels RT-PCR positiv getestet. Auf Grund der Berechnung der Fehlergrenzen wurden nur Proben mit einem CT-Wert der positiven Kontrolle zwischen 25,10 und 29,70 ausgewertet. Daher wurden 26 Proben exkludiert und 1.077 positive Proben zur Auswertung herangezogen. Von den untersuchten Patienten waren 566 (52,5%) weiblich und 511 (47,4%) männlich, 944 (87,6%) Proben wurden ambulant und 133 (12,3%) stationär entnommen. Positiv getestete Frauen waren signifikant älter als Männer (50,93 versus 45,04 Jahre; P=0,006) und hatten einen geringfügig höheren CT-Wert (25,44 versus 24,77; P=0,04). Die CT-Werte der stationär und ambulant entnommenen Proben wiesen keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf (25,80 versus 25,03; P=0,1), wobei stationäre Patienten signifikant älter waren (55,11 versus 47,15 Jahre; P<0,0001). Im Vergleich der Altersgruppen wiesen lediglich die Gruppe der über 80-jährigen signifikant höhere CT-Werte auf (P<0,001). 39 von 79 (49,4%) CT-Werten von Kindern und Jugendlichen waren kleiner oder gleich 24 und waren damit infektiös. Nur 3 von 79 Kindern (3,8%) und Jugendlichen im Vergleich zu 130 von 998 Erwachsenen (13,0%) wurden stationär behandelt. Der longitudinale Vergleich der CT-Werte zeigte keine signifikanten Schwankungen im Analyse- Zeitraum. Fazit: CT-Werte eignen sich zu einer detaillierteren Überwachung der SARS-CoV-2 Pandemie. Das Alter wie auch das Geschlecht sind wichtige Co-Faktoren bei SARS-CoV-2 positiven Patienten und kann Einfluss auf die CT-Werte in der SARS-CoV-2-PCR haben. Kinder haben nach dieser Studie eine vergleichbare Infektiosität zu Erwachsenen. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-8205 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rademacher, Marian Evelin T1 - Entwicklung eines Modells zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von präbiotischen Wirkstoffen und Konservierungsmitteln auf das Hautmikrobiom N2 - Der gezielte Einsatz von präbiotischen Wirkstoffen in kosmetischen Produkten, zur Verbesserung des Hautbildes mittels Beeinflussung des Hautmikrobioms, wird zunehmend verfolgt. Das Gleichgewicht der residenten Bakterien auf der menschlichen Haut ist sowohl für die äußere Erscheinung als auch für die Gesundheit von großer Bedeutung. Mittels Anwendung des präbiotischen Wirkprinzips, bekannt aus dem Lebensmittelbereich bezüglich spezifischer Förderung des Darmmikrobioms zur Verbesserung des Immunsystems, werden pathogene Bakterien im Wachstum gehemmt und positive Bakterien gefördert. Die Übertragung des Wirkprinzips, von sowohl Präbiotika wie auch Postbiotika, vom Lebensmittel- in den Kosmetikbereich findet zunehmend statt. Es besteht die Notwendigkeit die Wirkungsweise der Wirkstoffe zu verstehen und geeignete Untersuchungsmethoden bezüglich der Prüfung der Wirksamkeit anzuwenden. Zielgebend der Forschung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines geeigneten in- vitro Modells zur Prüfung der Wirksamkeit einzelner präbiotischer bzw. postbiotischer Wirkstoffe, eingearbeitet in verschiedenen Formulierungsarten. Zusätzlich gilt es herauszufinden inwiefern Konservierungsmittel Einfluss auf das Hautmikrobiom ausüben. Die Herausforderung besteht darin eine Oberfläche, als geeignetes Äquivalent zur menschlichen Haut, zu finden, auf der die Formulierungen aufgetragen und verglichen werden können. Zur Entwicklung eines geeigneten Modells wurde mittels Modifikation und Behandlung von einzelnen Lederwaren die Wirksamkeit von prä- und postbiotischen Wirkstoffen untersucht. Aus dem Leder wurden, aus insgesamt sieben residenten Bakterien, verschiedene bakterielle Träger erstellt. Auf den Trägern wurden drei verschiedene präbiotische Wirkstoffe, in Kombination mit einem Konservierungsmittel, in verschiedenen Einsatzkonzentrationen und Auftragsmengen mit einer Einwirkzeit von 30 min appliziert. Als Vergleich wurden die Wirkstoffe als Rohstoff mittels Screening- Verfahren bezüglich ihrer Wirksamkeit geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch Anwendung des Modells das Wachstum der Bakterien durch die in den Formulierungen enthaltenden Wirkstoffe beeinflusst wird. Durch Variation der Einsatzkonzentrationen, Auftragsmengen und Formulierungsarten können unterschiedliche Einflüsse auf das bakterielle Wachstum beobachtet werden. Eine Hemmung der pathogenen und Förderung der positiven Bakterien wurde ersichtlich. Das Modell ermöglicht die Untersuchung prä- und postbiotischer Wirkstoffe, die in Formulierungen eingearbeitet wurden, bezüglich deren Wirksamkeit auf einer hautähnlichen Oberfläche. Für eine Etablierung des Modells sind weitere Versuchsreihen mit einer höheren Variation von Wirkstoffen und Bakterien notwendig. N2 - The specific use of prebiotic substances in cosmetic products, in order to improve skin appearance through influencing the skin microbiome, is increasingly being pursued. The balance of resident bacteria on human skin is of great importance for the external appearance as well as health. By applying the prebiotic mode of action, prominent in the food sector concerning the specific support of intestinal microbiomes to improve the immune system, pathogenic bacteria are inhibited in growth and positive bacteria are supported. This transfer, of prebiotics and postbiotics, from the food sector to the cosmetics sector is increasingly happening. It is key to understand the mode of action of substances and to apply appropriate research methods regarding the testing of efficacy. The objective of the research is the development of a suitable in vitro model in order to test the efficacy of individual prebiotic and postbiotic substances incorporated in different types of formulas. In addition, it is important to clarify the influence of preservatives on the skin microbiome. The challenge is to find a surface, that acts as a suitable equivalent to human skin, on which the formulas can be applied and set-in contrast. In order to develop a suitable model, the effectiveness of pre- and postbiotic agents was investigated by modifying and treating individual leather goods. Out of a total of seven resident bacteria, different leather bacterial carriers were created. At different application concentrations and application rates with an exposure time of 30 min, three different prebiotic agents, in combination with one preservative, were applied to the carriers. Meanwhile, the substances were tested as raw materials by means of screening procedures regarding their efficacy. The results show that through applying the model, the growth of bacteria is influenced by the substances contained in the formulas. Through varying the application concentrations, quantities and formula types, different effects on bacterial growth can be observed. The inhibition of pathogenic and support of beneficial bacteria became evident. The model allows the investigation of pre- and postbiotic agents incorporated into formulas with respect to their efficacy on a skin-like surface. Further series of experiments with a higher variation of substances and bacteria are necessary to establish the model further. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kulms, Leander T1 - Paludiculture and farming practices for carbon storage in peatlands – a case study at the lower Rhine N2 - Moors have fascinated and scared humanity for centuries. Recently, these wetlands are discussed about for their Climate Change mitigation potential by re-wetting efforts. Since most studies on the topic of potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in Germany focus on large areas in the North and South of Germany, this study observes a smaller example area of organic soil in Kleve, North-Rhine Westphalia. It is analyzed in terms of suitability for paludiculture as well as for potential savings of GHG and a reduction of the Global Warming Potential (GWP). The study introduces a ranking system that allows an easy estimation of the suitability of fields, based on criteria that assign points from 1 to 4 per criteria. The total for each field is compared with one another. Emission values are based on the GEST-approach, developed by moor scientists in Greifswald, Germany. This study compares current field emissions in Kleve and compares them to theoretical agricultural cultivation scenarios that are simulated and projected onto said fields. The scenarios include the cultivation of Phragmites australis, a grazing system with Bulbalus arnee and the neglection of agriculture supplemented with photovoltaic power harvesting. The research highlights that maintaining high water levels is crucial for significant greenhouse gas emission savings. Water levels of around the soil surface level are assumed to have the highest potential for such savings. Phragmites australis cultivation and the grazing scenario demonstrate the highest potential for savings, reaching up to 2118.56 t CO2-equivalent per hectare annually. Although the findings of this study are promising, it is strongly recommended to update this study with newer findings in the future and to consider production-related emissions that extend the sole on-field emissions. KW - Paludiculture KW - Moor KW - Lower Rhine KW - Organic soil KW - Wetland Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tebest, Marie T1 - Schneller Nachweis der Methicillin-Resistenz bei Staphylokokken-Isolaten Vergleich verschiedener Methoden N2 - Methicillin Resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) gehören zu gefürchteten Erregern eines bunten Bildes von Infektionen, die bis zu einer Sepsis reichen können. Eines der größten Probleme von MRSA ist die hohe Pathogenität und die Entwicklung von zusätzlichen Resistenzen gegenüber weiteren Antibiotikaklassen. Die schnelle Identifizierung von MRSA und das Anlegen eines Antibiogramms ist daher entscheidend für eine frühe Therapie-Empfehlung und damit verbunden eine optimale Behandlung des Patienten. Aufgrund dessen wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit nach weiteren Möglichkeiten in der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik gesucht, um die Zeitspanne zwischen dem ersten Laborverdacht auf eine MRSA-Infektion und der spezifischen Antibiotikatherapie nach der Erregeridentifizierung zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden zwei verschiedene Methoden (MRSA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) und Penicillin-Bindeprotein 2a (PBP2a)-Schnelltest), bezüglich ihrer Leistungsdaten mitdem Goldstandard zum Nachweis der Methicillin-Resistenz (VITEK-2 und Cefoxitin� Bestätigungstest) verglichen. Die klinischen Isolate für die experimentelle Durchführung stammen aus Blutkulturflaschen und Abstrichen von intraoperativen Wunden. Insgesamt wurden 74 Isolate retrospektiv getestet, darunter 26 (35%) MRSA� Isolate, 24 (32,5%) Methicillin-sensibler Staphylococcus aureus-Stämme und 24 (32,5%) Koagulase-negative Staphylokokken (KnS). In der MRSA-PCR kam es zu 15 (20%) fraglichen Ergebnissen, weshalb die Methode für eine zuverlässige Routinediagnostik nicht geeignet erschien. Nach Ausschluss der fraglichen Ergebnisse hatte die PCR einen positiven prädiktiven Wert (PPW) von lediglich 65,7%. Die Sensitivität lag bei 92,9%, die Spezifität bei 93,5% und der negative prädiktive Wert (NPW) bei 99,0%. Der Schnelltest besaß eine Spezifität und einen PPW von 100%, eine Sensitivität von 97,3% und einen NPW von 99,6%. Des Weiteren ergaben sich zusätzliche Vorteile bei der Verwendung des Schnelltestes durch die kürzere Laufzeit, den geringeren Kostenaufwand und die Einfachheit der Durchführung. Der ermittelte Zeitgewinn durch PCR oder Schnelltest betrug im Vergleich zum VITEK-2 zwischen 15 und 23,8 Stunden, was für die betroffenen Patienten von erheblichen klinischem Vorteil war. Zusammenfassend hatte der PBP2a-Schnelltest sowohl für S. aureus- als für KnS-Isolate bessere Leistungsdaten als die verwendete MRSA-PCR und wurde deshalb in die Routinediagnostik des Labors eingeführt. N2 - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are among the feared pathogens of a colourful picture of infections that can range up to sepsis. One of the biggest problems of MRSA is its high pathogenicity and the development of additional resistance to other classes of antibiotics. The rapid identification of MRSA and the creation of an antibiogram is therefore crucial for an early recommendation of therapy and therefore an optimal treatment of the patient. For this reason, the present work seeks further possibilities in microbiological diagnostics in order to reduce the time span between the first laboratory suspicion of MRSA infection and the specific antibiotic therapy after pathogen identification. For this purpose, two different methods (MRSA� polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) rapid test) were compared with the gold standard for the detection of methicillin resistance (VITEK-2 and cefoxitin confirmatory test). The clinical isolates oft he study were derived from blood culture bottles and swabs from intraoperative wounds. A total of 74 isolates were retrospectively tested including 26 (35%) MRSA, 24 (32.5%) methicillin� sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and 24 (32.5%) coagulase-negative staphylococci(CnS). In the MRSA-PCR 15 (20%) questionable results were obtained, which is why the method did not appear suitable for reliable routine diagnostics. After excluding the results in question, the PCR had a positive predictive value (PPV) of only 65.7%. The sensitivity was 92.9%, the specificity was 93.5% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 99.0%. The rapid test showed a specificity and PPV of 100%, a sensitivity of 97.3% and a NPV of 99.6%. In addition, the use of the rapid test has yielded additional benefits in terms of shorter turnaround, lower costs and ease of implementation. The estimated time gain by PCR or rapid test was between 15 and 23.8 hours compared to VITEK-2, which was of significant clinical benefit to the affected patients. In summary, the PBP2a rapid test for both S. aureus and CnS isolates had better performance data than the MRSA-PCR used and was therefore introduced into routine laboratory diagnostics. KW - Methicillin-Resistenz Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-19727 ER - TY - THES A1 - Jaeger, Celina T1 - Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Kochsalzkonsum und mögliche Handlungsempfehlungen auf Basis des Nudgings N2 - Das Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist die Erforschung des Bewusstseins, des Interesses und des Verhaltens in Bezug auf den täglichen Kochsalzkonsum. Nach Empfehlungen der World Health Organisation sollte eine maximale tägliche Salzzufuhr von 5 – 6 Gramm nicht überschritten werden. Die Realität zeigt jedoch, dass in Deutschland die tatsächliche konsumierte Menge von Salz 10 – 15 Gramm beträgt (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, o.J.). Die Zufuhr ist demnach um das Zwei- bis Dreifache erhöht und kann sich negativ auf die Gesundheit des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems auswirken. Ein übermäßiger Salzkonsum kann nachweislich den Blutdruck erhöhen und sogar zu einer pathogenen Hypertonie führen (Müller, 2015, S. 6). Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurde eine empirische Methode in Form einer quantitativen schriftlichen Befragung ausgewählt. Diese richtete sich an zwei Berufsgruppen eines Unternehmens aus dem Gesundheitssektor. Anhand von Hypothesen wurde das Bewusstsein bezüglich des Salzkonsums untersucht: Gibt es Abhängigkeiten zwischen der Altersgruppe und der Bereitschaft den Salzkonsum gesundheitsfördernd zu optimieren? Können Rückschlüsse zur Altersgruppe in Bezug auf das Interesse für den Salzgehalt von Lebensmitteln gezogen werden? Sind Unterschiede im Bewusstsein zwischen salzarmer, zuckerarmer und fettarmer Ernährung vorhanden? Gibt es signifikante Unterschiede zum Kenntnisstand des Salzkonsums in den Berufsgruppen? Ein weiteres Ziel der Bachelorarbeit ist die Entwicklung von Maßnahmen, welche im Unternehmen den Salzkonsum reduzieren sollen. Für die Umsetzung dieser Maßnahmen gilt als Basis das sogenannte Nudging. Dies ist ein Begriff aus der Verhaltensökonomik und beinhaltet die unbewusste Beeinflussung des Menschen bei gleichzeitig erhaltener Entscheidungsfreiheit. Mittels Nudging sollen Anreize und Anstöße gegeben werden, um die Menschen unbewusst zu einer gesundheitsfördernden Entscheidung zu führen. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung zeigen signifikante Unterschiede des Bewusstseins in Bezug auf verschiedene Ernährungsweisen. Der Handlungsbedarf im Unternehmen besteht zusammenfassend in der Aufklärung der Thematik des täglich konsumierten Salzes und der möglichen gesundheitlichen Risiken. N2 - The objective of this bachelor thesis is the scientific investigation of the consciousness, the interest and the behavior with regard to the daily consumption of salt. According to World Health Organization (WHO) a daily salt intake of 5 - 6 grams should not be exceeded. However, the actual amount of salt consumed is 10 – 15 grams in Germany (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, o.J.). This consumption in a high degree may have a negative impact on the health of the cardiovascular system. Excessive salt intake demonstrably increases blood pressure and even causes a pathogenic hypertension (Müller, 2015, S. 6). To answer the research question, an empirical method was selected in the form of a quantitative written interrogation. The interrogation was addressed at two different occupational groups of a company from the healthcare system. With hypotheses the awareness of the salt consumption was examined: Are there differences between the individual age groups and their respective willingness to reduce salt consumption for a better health? Can conclusions be drawn between the age group and the interest in the salt content of food? Are there differences in awareness between low-salt, low-sugar and low-fat diets? Are there significant differences to the state of knowledge of salt consumption in the occupational groups? Another object of the bachelor thesis is the development of measures that should reduce the consumption of salt in the company. The implementation of these measures is based on the so-called nudging. This is a term from the behavioral economics and contains the unconscious influence of humans and simultaneously the protection of individual discretion. Nudging is intended to give incentives and impulses to unconsciously lead people to a healthy decision. The results of the empirical study show significant differences in consciousness about different diets. The need for action in the company comprises in the clarification of the topic of daily salt consumption and the potential health risks. KW - Kochsalz KW - Nudging Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-3156 ER - TY - THES A1 - Khedher, Lara T1 - Evolution of CRISPR-Cas genome editing methods: Chances and challenges in biotechnology N2 - Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR, are located on DNA sequences, which encode for an antiviral defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea. Together with CRISPR-associated proteins, Cas endonucleases, CRISPR-Cas has emerged into a powerful platform for editing DNA and RNA. This thesis investigates the evolution and function of this prokaryotic defense mechanism and points out the three most applied CRISPR-Cas systems in relation to current applications in biotechnology. Furthermore, chances and challenges of named systems as well as a guideline for choosing the appropriate system with Cas endonucleases is framed. Therefore, several scientific databases were screened for the most informative and influential publications around the topic. Information was collected and organized in a reference management software. The utilized literature was tabularly denoted and gives an overview of the broad scope of CRISPR-Cas. The analysis of the topic shows, that CRISPR-Cas offers a broad application range with a huge chance for genome editing. A conclusion of this thesis is, that CRISPR-Cas has an enormous potential to be implemented for human genome editing. However, its challenges should be cleared beforehand. Further research has to be done to fully understand the impact CRISPR-Cas may have in future. KW - Genome editing KW - Genetics KW - CRISPR KW - Cas Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kieroth, Alexander T1 - An optimization approach for the distribution logistics using the example of the Vital Centrum Hodey KG N2 - This thesis analyses how the Travelling Salesman Problem can be solved by applying the Simplex LP and the Evolutionary Algorithm with regards to driven kilometres. Each algorithm is solved by using the Excel Solver add-in provided by Microsoft Excel. The results of the two different algorithms are compared with the results of the route planning software PTV Map&Guide Online for the purpose of having a proof that the software works efficiently. Using a cost analysis, the costs for delivering goods are calculated and compared with an external supplier who acted as the outbound logistics for the company HODEY. Now that the delivery is insourced, the costs can be reduced and HODEY gains more control over the outbound logistics. An approach on how to reduce the stop times at the customers’ homes is analysed. Thus, the analysis provides information regarding where the delivery driver wastes most of their time. Additionally, an available space calculation of the delivery vehicles is carried out for the dispatching department of the company to avoid interim loading or unloading not planned for a delivery or retrieval tour KW - Travelling salesman problem KW - Simplex LP KW - Evolutionary algorithm Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schneider, Mike T1 - Untersuchung der zeitaufgelösten Orangenölausbeute am Beispiel einer Wasserdampfdestillation im Technikumsmaßstab N2 - Bei der industriellen Saftherstellung fallen große Mengen an Orangenschalen als Abfallprodukte an. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage: Wie können diese Stoffe wirtschaftlich und ökologisch zur Ölgewinnung verwertet werden, sodass ein nutzbares Endprodukt entsteht? Das Ziel ist es, ein Orangenöl herzustellen, mit einem hohen Einzelstoffvorkommen an Limonen, mithilfe der Wasserdampfdestillation und einer speziellen eigenen Trennmethodik zu entwickeln. Die Trennung von fluiden Stoffen wird erläutert und sichtbar dargestellt. Während des Destillationsprozesses entstehen unterschiedliche Heizleistungen, die im Verlauf dieser Arbeit zur Ölausbeute zum Zeitfaktor angepasst werden. Die erstellten Diagramme geben Aufschluss über die Dauer und die unterschiedlichen Heizleistungseinstellungen. Eine Trennung der Phasen während des Destillierprozesses wird detailliert dargestellt. Das hier verwendete Trennverfahren könnte zu weiteren Forschungsansätzen dienen und weiter ausgebaut werden. Das bedeutet, dass die Destillationszeit anhand des verwendeten Verfahrens eingegrenzt werden kann. Die verminderte Destillationszeit, führt zu Prozessoptimierung, welches durch die Energieeinsparung Produktionskosten senken könnte. Die gewonnene Ölausbeute in finanzieller und ökologischer Sichtweise könnte einen industriellen Nutzen darstellen. KW - Orangenschalen KW - Destillation KW - Destillationszeiten KW - Limonen KW - Bestimmung der Destillationsausbeute Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-6374 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vögerl, Jakob T1 - Assessing the effect of N-fertilisation on biomass development and plant interactions in the ancient Milpa compared to pure stands and its potential to reduce fertiliser inputs in traditional small-scale farming N2 - Over the past years, nitrogen (N) fertilisation has been identified as an issue that has a major negative impact on the environment. Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices aim to reduce external fertiliser inputs and focus more on naturally available resources and sustainable cropping practices. One example of that is the ancient milpa polyculture which is practised by traditional small-scale farmers in Central America. It consists of climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris), maize (Zea mays), and squash (Cucurbita moschata) that are said to represent a holistic symbiosis in which beans assume the task to accumulate additional nitrogen via N2-fixation and subsequently transfer it to its companions. The potential of intercropping, and thus nitrogen transfer to level out and reduce nitrogen fertiliser inputs compared to monocultures has not been assessed yet and little is known about the resulting practical implementation for small-scale farmers. Therefore, a pot trial with monoculture treatments (100 kg N/ha) of each crop and milpa treatments with varying levels of nitrogen fertilisation (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg N/ha) was established. The intercropped beans were labelled with the 15N isotope using the cotton wick method to track nitrogen transfer in the system. Further, the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) was used to determine the productivity of the system. Results showed that all polyculture treatments performed similarly or significantly better than the pure stands in terms of total dry matter content per pot. Milpas provided with 100 and 25% of the recommended nitrogen rate were most productive and achieved a total LER of 1.25 and 1.30, respectively. Also, the non-fertilised milpa was still as productive as the respective plants grown in a monoculture. Due to external reasons, the importance of nitrogen transfer and the related microorganisms could not be evaluated. However, growing a milpa instead of monocultures enables farmers to greatly reduce N fertiliser inputs and provides higher yields in the growing season, while other intercropping benefits are also present. It further has the potential to maintain yields and enhance natural nutrient cycling even if no fertiliser is applied. KW - Milpa KW - Three sisters KW - Nitrogen transfer KW - Intercropping Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-6214 ER - TY - THES A1 - Künneke, Felix T1 - The influence of tire wear particles (microplastic) on food security With a focus on agriculturally relevant plant species (Avena sativa L., Brassica napus L. & Zea mays L.) and soil organisms (Aporrectodea caliginosa & Eisenia andrei) N2 - Development and implementation of environmental assessment concepts must gain stronger positions in policy making. This thesis focuses on the influences of currently, widely unregulated microplastic tire wear particle emissions on food security. An overview of global differences in microplastic waste treatments is given. Changes in behavior, law-making and technical innovations are argued to be equally needed to stop the ongoing pollution to prevent negative impacts on ecosystem services as the foundations for food security. In an experimental set-up, three particle size ranges (<125,125-250, 250-500 μm) in three treatment concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 %) with a negative control were applied to determine the influence of microplastic tire wear on three arable crop species and two earthworm species. Evenly, for all administrations, no significant effects could be observed on the organisms’ height, biomass, RSR, or body tissue. Nevertheless, the results should not be interpreted as an all-clear signal, as the experiments observed only a few of the vast amounts of microplastic sinks. More data is needed as the EU Commission's recent “call to action” emphasizes. Determination of species resilience factors and traits shall be foci of future investigations to find cofactors for solution strategies. A more precise definition of microplastic and its additives classifications will certainly aid the consensus on priorities in research and consumers' clarity about biodegradability. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kim, Wooyong T1 - 3D bioprinting of cartilage tissue: Current advances and challenges in tissue engineering N2 - As industrial technologies develop, some techniques were adopted and applied in medical fields for treatment improvement. Among them, 3D bioprinting is regarded as a rising and trending technology in the tissue engineering area. This is because not only does it offer patients customized organs or tissues, but also it can lower animal test dependency on drug testing. This paper is mainly focused on the use of 3D printing as a cartilage tissue fabrication for transplantation. In the beginning, general information and background knowledge concerning cartilage and bioprinting approaches were addressed. Subsequently, current research results from eight research teams related to cartilage tissue printing and grafting were introduced. Then the reports were classified and sorted into several groups to analyze and evaluate various methods' properties, advantages, and disadvantages. After that, some classic and traditional ways to produce artificial tissues without 3D bioprinting techniques were described to prove the strength of the novel tissue engineering technology. In the end, several side points, such as limitations, 3D bioprinting usages in fields other than tissue transplantation, market value, and outlook of bioprinting, were discussed. Information and sources were retrieved using Google and PubMed database search engines under specific inclusion and exclusion criteria through a PCC concept. Although the 3D bioprinting technique is still in development processes, it has a high potential to be a game-changing approach in the medical and pharmaceutical fields after commercialization in the future. KW - 3D bioprinting KW - Cartilage KW - Tissue transplantation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-15373 ER - TY - THES A1 - Brandt, Moritz Lasse T1 - The fungal endophyte Metarhizium brunneum: Possible multifunctional plant promoter in sustainable agriculture N2 - The overuse of mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides in the world's agricultural sectors continues to be exorbitant, and is associated with a number of serious consequences for the entire complex environment. The reasons for this include the steadily growing world population and the accompanying degradation of the soil. As an alternative to chemical agents, biological plant protection/strengthening stimulants based on effective microorganisms have become established in the last decades. Research in recent years has focused on entomopathogenic fungal endophytes. The fungal endophyte Metarhizium brunneum, has long been proving its value as a mycoinsecticide in crop protection and there are indications of various plant-strengthening properties. The aim of this thesis is therefore to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the endophyte M. brunneum and at the same time, based on the literature, to discuss its potential as an alternative multifunctional plant promoter for sustainable agriculture. A literature research method was used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the existing knowledge on M. brunneum. The information and data collected as a result were systematically categorized and presented. The analysis has shown that the generalist M. brunneum covers a wide host range, has the ability to transfer nutrients in exchange, activates or produces plant hormones, compensates for stressors, and has many possibilities for detection and commercialization. The discussion of these results has led to the evidence that the endophyte can indeed be used as a plant growth promoter. The work also points to gaps in knowledge in several areas and emphasizes that further studies are needed. KW - Fungal endophyte KW - Metarhizium brunneum KW - Plant growth promoter KW - Metarhizium KW - Entomopathogenic fungi Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-14648 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wujec, Priscilla T1 - Chancen und Risiken einer CRISPR/Cas9 basierten Gentherapie an Duchenne Muskel Dystrophie und Zystischer Fibrose N2 - Hintergrund: Seit 2013 gewinnt das autonome Immunsystem der Bakterien CRISPR/Cas9 an Bedeutung für die Humanmedizin. Das System kann einen präzisen Schnitt in der DNA verursachen, gegebenenfalls neue Gene einsetzen. Mit CRISPR/Cas9 könnten krankheitsverursachende Gene potenziell ausgeschaltet und eine phänotypische Verbesserung oder Heilung ermöglicht werden. Jedoch gibt es noch Herausforderungen, welche die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten in der konventionellen Humanmedizin limitieren. Ziel der Arbeit: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine Abhandlung über die Chancen, Risiken und Herausforderungen der Genschere CRISPR/Cas9 in der Humanmedizin an genetisch bedingten Erkrankungen am Beispiel von Duchenne Muskel Dystrophie und Zystischer Fibrose. Ergebnisse: CRISPR/Cas9 kann an CF humanisierten Säugetiermodellen, sowie IPS Stammzellen eine Korrektur der F508 Deletion im CFTR Gen verursachen. Die Forskolin Schwellung ist nach Behandlung mit CRIPSR/Cas9 im Säugetiermodell wiederhergestellt. Es trat ein Off-Target Effekt auf. Gleichwohl konnte eine Behandlung mit CRISPR/Cas9 am humanisierten Säugetiermodell für DMD die Dystrophin-Expression wiederherstellen. Muskelkraft in Skelett- und Herzmuskulatur hat sich signifikant verbessert. Es kam zu On-Target Effekten und Immunreaktionen. Fazit: CRISPR/Cas9 hat das Potenzial genetische Mutationen zu korrigieren und die Gen-Expression zu retten. Weitere Studien müssen unternommen werden, um das Risiko von Off-Target Effekten zu minimieren, Langzeitwirkungen zu beobachten und Drug Delivery zu optimieren. KW - CRISPR/Cas9 KW - CRISPR KW - Cas9 KW - Gentherapie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-12940 ER - TY - THES A1 - Birkenbach, Gesa T1 - Quantitative real-time PCR Detection of Yersinia ruckeri for Application in Aquaculture N2 - To detect pathogen infections in aquaculture early and reduce their impact, a photonic biosensing chip is being developed in the PHOTO-SENS project, to enable fast and easy routine testing in aquaculture facilities. One target bacterial pathogen is Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease. Detection is based on short DNA sequences (probes), that are complementary to the DNA of their target pathogen. In this work, a Yersinia ruckeri-specific probe was designed together with a set of qPCR primers. The probe and primers were tested in qPCR experiments, including quantifi- cation of extracted DNA, specificity and sensitivity testing, and detection of bacterial DNA from highly diluted samples to mimic the detection of environmental DNA. Three different standard series were created for the quantification of unknown samples. The influence of fish tissue on detection was tested, and the efficiency of Chelex-DNA ex- tractions were compared to peqGOLD Tissue DNA Mini Kit extractions. During quantification experiments with a first standard series (Y1P), the quantification output of most samples was 12–175 times higher than expected. The lower limit of detection was at 100 copies based on that standard, with an efficiency of 88%. The discrepancy was reduced with a gBlocks standard (limit of detection: 5 copies; effi- ciency: 92%). A CFU standard provided quantification results in reasonable agreement with expected CFU starting quantities (limit of detection: 1 CFU; efficiency: 106%). De- tection of diluted samples after filtration was possible. Chelex DNA extractions yielded higher amounts of detectable DNA compared to a DNA extraction kit. Less bacterial DNA was extracted in bacterial culture samples containing fish tissue than in samples that did not contain fish tissue. Higher-than-expected quantification outputs were attributed to flaws in the creation of a first standard series as well as detectable DNA from dead cells or clusters that were not accounted for in the expected starting quantities. The gBlocks standard was as- sumed to be most reliable for quantification of exact copy numbers, while the CFU standard produced results that could be accounted for in CFU counts. As these chal- lenges concerned the standard series’ and not the probe itself, it was concluded that the probe was suitable for application in the PHOTO-SENS project for detection of Yersinia ruckeri. KW - Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) KW - Yersinia ruckeri KW - DNA quantification KW - Hydrolysis probe KW - Aquaculture Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-16361 ER -