TY - THES A1 - K C, Manoj T1 - Material uses of nut and other fruit shells N2 - This review paper focused on the potential uses of nut and fruit shells. Based on the information from several kinds of literature, the composition of nut and fruit shells were studied, and the shells demonstrated the possibility to produce a wide range of materials such as bio-adsorbent like activated carbon; construction materials like concrete block, earth block, bricks, cement, etc.; and bio-composites like WPC, bio-plastic, etc. Besides these antimicrobials, drugs, insecticides, nanoparticles, and impact-resistant materials could be prepared from nut and fruit shells. Moreover, the production process for these materials was explained in the later part of the paper. Also, the yield, cost, and performance of materials prepared from nut and fruit shells were discussed and found that some of the products were as good as commercially available materials. The environmental impact being one of the important parts, materials from nut and fruit shells had a beneficial impact on nature. However, the entire life cycle assessment suggested that better techniques are required to attain a lower negative impact on the ecosystem. Since nut and fruit shells were the easy and low-cost raw material, they had a greater chance of replacing other expensive, non-environment-friendly raw materials and their products. Overall, this research shed light on the material use of nut and fruit shells along with its benefits; production process; material yield, cost, and performance; with possible implications and recommendations that can lead to better utilization of biological resources. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-8755 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thapa, Sajana T1 - Assessing the Impact of Pyrolysis Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge on Growth Responses and Plant Compatibility across Various Plant Species N2 - Sewage sludge, a byproduct of municipal wastewater treatment, poses challenges in disposal due to its increasing global production. The pyrolysis process is explored to address this issue, converting sewage sludge into biochar with advantages such as eliminating pathogens, reducing odors, and stabilizing organic carbon. This research underscores the environmental benefits of utilizing biochar as a soil amendment, given its porous structure, carbon and nutrient retention capacity, and potential to enhance plant development and soil quality. By evaluating the impact of pyrolysis biochar from sewage sludge on plant growth and compatibility, the research aims to provide valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices and waste management strategies. Pot trials were conducted in the university greenhouse, incorporating findings from a range of prior studies as a guiding framework. Diverse plant species were selected for experimentation, aiming to assess both plant compatibility and the influence of pyrolyzed biochar. This research investigates the contextual influence of sewage sludge biochar on water-holding capacity (WHC) across different soil types. Contrasting effects were observed, with silty clay loam experiencing decreased WHC and sandy loam exhibiting an increase, highlighting the soil- specific impact of biochar on water retention. Gaseous toxicity and phytotoxicity tests confirmed the absence of harmful gases, challenging previous findings. Plant compatibility tests underscored species-specific responses, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches when utilizing biochar as a soil amendment. Germination tests supported the idea that biochar does not adversely affect seed germination. Root analysis revealed biochar-induced fine root proliferation, suggesting enhanced nutrient availability for plants. In the context of Rhizobium inoculation, common beans in the biochar medium have exhibited smaller dimensions, influenced by the interaction between biochar and Rhizobium inoculation rates. This study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted impacts of sewage sludge biochar in diverse agricultural contexts. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - THES A1 - Idowu, Adetola T1 - Innovative Solutions to Waste Management: A Case Study of Lagos State, Nigeria. N2 - Lagos State, Nigeria’s most populous city, experiences a continuous increase in its population, resulting in a substantial rise in waste generation from various sources including households, industries, and commercial activities. Unfortunately, the existing waste management infrastructure and practices within the state remain inadequate, giving rise to environmental pollution, health hazards, and the deterioration of urban landscapes. Thus, this study explores innovative and sustainable solutions for waste management in Lagos State. Specifically, this study focuses on two important waste categories; Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Waste. This study includes a thorough examination of the existing waste management practices in Lagos State through visits and interviews conducted with the relevant waste management authorities within the state. In pursuit of possible solutions to address Lagos State waste challenges, this study draws insights from the waste management practices established in Germany, with a particular focus on Cologne. Additionally, this study evaluates the feasibility and potential effectiveness of implementing these practices in Lagos State. Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-18239 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zenger, Colin T1 - Evaluation of functional silphie paper in the disposal process N2 - The future of packaging seems to be in paper. Especially functional papers are on the rise of replacing plastic packaging more and more. The aim of the present work is to answer which disposal route is most suitable for functional silphie papers and how different coating techniques perform in a recyclability analysis. To answer this question, a laboratory experiment conducted in a paper laboratory in Lenningen, Germany tested how functional coating behaves in material recycling. Following the test method PTS-RH 021/2012 (Draft Ocober 2019), five functional paper samples and three reference samples with at least 35 % silphie content were defibered and new laboratory sheets were formed. For this, water-based coatings and extrusion coatings were used as coating techniques. Additionally, the rejects were separated in a screening step and evaluated. The laboratory trials reveal important trends:. First, it shows that extrusion coatings detach from the paper surface and were found in the reject, from which they can be energetically recovered. This leads to a high mass loss and therefore a low recyclability rate. Second, for water-based coatings, solubility is of great importance. Results demonstrate that with good solubility, these coatings can lead to low mass loss and high recycling quality. Subsequently, this results in high recyclability rates. However, in samples with a difficult to dissolve water based coating, stickies and inhomogenities remained in the paper. This can significantly impede the recycling process. Future research could investigate further technologies of functionalization of silphie paper, as well as broaden the discussion by including complete mass balancing without loss of fibers and process water analysis. With the results obtained, OutNature is advised to pursue the route of water-based coatings while maintaining watch-out of their dissolvability in the recycling process. Extrusion coated functionality is to be avoided currently as the loss of mass for recycling is hindering recyclability with the current definitions and analysis methods. At the same time, reevaluation should be done if major changes in legislation or focus of discussion are happening. KW - Recyclability KW - Functional paper KW - Silphie paper Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - THES A1 - Maak, Kristin T1 - Identifizierung von Optionen zur Verwertung von Eierausfall aus der Produktion von gekochten, gefärbten Eiern N2 - Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit mit dem Thema „Identifizierung von Optionen zur Verwertung von Eierausfall aus der Produktion von gekochten, gefärbten Eiern“ ist es, anhand von Literaturrecherche und praktischen Laborversuchen verschiedene Optionen zur Verwertung von Eierausfall des Unternehmens Moos-Butzen aufzuzeigen. Weiterhin sollen mögliche Vor- und Nachteile dieser, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Qualitätserhaltung, aufgezeigt werden. Identifiziert wurde die Herstellung eines Eiweiß- und Eierschalenpulvers, sowie die direkte Vermarktung des Eierausfalls ohne zusätzliche Verarbeitung und die Verfütterung an Insekten im Rahmen der Gewinnung einer Proteinquelle. Es empfiehlt sich vor allem die Verarbeitung zu Pulver mit Verwendung im Lebensmittelbereich und die Verfütterung an Insekten. Die Implementierung einer Weiterverwendung des Eierausfalls sollte insbesondere unter dem Aspekt einer Kreislaufwirtschaft unbedingt fortgesetzt werden. Y1 - 2023 ER -