<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>317</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bachelorthesis</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2019-01-17</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>2018-11-20</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effects of management during the pre-weaning, weaning and postweaning period on the development of calves</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An efficient rearing process, consisting of pre-weaning, weaning and postweaning phase is integral to any operation seeking herd replacements. The results of multiple publications focusing on different aspects of calf development were reviewed and compared. Throughout the rearing process the calf’s development is influenced heavily by the feeding treatment, and consequent nutritional level. This can effect calf development as early as the fetal stage.&#13;
Intensive and ad libitum feeding treatments during the pre-weaning phase can lower mortality rate, while also helping to achieve an early onset of puberty, target weights for insemination, an optimal age at first calving and an increased lifetime productivity. Feeding milk replacer instead of whole milk when employing these treatments may mitigate the risk of fat deposition, ensuring proper mammary development. Additionally, combining intensive or ad libitum feeding treatments with a step-down weaning plan can work to mitigate postweaning growth depression. Feedstuff that results in an increased production of volatile fatty acids has a significant positive influence on rumen development, although dietary fiber needs to then be included to buffer rumen pH. Housing calves in groups may have the benefit of increasing animal welfare and results in the exhibition of more natural and social behaviors. Nonetheless, all efforts in optimizing management decisions to improve calf development can be rendered obsolete if proper hygiene is not enforced, resulting in disease outbreaks and increased mortality rates.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:hbz:1383-opus4-3174</identifier>
    <licence>CC0 1.0 Universell - Gemeinfreiheit (Public Domain)</licence>
    <author>Tobias Kunze</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calf development</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rearing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pre-weaning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weaning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Feeding treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post-weaning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rumen development</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mammary development</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Age at first calving</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="59">Tiere (Zoologie)</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Fakultät Life Sciences</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Hochschule Rhein-Waal</thesisPublisher>
    <thesisGrantor>Hochschule Rhein-Waal</thesisGrantor>
  </doc>
</export-example>
