Labor Informationssicherheit und Complience (ISC)
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The paper presents a penetration testing framework for automotive IT security education and evaluates its realization. The automotive sector is changing due to automated driving functions, connected vehicles, and electric vehicles. This development also creates new and more critical vulnerabilities. This paper addresses a possible countermeasure, automotive IT security education. Some existing solutions are evaluated and compared with the created Automotive Penetration Testing Education Platform (APTEP) framework. In addition, the APTEP architecture is described. It consists of three layers representing different attack points of a vehicle. The realization of the APTEP is a hardware case and a virtual platform referred to as the Automotive Network Security Case (ANSKo). The hardware case contains emulated control units and different communication protocols. The virtual platform uses Docker containers to provide a similar experience over the internet. Both offer two kinds of challenges.
The first introduces users to a specific interface, while the second combines multiple interfaces, to a complex and realistic challenge. This concept is based on modern didactic theories, such as constructivism and problem-based/challenge-based learning.
Computer Science students from the Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg experienced the challenges as part of a elective subject. In an online survey evaluated in this paper, they gave positive feedback. Also, a part of the evaluation is the mapping of the ANSKo and the maturity levels in the Software Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM) practice Education & Guidance as well as the SAMM practice Security Testing. The scientific contribution of this paper is to present an APTEP, a corresponding learning concept and an evaluation method.
Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and suppliers started shifting their focus towards the security of their connected electronic programmable products recently since cars used to be mainly mechanical products. However, this has changed due to the rising digitalization of vehicles. Security and functional safety have grown together and need to be addressed as a single issue, referred to as automotive security, in the following article. One way to accomplish security is automotive security education. The scientific contribution of this paper is to establish an Automotive Penetration Testing Education Platform (APTEP). It consists of three layers representing different attack points of a vehicle. The layers are the outer, inner, and core layers. Each of those contains multiple interfaces, such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or electric vehicle charging interfaces in the outer layer, message bus systems in the inner layer, and debug or diagnostic interfaces in the core layer. One implementation of APTEP is in a hardware case and as a virtual platform, referred to as the Automotive Network Security Case (ANSKo). The hardware case contains emulated control units and different communication protocols. The virtual platform uses Docker containers to provide a similar experience over the internet. Both offer two kinds of challenges. The first introduces users to a specific interface, while the second combines multiple interfaces, to a complex and realistic challenge. This concept is based on modern didactic theory, such as constructivism and problem-based learning. Computer Science students from the Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH)Regensburg experienced the challenges as part of a special topic course and provided positive feedback.
The ongoing digitization and digitalization entails the increasing risk of privacy breaches through cyber attacks. Internet of Things (IoT) environments often contain devices monitoring sensitive data such as vital signs, movement or surveil-lance data. Unfortunately, many of these devices provide limited security features. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how artificial intelligence and static analysis can be implemented in practice-oriented intelligent Intrusion Detection Systems to monitor IoT networks. In addition, the question of how static and dynamic methods can be developed and combined to improve net-work attack detection is discussed. The implementation concept is based on a layer-based architecture with a modular deployment of classical security analysis and modern artificial intelligent methods. To extract important features from the IoT network data a time-based approach has been developed. Combined with
network metadata these features enhance the performance of the artificial intelligence driven anomaly detection and attack classification. The paper demonstrates that artificial intelligence
and static analysis methods can be combined in an intelligent Intrusion Detection System to improve the security of IoT environments.
Learning centered teaching becomes an important factor in a global perspective of learning software engineering. The Just-in-Time Teaching approach is used in a Chinese-German empirical case study. In a one year terminated project we will analyze the performance of our students in an active learning scenario with Just-in-Time Teaching and Peer Instruction. We will contribute an inter-cultural comparison of achieved competencies by student’s self-assessment and teacher’s observation.
IOT Backdoors in Cars
(2019)
Connecting cheap IoT devices to the safety-critical network of a car can be an extremely bad idea, but at least it allows us to hack together our own automotive gadget. This talk explains the complete procedure involved in transforming a cheap OBD GSM dongle designed for fleet management into a open source automotive hacking tool. First, the hardware reverse engineering is demonstrated, showing how each component is interconnected and working together. With this knowledge, it was possible to capture the communication of the GSM module and understand the OTA protocol used by this dongle, which can be used to extract the firmware. A quick reverse engineering of the software will show that no cryptographic authentication is used for the OTA updates, and therefore a pirate GSM BTS can be used to obtain remote code execution. After that, a new open source firmware is written for the device, which can easily be extended and controlled remotely with the LUA scripting language. Examples on how hacking this dongle remotely can affect the safety of the driver will be also given.
To support a rational and efficient use of electrical energy in residential and industrial environments, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) provides several techniques to identify state and power consumption profiles of connected appliances. Design requirements for such systems include a low hardware and installations costs for residential, reliability and high-availability for industrial purposes, while keeping invasive interventions into the electrical infrastructure to a minimum. This work introduces a reference hardware setup that allows an in depth analysis of electrical energy consumption in industrial environments. To identify appliances and their consumption profile, appropriate identification algorithms are developed by the NILM community. To enable an evaluation of these algorithms on industrial appliances, we introduce the Laboratory-measured IndustriaL Appliance Characteristics (LILAC) dataset: 1302 measurements from one, two, and three concurrently running appliances of 15 appliance types, measured with the introduced testbed. To allow in-depth appliance consumption analysis, measurements were carried out with a sampling rate of 50 kHz and 16-bit amplitude resolution for voltage and current signals. We show in experiments that signal signatures, contained in the measurement data, allows one to distinguish the single measured electrical appliances with a baseline machine learning approach of nearly 100% accuracy.
Internet of Thing (IoT) and Smart Grid (SG) are separate technologies. The digital transformation of the energy industry and the increasing digitalization in the private sector connect these technologies. Currently in Germany, the SG is under construction. In order to use future innovative services, SG and IoT must be combined. For this, we connect the SG Infrastructure with the IoT. A potential insecure device and network (IoT) should be able to transfer data to and from a critical infrastructure (SG). Open research question in this context are the security requirements architecture SG and IoT and the mechanism for authentication and authorisation in future application (SG and IoT). Due to the increasing networking of the systems (SG and IoT) new threats and attack vectors arise. The attacks to the architecture influence the target of authenticity, security and privacy. For the security analysis we focus on two communication points: the communication between the smart meter gateway, and the IoT device. In our example, a connected charging station with cloud services is connected with a SG infrastructure. To create a really smart service, the charging station needs a connection to the SG to get the current amount of renewable energy in the grid. With this two connections, new threats emerge. A security analysis over all the connections, including the vulnerability and the ability of an attacker, is developed in this paper. The analysis shows us challenges of the communication between IoT and SG. For this, we defined technical and organizational requirements for authentication and authorization. Current authentication and authorization mechanisms are no longer sufficient for the defined requirements. We present the Role-based trust model for Safety-critical Systems for these defined requirements. The new trust model is integrated into a role-based access control model. It defines data classes, which separate the sensitive and non-sensitive information.
SIM SIMulator
(2019)
Der Vortrag präsentierte ein Tool, das die Simulation einer SIM-Karte durch einen Standard-Mikrocontroller ermöglicht. Mit diesem Täuschungsmanöver kann die Authentifizierung des 3G-Mobilfunkstandards seitens der SIM-Karte umgangen werden. Tritt zusätzliche Hardware hinzu, die eine 3G-Basisstation vortäuscht, lässt sich eine Man-in-the-Middle-Attacke im 3G-Netz durchführen.
In diesem Szenario ist es möglich, die sensiblen Kommunikationsdaten, also den gesamten Datenverkehr beispielsweise zwischen einem Pkw und den Backend-Servern des Herstellers, auszulesen und zu untersuchen. Zudem eignet sich das Tool zum Pentesten von Modems oder SIM- beziehungsweise Smartcard-Applikationen. Der komplette Aufbau des sogenannten SIMulators ist als Open-Source-Software frei verfügbar und auf GitHub abrufbar.