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Begutachtungsstatus
- peer-reviewed (187)
- begutachtet (15)
The development of 48V high power (>15 kW) automotive propulsion drives demands close integration of the power electronics and the electrical machine. Due to the large operating currents distributed multi-phase topologies are needed and physically separating the power converter from the e-machine would involve heavy cabling and costly connections. The volume and cost of the filter capacitor represents a major challenge in closely integrated high power integrated modular motor drives and techniques are needed to minimize this. The DC-link capacitor requires a large ripple current handling capability and cost, size and reliability limitations result in suitable candidate technologies being those with low volumetric energy densities. Use of interleaved multi three-phase machines are attractive due to the associated capacitor ripple current reduction. Discontinuous modulation schemes may also be employed as a technique for reducing the current ripple. In this paper techniques for capacitor ripple reduction are assessed through simulation and compared.
In this paper a design method for mechatronic functions in an early design phase under consideration of the requirements of functional safety is proposed [14]. The goal of the method is to discover threats for the safety goals and to prove or optimize the diagnostic mechanisms. At the current design process a lifetime endurance test is performed in a late project phase. In order to avoid unexpected late design changes the method should be applied in an early design phase. The method is an additional way to avoid design failures for E/E functions with special focus on aging in the field of functional safety applications. The method is developed out of three standards VDI 2221 methodology for development and construction of technical systems and products [1]), VDI 2206 design methodology for mechatronic systems [2] and the ISO 26262 road vehicles - Functional Safety [3] by using the V-Model. Furthermore, a core element of the design method is simulating aging effects by applying VHDL - AMS. To demonstrate the design methodology a sensor out of the EGAS function is chosen as a safety relevant automotive system. The limitation is the availability of aging data for electrical components.
For the planning of photovoltaic power plants standard software tools are used. Most of these software tools use statistical solar data to determine the overall energy harvest of a photovoltaic plant over one year. The calculations rely on stationary location and ideal boundary conditions, e.g., constant ambient temperature. Even though, for example, shadowing may be considered by standard software, the investigation of untypical configurations and problems cannot be performed by such software, as most configurations cannot be changed by the user.
The presented PhotoVoltaics library was developed with the intention to provide a flexible framework for standard and non-standard problems. Particularly, the PhotoVoltaics library can be coupled with other Modelica libraries to perform systemic investigations. An application library, PhotoVoltaics_TGM, is provided as add-on, where measured data of two photovoltaic pants of the TGM in Vienna can be compared with simulation results. This add-on library serves as validation of the PhotoVoltaics library.
The importance of batteries is increasing, especially in the field of the high power requirement systems like electric driven vehicles. Mobile energy storage makes it possible to accelerate with incredible torque, without any accruing air pollution. Due to the high costs of real components, it is of great use to simulate battery driven systems before building them. Transient processes within a cell are highly dependent on the operating point of the complete system, which makes it difficult to create equations and model arameterizations. This paper shows which data is important for cell modeling and how to parameterize simplified physical cell models.
Implementing Information Gained through Structural Health Monitoring – Proposal for Standards
(2019)
With exception of a few issues such as design by testing, current standards do not include guidelines on the use and the quantification of value of additional information gained through Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). This contribution summarizes a recently developed draft of the guideline for practicing engineers in the framework of the EU-COST project 1402 and illustrates its application in engineering decision-making. Besides continuous and periodic monitoring, visual inspection, non-destructive evaluation and proof loading are included herein as a simple form of SHM. The guideline is independent of a type of structure, construction materials, loading, and of environmental conditions. It aims at a wide field of application including design of new structures, assessment of existing structures and type specific monitoring of a population of structures. The decision process related to the use of SHM is presented first together with relevant decision objectives and variables. Performance indicators are summarized and discussed with respect to the performance objectives. The evaluation of monitoring strategies based on life cycle costs is exposed and the selection of optimal intervention actions including safety measures is shown in representative case studies. The results demonstrate the potential of the use of monitoring to support engineering decisions and reflect though the practical benefits from the application of the guideline.
Performance Isolation of Co-located Workload in a Container-based Architecture for Automobile
(2019)
As the development in the automotive sector is facing upcoming challenges, the demand for in-vehicle computing power capacity increases and the need for flexible hardware and software structures arises, allowing dynamic managament of resources. In this new scenario, software components are to be added, removed, updated and migrated between computing units. To isolate the software components from each other and allow its orchestration, a container-based virtualization approach is being tested throughout this research. The analysis focuses on the question if this virtualization technology could be an option to ensure an interference-free operation. Four different sample applications from the automotive environment are tested for their susceptibility to resource contention. The research on the one hand shows that CPU and memory used by an application can
be largely isolated with this technology, but on the other hand, it
becomes apparent that support for I/O-heavy usage is currently
not implemented sufficiently for container engines.
Difficulties in decomposing AdBlue to ammonia limit the applicability of selective catalytic reduction systems at low exhaust temperatures. Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue in the liquid phase under elevated pressure at temperatures up to 165 degrees C were carried out. Besides effects of inorganic catalysts, the impact of pH on urea decomposition was examined. After dissolution in aqueous phase, the compounds ZnO, WO3, and MoO3 were found to be effective in liquid-phase AdBlue decomposition. However, the efficiency was dropping significantly over few hours. Decomposition of AdBlue urea was also found to be favored for alkaline and acidic conditions.
Ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are the most widely used technology for reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from lean-burn engines such as diesel engines. However, at low exhaust temperatures, the SCR process is limited by difficulties in the decomposition of the ammonia precursor urea, which is carried on-board using an aqueous solution "AdBlue". In this study, the decomposition of AdBlue urea induced by electrical current and the resulting associated pH shifts were investigated in a divided cell configuration in the liquid phase. The decomposition was found to be favored in both electrochemical compartments, anodic and cathodic, at temperatures of 60-80 degrees C compared to a reference without electrochemical treatment. In addition to the determination of ammonia contents using an ammonia sensor, IC/HPLC analyses were carried out for each sample. Different side products such as biuret, nitrate, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and others were formed. In the anodic compartment, nitrate formation could be observed due to oxidation of ammonia at the electrode surface.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristic of nanoparticles under consideration of sub-23-nm particles from a 1.8-l direct injection (DI) gasoline engine under stoichiometric air/fuel conditions in the exhaust gas system. For future CO2 challenges, the usage of DI-instead of port fuel injection (PFI)-gasoline engines is unavoidable. Therefore, a state of the art particle management program-particle number (PN) system, the Horiba SPCS (2100) with an integrated CPC (condensation particle counter), was recalibrated from a 50% cutoff (D-50%) at 23 nm down to a cutoff at 10 nm and the PCRF (particle concentration reduction factor) for sizes smaller than 23 nm was checked. Two different modal points, out of a representative Real Driving Emission (RDE) cycle, were investigated with both calibrations, D-50%=10 nm and D-50%=23 nm. For these different load points, the fuel pressure (FUP) and the start of injection (SOI) were varied, to represent the difference in the structure and the ratio conc((10 nm))/conc((23 nm)) of the nanoparticle emissions. The particle characterization includes the particle number (PN), the particle size distribution (PSD), and the particle mass (PM). The particle number was measured with Horiba SPCS (2100). The particle size distribution was analyzed with a Grimm differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in combination with a Faraday cup electrometer (FCE). Micro Soot and Pegasor were used to determine the PM, and an optical characterization was done with a 120-kV Phillips CM12 transmission electron microscope (TEM). The position of all particle measurement systems was downstream the three-way catalyst (TWC). The results of this investigation showed that a higher injection pressure decreases the PN (without consideration of sub-23-nm particles) in general. The ratio conc((10 nm))/conc((23 nm)) was therefore higher, because smaller particles, especially ash particles, were less reduced from the FUP. This means higher FUP tends to a higher ratio. For the SOI, the main reasons of the ratio differences were explained by an encroachment between the injection jet and the piston, the valve and the wall.
Basics for inline measurement of tribological conditions in series production of car body parts
(2019)
The quality of car body parts in series production is strongly dependent on the tribological behavior. Fluctuating material properties such as the sheet roughness and the amount of lubricant have an influence on the forming process. On the basis of large amounts of data it is possible to investigate the friction behavior in series production and to make process adjustments if required. Therefore, inline measurement systems have a great potential to detect the sheet roughness during the cutting process of blanks in the coil line. Furthermore, contactless systems are advantageous as they do not damage the surface. Nevertheless, the optical measuring is influenced by the lubricant layer on top of the surface. Therefore, the previously unknown impact of the lubricant on the measuring result is investigated.
Within this study, stationary optical roughness measurements have been conducted using different amounts of lubricant on hot-dip galvanized EDT steel. The results demonstrate the influence of different amounts of lubricant on the sheet roughness measurement. Hence, it is possible to correct the inline measuring results and gain knowledge of fluctuating surface roughness. In addition, strip drawing test has been carried out to investigate the effect of fluctuating tribological conditions.
As part of a systematic approach towards the search for alternative absorption heat pump (AHP) working pairs that could potentially provide comparable performance to conventional ones, a previous work performed a detailed theoretical cycle analysis and simulation that revealed concrete correlations between key working fluid thermophysical properties and AHP performance indicators. Following this work, targeted combinations of two organic refrigerants, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol (5FP) and two organic absorbents, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and 2-pyrrolidone (PYR) were tested in a prototype 5 kW AHP, based on a highly compact plate heat exchanger design, which has been previously introduced. The purpose of this effort was to test the findings of the previous work with experimental measurements. The working pair combinations were also subjected to vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) and viscosity measurements, in order to determine reliable activity coefficient and improve the accuracy of the simulations. The experimental performance data agree well with the COP simulations and show to be consistent with the conclusions derived from the previous theoretical work.
There are several approaches to classifying energy storage systems (see Chaps. 1 and 2). Storage systems are used in a large number of different technologies at various stages of development, and in a wide range of application areas (see Chaps. 3 to 5). This chapter compares the capabilities of the different storage systems using the following criteria:This comparison of storage systems also provides a convenient overview of the various storage systems and their capabilities.
Coupling energy sectors within the emerging residential PV prosumer systems is necessary for an optimised use of the houseowners’ own produced electricity. But the pure availability of different energy technologies in the system is not enough. By optimising the electricity usage as well as the capacities of PV generators, storage technologies, heat pumps and battery electric vehicles, not only the best solution in a technical point of view can be achieved, the need of finding the most financially beneficial system composition for single-family houses and tenements is possible. The study provides a detailed model for average German single-family houses and tenements and results for the energy transition period until 2050 for the optimised energy systems regarding optimised PV and stationary battery capacities and different heat storage capacities. Most noticeable outcomes can be observed by using a vehicle-to-home car, where a car can mostly take over the tasks of a stationary battery and by introducing a solidarity model using this type of car in tenement systems.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit automatisierten Netzplanungsprozessen und gibt einen kurzen Einblick in das Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem, welches im EU-Projekt CrossEnergy entwickelt wird. Detaillierter wird aber auf die Konzipierung und Umsetzung eines automatisierten Einsatzes der Blindleistungsregelung von dezentralen Erzeugungs analgen eingegangen, die als spannungshaltende Netzausbaumaßnahme zur Verfügung stehen. Die vorgestellten Methoden und Algorithmen fokussieren sich auf die Q(U)- und coscp(P)-Regelungsarten.
In the transport sector, energy transition is still in its beginnings: shares of renewable fuels are at 5% and are, with the exception of a small percentage in electrical rail transport, almost entirely restricted to biofuel. The transport sector, i.e., road, air, shipping, and rail traffic, consumes around 30% of all final energy in Germany and its dependency of over 90% on petroleum is still very high. As a result, its shares in greenhouse gas emissions are at 20%. The necessary structural change in mobility, based on energy transition, is closely linked to the question of operating energy and of energy storage also. Aside from vehicles directly powered by wind or solar energy, mobility without storage is not possible: fuel tanks in cars, gas stations, and airplanes are omnipresent. The focus of the considerations on storage demand in the transport sector is on the question of how these storages can be used with renewable energies via bio and synthetic fuels, and on the question of how much storage is necessary for these new drive technologies, such as e-mobility. Before this, mobility needs today and in future need to be examined. In the chemical sector, the situation is very much alike: there is a great dependency on fossil resources, and decarbonization is inevitable to achieve ambitious climate goals. The structural change to convert and store renewable electricity as primary energy via power-to-X (PtX) represents a storage demand. First estimates will conclude this chapter.
Energy storage systems (in the past as well as today) are one significant part in the energy supply. The following three chapters describe how storage demand will develop in the future for the electricity, heat, and traffic sectors, as well as for non-energetic consumption of fossil resources (the chemical industry). Chapter 3, the core of this section on storage demand, makes clear how and why the electricity sector is the nucleus of the energy supply of all sectors and why it creates essential bridges between electricity, heat, and transport sectors, as well as with the chemical industry.
If planned electricity network expansion takes place and flexibilities in generation and consumption are fully exploited, the demand for electricity storage, according to present estimates, will only reach a significant scale at 60–80% shares of renewable energy in the power supply. Network expansion has a great impact on the storage demand, as well as flexible power generation in power plants, combined heat and power (CHP), and flexible consumption via demand-side management (DSM). Four studies in the context of storage demand and the role of energy storage systems for flexibility are comprehensively addressed. The authors and the co-authors were themselves participants in these studies, which will be complemented by ongoing research. A meta-study summary of the main results is shown in Abschn. 3.7, and these results are compared with seven further studies.
Human beings have relied on stored energy since time immemorial. The planet’s first mechanism for storing energy arose two billion years ago. Photosynthesis captures solar energy in chemical bonds; it is a process on which all life depends. With the discovery of fire around one-and-a-half million years ago, early man learned to access this stored energy by burning wood. Only since the Industrial Revolution have humans used fossil fuels, which are the results of biomass produced millions of years ago, then subjected to geological processes. Today, the long-term objective is to utilize sustainable biomass storage, replicate it by technical means, and to develop new storage technologies.
This chapter is about the history of energy storage as it pertains to the carbon cycle. It begins with a natural energy storage system—photosynthesis—and examines its products biomass, peat, and fossil fuels before turning to storage technology in the era of renewable energies. It will also discuss how stored energy is used. This chapter focuses on natural biogenic and fossil energy storage. Other chapters are devoted to artificial storage technologies, including batteries, pumped-storage, and power-to-gas (PtG). Each begins with a short history of its respective technology.
Electricity is becoming the primary source of energy, a trend that is particularly apparent through the coupling of the electricity sector with other energy sectors. In addition to the established links between the electricity and heating sectors using combined heat and power (CHP), which is supplemented by electric heat-pumps and power-to-heat (PtH), other new links are also emerging. These links are manifesting in the form of electro-mobility and electric fuels in the electricity and transport sectors; and in the electricity and gas sector they are appearing in the form of power-to-gas (PtG). The production of basic chemical materials such as methanol or polymers using electrical energy, water, and CO2 will also play a role in the future. However, the latter will not be dealt with explicitly here. Instead we will consider in detail other aspects of electricity as a primary energy source and its integration and application for energy storage.
How is energy storage integrated and currently implemented in the electricity supply, heating supply, and mobility sectors? This chapter provides both theoretical and practical answers to that question. The chapter focuses on the integration of renewable energy. Cross-sectoral energy storage systems that link the electricity, heating, and mobility sectors are discussed in Kap. 14. This chapter focuses on storage integration in the electricity sector. After considering stand-alone networks, the chapter uses practical examples to analyze the various storage applications in the European network. The chapter concludes with a discussion of storage integration in the heating and transportation sectors.
Energy supply always requires energy storage—either as an intrinsic property or as additional system. It is an intrinsic property of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, although less so of water-borne heat, but not of electricity. So to meet variable demands and supplies, heat and electricity networks usually require additional storage systems. When they are added to an energy network, should they be viewed as ‘suppliers’ or as ‘consumers’? Who is responsible for covering the costs of storage systems? To categorize storage systems in the energy sector, they first need to be carefully defined.
This chapter defines storage as well as storage systems, describes their use, and then classifies storage systems according to temporal, spatial, physical, energy-related, and economic criteria.
Der Anteil fluktuierender erneuerbarer Energien im deutschen Strommix steigt. Um die Netzstabilität zu erhalten, Fluktuationen im Dargebot nach Wetterlage und saisonal auszugleichen sind absehbar ab ca. 2030 große Stromspeicherkapazitäten erforderlich. Wasser-Pumpspeicherwerke sind derzeit die einzige langjährig erprobte Technologie, die künftig in Braunkohletagebauen, welche im Zuge der Energiewende aufgegeben werden, errichtet werden könnten. Eine Überschlagsrechnung am Beispiel eines Pumpspeicherwerks in verschiedenen Tagebauen zeigt, dass diese mit bis zu 400 GWh ein signifikantes technisches Speicherpotenzial haben.
Chemical Energy Storage
(2019)
Purely electrical energy storage technologies are very efficient, however they are also very expensive and have the smallest capacities. Electrochemical-energy storage reaches higher capacities at smaller costs, but at the expense of efficiency. This pattern continues in a similar way for chemical-energy storage. In terms of capacities, the limits of batteries (accumulators) are reached when low-loss long-term storage is of need. Chemical-energy storage and stocking fulfills these requirements completely. The storing itself may be subject to significant efficiency losses, but, from today’s point of view and in combination with the existing gas and fuel infrastructure, it is the only national option with regards to the long-term storage of renewable energies.
Chemical-energy storage is the backbone of today’s conventional energy supply. Solid (wood and coal), liquid (mineral oil), and gaseous (natural gas) energy carriers are ‘energy storages’ themselves, and are stored using different technologies. In the course of energy transition, chemical-energy storage will be of significant importance, mainly as long-term storage for the power sector, but also in the form of combustibles and fuels for transport and heat. Not only are conventional storing technologies discussed within this chapter, but a detailed explanation is also given about the storage of renewable energies in the form of gaseous (power-to-gas, PtG) and liquid (power-to-liquid, PtL) energy carriers for electricity, heat, chemicals, and in the form of synthetic fuels.
Unlike the electricity sector, heating and cooling storage requirements have attracted little public attention. This is because these storage requirements have generally already been met, and will not change significantly in the future. In the electricity sector by contrast, there will be a significant shift from primary energy storage to electricity and final energy storage. Both sectors have remarkably high storage requirements. Almost all households have thermal buffers. The same is true of renewable energy heating systems such as pellet heating, geothermal, or solar-thermal systems. Some households with liquid gas or oil heating even have two storage units: a fuel tank and a thermal buffer. Exceptions include heating systems with upstream storage such as district heating or gas storage. In the future, integration of the electricity and heating sectors by combined heat and power (CHP) generation, heat pumps, power-to-heat (PtH), and power-to-gas (PtG) will facilitate the use of renewable energy, and lead to a paradigm shift. Relying on results from various studies, this chapter examines the development of heating supply in Germany and the resulting thermal storage requirements. The chapter’s later sections provide surplus and storage potential estimates. Cooling requirements are included as ‘process cooling’ under ‘process heat’, and as ‘air-conditioning’ over ‘room heating’. It is primarily integrated into electricity demand.
Mechanical Energy Storage
(2019)
Chemical-energy storage systems use caverns, porous storage facilities, tanks, and storage rooms to store chemical energy sources. Caverns, caves, and reservoirs can also be used to store gaseous media such as air, liquid media such as water, and solid media such as rock. The principles of mechanical energy storage are based on classical Newtonian mechanics, or in other words on fundamental physics from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As a result, these types of storage are typically divided into two categories; storage of kinetic and potential energy, or storage of ‘pressure energy’. In this chapter, storage media is categorized by its aggregate state, and described by its function and application: first compressed air energy storage and then conventional electricity storage—pumped-storage plants. The chapter continues with a discussion of innovative methods of storing potential energy using water as a medium. These include artificially constructed pumped storage, pumped storage in the open sea, dam storage on rivers, pumped storage on heaps in repurposed mining areas, underfloor or underground pumped storage, and surface mine storage. The chapter concludes with a description of classical and modern flywheel energy storage systems. This age-old technology is then compared with a new concept: mechanical stored energy exploiting both pumped storage and change in the potential energy of rocks or large boulders.
Chapters 6 to 9 focused on storage systems that store electric energy in a range of forms, and then release the energy again as electric energy. Chapter 10 discussed the use of thermal-energy storage (TES) systems for thermal management. This chapter examines management methods. These methods use processes that typically convert electric energy into another form of final energy that can also be stored. This form of energy is often thermal energy. But unlike with the systems discussed in previous chapters, here the energy stored is not converted back into electricity. Instead, the energy is used and stored in the same form. From the point of view of the energy supply system, these management methods perform exactly the same function as energy storage systems. This chapter discusses load-management in general, then potential uses of load-management, and finally, current trends.
Handbook of Energy Storage
(2019)
There are several approaches to classifying energy storage systems (see Chaps. 1 and 2). Storage systems are used in a large number of different technologies at various stages of development, and in a wide range of application areas (see Chaps. 3 to 5). This chapter compares the capabilities of the different storage systems using the following criteria:This comparison of storage systems also provides a convenient overview of the various storage systems and their capabilities.
Technologies status and perspectives of Power-to-Gas in connection with seasonal underground storage
(2019)
To support a rational and efficient use of electrical energy in residential and industrial environments, Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) provides several techniques to identify state and power consumption profiles of connected appliances. Design requirements for such systems include a low hardware and installations costs for residential, reliability and high-availability for industrial purposes, while keeping invasive interventions into the electrical infrastructure to a minimum. This work introduces a reference hardware setup that allows an in depth analysis of electrical energy consumption in industrial environments. To identify appliances and their consumption profile, appropriate identification algorithms are developed by the NILM community. To enable an evaluation of these algorithms on industrial appliances, we introduce the Laboratory-measured IndustriaL Appliance Characteristics (LILAC) dataset: 1302 measurements from one, two, and three concurrently running appliances of 15 appliance types, measured with the introduced testbed. To allow in-depth appliance consumption analysis, measurements were carried out with a sampling rate of 50 kHz and 16-bit amplitude resolution for voltage and current signals. We show in experiments that signal signatures, contained in the measurement data, allows one to distinguish the single measured electrical appliances with a baseline machine learning approach of nearly 100% accuracy.
Die Energiewende führt zu neuen Herausforderungen für Verteilungsnetzbetreiber hinsichtlich der Erbringung von Systemdienstleistungen, der Integrationsfähigkeit weiterer Erzeugungsanlagen und Lasten sowie bei der Gewährleistung einer hohen Versorgungssicherheit. Die Deckung der steigenden Blindleistungsbedarfe seitens der Netzbetriebsmittel, Verbraucher und Erzeuger gewinnt durch den Wegfall der Großkraftwerke für Netzbetreiber zunehmend an Bedeutung.Das abgeschlossene und vom BMWi geförderte Projekt SyNErgie (Laufzeit von 03/2015 bis 05/2018) beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung von Blindleistungsmanagementsystemen für Mittelspannungsnetze (MS-Netze). Ziel dabeiist es, das bisher ungenutzte, freie Blindleistungspotenzial betrieblicher Kompensationsanlagen und dezentraler Erzeugungsanlagen (allg.: Q-Quellen) zu nutzen, um die Blindleistungsänderungsfähigkeit 1 eines Verteilungsnetzes zu erhöhen. Diese Veröffentlichung stellt ausgewählte Einzelergebnisse und Erfahrungen des Projektes vor, welche u. a. über zahlreiche Messungen inMS-Netzen bei Firmen mit Anschlusspunkt in der MS-Ebene, Netzsimulationen und mathematische Modelle abgeleitet wurden.
Power-to-Methane as one part of Power-to-Gas has been recognized globally as one of the key elements for the transition towards a sustainable energy system. While plants that produce methane catalytically have been in operation for a long time, biological methanation has just reached industrial pilot scale and near-term commercial application. The growing importance of the biological method is reflected by an increasing number of scientific articles describing novel approaches to improve this technology. However, these studies are difficult to compare because they lack a coherent nomenclature. In this article, we present a comprehensive set of parameters allowing the characterization and comparison of various biological methanation processes. To identify relevant parameters needed for a proper description of this technology, we summarized existing literature and defined system boundaries for Power-to-Methane process steps. On this basis, we derive system parameters providing information on the methanation system, its performance, the biology and cost aspects. As a result, three different standards are provided as a blueprint matrix for use in academia and industry applicable to both, biological and catalytic methanation. Hence, this review attempts to set the standards for a comprehensive description of biological and chemical methanation processes.
Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes MAGGIE, das am Beispiel des historischen Quartiers Margaretenau in Regensburg innovative Lösungen für modernes und bezahlbares Wohnen erforscht, soll über eine solaraktive Fassade Sonnenwärme im Bestandsmauerwerk eingespeichert werden, um so den Energiebedarf des Gebäudes zu reduzieren.
In this thesis, a concept for the automated use of network planning processes, which is part of the decision support system developed in the framework of the EU project CrossEnergy, is presented. This publication focuses on the automatic processing of input data and subsequent network modeling as well as the coordination of network extension measures for the systematic solution of static voltage and current problems. Different variants are calculated in order to be able to compare the design technologies.
This paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN)which can be used for forecasting electricity load profiles 36 hours intothe future. In contrast to well established CNN architectures, the inputdata is one-dimensional. A parameter scanning of network parameters isconducted in order to gain information about the influence of the kernelsize, number of filters, and dense size. The results show that a goodforecast quality can already be achieved with basic CNN architectures.The method works not only for smooth sum loads of many hundredconsumers, but also for the load of apartment buildings
The rope curve line of a tensioned rope can be described by means of the catenary curve. Opposed to that, the curved line of a free bent rope cannot be described by an analytical function. Practical applications of free bending are for example at tail ropes at the bottom of shaft in rope drives with traction sheaves. The question whether the maximum diameter of rope loop is small enough for the diameter of the shaft is highly interesting. In [1] a method was presented to calculate the curved line of free bent ropes numerically by help of energy methods. An analytical description of rope curve line would be very helpful. Beginning with the structure of a rope curve line of tensioned rope (catenary curve) and considering the influence of bending stiffness, the structure of an analytical equation for the curve line of a free bent rope will be developed. The main focus of this paper is to develop and to describe the structure of such an analytical equation. To get a first idea about the values of the constants in that analytical equation a few test results were evaluated. But these equations consider the static rope behavior only. Due to dynamic effects in the rope while running through the loop at the bottom of a shaft, pendulousness of the tail rope occurs.
Mobile cranes are regularly operated in regions which experience ultra deep operating temperatures of down to -60?C (-76?F). In safety regulated work environments crane operations will be suspended simply because the lowest wire rope working temperature stated in the applicable standards is -40?C/F. Examples of ultra deep temperature wire rope application are shown in Figure 1.1 and 1.3. It should be noted that this paper is written in conjunction with a paper written by the co-author Ulrich Briem titled “Fatigue Behaviour of Rope Wires”, presented and published in unison with this one. In order to analyze the behaviour under ultra deep temperature conditions, tests on wire rope as well as on rope wires were carried out. In the following, static tensile and bending test results with rope and rope wires will be reported, which were carried out in conditions of down to -95?C (-139?F) as well as at room temperature. The conclusion is that the results of these tests can be adopted to crane wire rope as well.
As part of current design standards, the Battelle Two-Curve Model (BTCM) is still widely used to predict and secure ductile crack arrest in gas transmission pipelines. For modern linepipe steels and rich natural gases or CO2 mixtures, the BTCM might lead to incorrect predictions. On the one hand, it suffers from the insufficient description of the individual physical processes in the pipe material and fluid itself. Furthermore, the model does not account for fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) effects during simultaneous running-ductile fracture (RDF) and mixture decompression. Numerical FSI models allow for a more sophisticated, coupled analysis of the driving forces for the failure of pipelines. This paper deals with the development of an FSI model for the coupled prediction of 3D pressure profiles acting on the inner pipe wall during crack propagation. The coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) method is used to link the fluid and structure models. In a Lagrange formulation, the modified Bai-Wierzbicki (MBW) model describes the plastic deformation and ductile fracture as a function of the underlying stress/strain conditions. The fluid behavior is calculated in a 3D model space by Euler equations and the GERG-2008 reference equation of state (EOS). The coupled CEL model is used to predict the RDF in small-diameter pipe sections for different fluid mixtures. The calculated 3D pressure distributions ahead and behind the running crack tip (CT) significantly differ in axial and circumferential directions depending on the mixture composition. The predicted FSI between the pipe wall and fluid decompression in 3D CEL/FSI model provides reliable knowledge about the pressure loading of the pipeline during RDF.