Energie und Mobilität
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Global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and the general transition toward renewable energy resources are mentioned many times within this book, and will not be repeated again here. Countries that are transitioning to use of more renewable energy sources are mainly using wind and solar power—except for a few countries that, due to their prerequisites, will mainly use hydro power and/or bioenergy. The transmission process in terms of energy generation so far is mainly happening in rural areas—not in urban centers. Most technologies do not really play an important role in urban areas, and are mainly focused on the application of solar energy. Solar energy is widely applied more in rural areas, although investigations show that its application in urban areas already fits well into the existing grid infrastructure. Whereas rural areas are more prone to grid integration problems, the energy infrastructure in urban centers is already well prepared for renewables integration. In fostering tight bundles of potentially linked energy generation, distribution, networking, and use across power and thermal systems in stationary and mobile modes, urban centers become particularly critical in the energy transition processes as energy systems are becoming completely based on renewable sources without a nuclear or fossil-based backbone. This chapter discusses the almost unlimited energy storage possibilities. It will show their enormous capabilities, but also their significant differences in many physical and economical parameters. Next, the authors discuss the necessity of combining and coupling the different energy sectors for electricity, heat, cold, gas, and transport. Finally, the authors present the conclusion that only when coupling the energy sectors and using cheap and efficient energy storage options from one energy sector to solve challenges within another energy sector will the energy transition process be managed in an efficient way.
Nowadays, new technologies are pushing the road vehicle limits further. Promising applications, e.g., self-driving cars, require a suitable control system that can maintain the vehicle’s stability in critical scenarios. In most of current cars, the control systems actuates independently, meaning there is not a coordination or data sharing between them. This approach can produce a conflict between these standalone controllers and thus, no improvements on the vehicle’s stability are achieved or even a worse scenario can be generated. In order to overcome these problems, an integrated approach is developed in this work. This integration, defined in this work as Integrated Control (IC), is done by an intelligence coordination of all standalone controllers inside the vehicle, i.e., Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and Four-Wheel Steering System (4WS). The ABS model was built using Fuzzy logic, for which only three rules were necessary to get a good performance. To design the ESP and the 4WS, the simple handling vehicle model was used as a reference behavior. The IC was designed using the hierarchical approach with two layers, i.e., the upper and lower layer. The upper one, observes the side slip angle and depends of its value the upper layer triggers the ESP or the 4WS. Finally, in order to prove the improvements of the IC system over the non-integrated approach, a full-size vehicle model was used to perform simulation in run-off-road and μ-split scenarios.
Transient models of multi phase electric machines are already implemented in the Modelica Standard Library (MSL). However, advanced effects like saturation and skin effect are not taken into account. As an extension to the MSL models, the new EMachines library is presented. This package will be released as a supplemental library to the commercial EDrives library. The particular focus of this paper is on the deep bar effect of induction machines. A comparison of simulation results demonstrates the influence of the skin effect on the operational behavior of the machines. At the end of this publication further developments of the EMachines library will be outlined.
A design of a 3-phase inductive power and data transfer for multiple stationary loads is proposed. It focuses on stable load voltages while minimizing electromagnetic interference. Loads are contactless charging units of electric vehicles at car parks. Physical properties of the inductive couplers are modelled via 3-D FEM and lumped parameters are used for system studies. Design principles are verified at laboratory scale with a purpose built test stand.
In Sub-Saharan Africa less than 10% of the rural population has access to electricity [1]. Stand-alone power systems (SPS) can be a solution to the problem of the lack of electricity, which highlights challenges such as modules installation costs as well as the sufficient knowledge required for installing, maintaining and operating such systems. With this fact in mind, a 250 W Low Head turbine system was developed and optimized to have the advantage of the simplicity of installation and a construction from readily available materials. This design scores the electrical efficiency of 60%, reduces manufacturing unit coast to 130 € and takes into account the necessity of providing a clear and simple manual describing the manufacturing and installation. A better version of the load controller, using a microcomputer is under current development. Mounting of the system have been simplified to reduce the amount of construction material required to provide uninterrupted 230 V at 50 Hz AC or optional 12 V DC power supply. Current efforts aim on transferring the required mechanical and electrical knowledge for building, programming, installing and maintaining such system to schools in targeted countries. This project doesn’t only provide people in rural developing countries a gleam of hope to catch up with the developed countries, but also helps students to use their theoretical knowledge to realize practical applications.
Investigation of Shifted PWM Methods for a Dual Three-Phase System to Reduce Capacitor RMS Current
(2020)
Mild hybrid automotive topologies containing a 48V high power (>15 kW) electric drive system demand a high integration of power electronics and electrical machine. A multi-phase motor winding topology helps to keep the per-phase operating currents to a reasonable level. Close integration and multi-phase system have led to a drive system with dual 3-phase systems supplied by a common 48V DC-link, which allows to shift PWM patterns for reduction of DC-link capacitor ripple current and size. This paper derives some basic rules for combinations of common PWM methods for dual 3-phase systems without magnetic cross-coupling. Experimental measurements verify simulated results.
Least squares pose estimation of cylinder axes from multiple views using contour line features
(2015)
In this paper, a new method for a minimum-error pose estimation of cylinder axes based on apparent contour line features from multiple views is presented. Novel model equations for both single and particularly multiple views are derived, and based upon these, an iterative algorithm for least squares fitting the model to imaged cylinder contour line features is introduced. The good performance and fast convergence of the proposed algorithm is shown by solving exemplary fitting problems.
This article deals with the question to what extent the automotive standard for functional safety ISO 26262 is also applicable to motorbikes. It examines thereby, on the one hand where to find comparable criteria between cars and motorbikes from the standpoint of functional safety, and, on the other hand, where differences between the automobile and the motorbike must be considered. It shows the extent to which the safety-related automotive standard is applicable to motorbikes. Furthermore, the differences are determined, which must lead to the consequence of a new “state of the art” and to a new standard for motorbikes. On the example of a light function the new MSIL classification gets applied. In this article, the motorbike is viewed as a whole. For the most parts the standard is also valid for scooters.
Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate wave-guides with cascaded quadratic and cubic nonlinearities is characterized by comparison of amplitude and phase of input and output pulse envelopes and spectra. Cubic nonlinear susceptibility coefficients of lithium niobate were determined from the measured nonlinear phase shifts.
Detection and compensation of current sensor gain-faults regardless of the operating-point is a crucial aspect for safety-relevant servo-drives. This paper presents and investigates a new direct phase-gain re-balancing methodology, especially suited for interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) drives mostly operating at low speed-ranges including standstill. The proposed model-based approach utilizes high-frequency signal-injection (HFI) to facilitate fast and persistent sensor monitoring for any operating state of the drive. No additional sensing hardware is required. Extraction of the HFI-phase-current response enables detection and immediate compensation of sensor gain-faults. Implementation aspects of the proposed concept are discussed thoroughly. Experimental results are presented to prove and investigate robustness, reliability and fault-tolerant performance.